Elizabeth II

United Kingdom and Commonwealth Kingdoms The 4th King of the Windsor Dynasty .

She is the longest-reigning monarch in British history and the longest-reigning queen in world history, reigning for 70 years and 214 days.

On February 6, 1952, upon the death of her father, King George VI, she ascended to the throne at the age of 25. The British people generally responded with cheers to their first queen since Queen Victoria . She ascended to the throne 51 years after the death of her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, and thus also played a role in arousing the nostalgia of older people who had first-hand experience of the Victorian era , a symbol of the British Empire .

At the time of the throne, there was no political power because the modern constitutional theme was already in place. However, Elizabeth II was trying to work for the UK through his influence, and for example, he visited his countries for six months from November 1953 to protect the Commonwealth when the British authority was lost . Grandfather George V , along with Tech's Mary, visited India once again in 1911, and in 1911, the fruit was fruitful, and in the 25th anniversary of the 1977 Queen, the 35 -year -old leaders of the British Federation were restored to the British authority.

However, even for her, her children's family life, represented by the Diana Spencer incident, remained a stain. The eldest son , Charles III , left his wife Diana and committed an affair with Camilla Parker Bowles . When Diana died in a car accident while being chased by paparazzi after divorcing Charles, public criticism naturally turned towards Charles and Elizabeth II.[6][7] Princess Anne remarried after divorcing her husband due to his affair, and her second son, Prince Andrew , divorced Sarah Ferguson in 1996 . To date, the only child who has not been divorced is Prince Edward, the youngest .

However, Queen Elizabeth II served faithfully as an officer in World War II since she was a princess , and when public criticism grew over the use of taxes for restoration costs during the Great Fire at Windsor Castle , she abolished the royal family's tax exemption privileges and actively promoted noblesse oblige . He has received respect and admiration from all over the world for his frequent efforts to put this into practice. Although he was the oldest living head of state at the time of his death, he faithfully performed his duties, completing official schedules such as appointing Prime Minister ( Liz Truss ) until two days before his death.

In this way, we watched the extinction of the British Empire and fought for the survival of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth.[8] After devoting her entire life, Queen Elizabeth II died at Balmoral Castle on September 8, 2022, at the age of 96, after completing a 70-year reign . Following custom , the royal family announced the news of the Queen's death by hanging it on the gate of Buckingham Palace, and Britain observed a 10-day memorial period. Tributes followed from heads of state, corporations, celebrities and the public from around the world.

He is also Commander-in-Chief of the British Royal Navy and Lord of the Isle of Man . He was once the great chief of Fiji .

In addition, he holds the position of head of the Commonwealth . During the reign of his father, George VI, the Commonwealth was changed to allow countries other than the British monarch as head of state to become members, so the title of 'Head of the Commonwealth' was added separately from 'King'. Later, Elizabeth II took the throne. He also inherited this position.[17]

At the beginning of her reign , there was considerable controversy in Scotland about the title Elizabeth II . The reason she is Elizabeth II is because there was Elizabeth I , but her time as Elizabeth I was before the United Kingdom was formed. So to England she was Elizabeth II, but to Scotland she was just Elizabeth.

There are differences in practice depending on the country, but in most cases, including England ( including Scotland ), it is common to indicate '~ years' for the first generation when the second generation appears later. Therefore, if Elizabeth II were to write her name separately in Scotland, she would be written simply as Elizabeth, rather than as Elizabeth I. However, there may be cases where the same monarch uses multiple titles and has multiple numberings, so they are all referred to together, and in this case, the notation "1st generation" can be used. In this case, it is written as Elizabeth II and I. During the period when England and Scotland were separate countries but had the same king ( Union of the Eastern Armies ) , the numbering of England and Scotland was differentiated, such as James I of England = James VI of Scotland. After England and Scotland became one country, only England's numbering continued to be used.

The British government and the royal family use the Royal Coat of Arms and other Royal Motto in Scotland , and draw a Scottish crown instead of the Sex Edward crown of England even when drawing a crown, and the representative title of the prince's representative Wales of rothesay. Although England's symbols are represented as representatives, Scotland's own symbols have been used to maintain Scotland's long tradition. However, the numbering of the king's name was not recognized for its unique identity of Scotland and was forced to be unified as England's numbering since the age of William III.

Scottish nationalists, enraged by the name Elizabeth II, openly denied the name Elizabeth II and even filed a lawsuit in court , citing the Act of Union at the time of the formation of the United Kingdom in 1707. However, the court dismissed the lawsuit on the grounds that the decision on the king's name was the king's prerogative, ending the legal debate. However, the backlash in Scotland continued, and the Queen II part of the name Elizabeth II on official documents and public facilities was frequently damaged.[18]

Meanwhile, Winston Churchill , who was the British Prime Minister at the time of Queen Elizabeth's accession to the throne, proposed a compromise on which number to adopt if the numbering of England and Scotland did not match. Future kings will be asked to choose the higher number of the two if the three parts do not match each other based on the standards of England and Scotland.[19] According to this principle, the numbering of not only Elizabeth II but also of William IV , Edward VII , and Edward VIII, who had simply followed England's numbering and ignored Scotland's, was rationalized. This is because the numbers of William IV, Edward VII, and Edward VIII are also large on the English side.[20] For the remaining kings of England, the numbering coincides coincidentally, whether based on England or Scotland.[21] This is not a problem because they were monarchs that were served separately in both countries before the Eastern Military Alliance was established (1603).[22]

Because a compromise was reached that saved Scotland's face in its own way, and because this issue could not be held on indefinitely, the Scottish opposition quieted down over time. However, since then, it has been argued from time to time that Queen Elizabeth II should just be called Queen Elizabeth in Scotland. In addition, the terms for Her Majesty calling the Queen are currently Your Majesty (2nd person) and Her (His for men) and Majesty (3rd person), which is an English custom established during the reign of Henry VIII.[23] , Since Scotland has always called Your/His/Her Grace, some argue that it should be called Your/Her Grace according to this custom.[24] Of course, the royal family continues to not respond to the request and continues to use existing practices.

If the Scottish independence referendum had been passed in 2014, this story would have been discussed again. If a majority vote was in favor of Scottish independence , it was planned to become independent as a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as queen . If independence had been achieved, Elizabeth II would have used a separate title in Scotland , so it would have been argued that she should be called Queen Elizabeth in Scotland. However, because independence was rejected, the issue was not discussed separately.

Wales has long been annexed to England, so it is not mentioned separately in the king's title. Instead, Prince of Wales is used as the title of the Crown Prince of England. The King of England also used the title of King of Ireland, but there was no separate Irish numbering. Scotland was a completely independent country and became a union with England, so it used separate numbering, but Ireland used England's numbering because it was close to a territory controlled separately outside of England. In the case of the Electorate of Hanover , which was once a union with Britain , it was promoted from a duchy in 1692. It followed the European practice of resetting numbering when promoted to a higher title. Since George I was the second elector, it matched England's numbering. Even after it was promoted to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1815, it used the same numbering as the United Kingdom. And today, countries that have become independent from Britain and form a military union with Britain use the same numbering as that used in Britain. In the end, the numbering of British kings is only a problem between England and Scotland, and there is no problem elsewhere.

Commonly referred to as the Queen of England , but since her accession in 1952, she has been crowned by 32 other countries, including Australia , Canada , New Zealand , Pakistan , and South Africa, in addition to the United Kingdom . She also served as monarch of the Commonwealth kingdoms. She was, and until 2022, she was Queen of 15 countries, including Britain , Australia and Canada , and during her reign, she was also Queen of 17 other countries that transitioned to republics.[25] Because of this, Elizabeth II was the monarch who had the most royal titles in history. The countries where her Queen has reigned throughout her history are:

In the table above, amendments to the constitution were limited to those that took place without a separate referendum and without a military coup.[28]

So the queen was in 2022 By September 8, he was the only person in three or more countries . About 42 years during reign[29] For a long time, he was the largest enemy in the world , and was the largest territory and a large population of the world throughout the reign . 1952 At the time of February 6 , she had about 30,100,000 km² , which was wider than the Soviet Union , even its heyday Mongol Empire.[30] The population was about 192,000,000, more than the United States . Also 2022 The area and population that had been held at the time of death on September 8 were still significant, with an area of ​​18,800,000 km², wider than Russia , and 135,000,000 people, more than Japan .

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