Hungary

Magyarország is a republic located in central Europe . The capital is Budapest .

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Hungary's symbol of St. Outban . It is said to be the first king of Hungarian Kingdom , Istban I. Currently, Budapest It is displayed in the Hungarian Parliament .


Turul statue in Budapest Buda Royal Palace . Hungary's national toughness is an imaginary animal in Hungarian mythology and is described as a falcon .

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The Hungarian ancestors, the Mazar , were rooted in the Eurasian nomadic people , and have been interacting with the Germanic and Slavs around them for many years after the settlement of Europe. He has been a member of Europe for about 1100 years since he accepted Christianity around 1000 AD and incorporated into European culture, and has long history as a European man, such as fighting Europe and Christianity from non -Christian forces against the invasion of Tatar and the invasion of the Ottoman Empire .

Hungary's population showed a gradual increase until the mid-20th century, but entered a long-term decline after peaking in the 1980s. After World War II, the population recovered quickly and reached about 9,200,000 in 1949, and as the birth rate was relatively maintained during the socialist period, it reached an all-time high of about 10,700,000 to 10,800,000 in the early 1980s. However, since the late 1980s, a natural decline in which the number of deaths was greater than the number of births has persisted, and after the regime change in the 1990s, the population decline continued due to the overseas migration of young people. As a result, the population fell below 10,000,000 in the 2010s, and is estimated to be approximately 9,600,000 as of the 2022 census, and the estimate for around 2025 is approximately 9,500,000. Currently, Hungary is trying to slow down the rate of decline through birth encouragement policies and immigration , but the population decline trend is expected to continue due to structurally low birth rates and aging .

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Most are Hungarians , but there are also 310,000 Gypsies (3.2%), 180,000 Germans (1.8%), 40,000 Romanians (0.4%), 30,000 Slovaks (0.3%), and others ( Bulgarians, etc.). After the collapse of the communist government between the 1980s and 1990s, in 1999 NATO , 2004 It joined the EU and is currently located in the Western world. There are also Asian residents, including Chinese and Vietnamese, who came here during the communist era.

There are approximately 13,000,000 to 14,700,000 Hungarians in the world , of which 8,500,000 to 9,800,000 are in mainland Hungary. Approximately 2,200,000 Hungarians were reduced to a minority outside the Kingdom of Hungary following the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , in today's Transylvania in Romania , Slovakia , Vojvodina Autonomous Oblast in Serbia , Zakharpatya in Ukraine , Prekmurje in Slovenia , and Burgenland in Austria . Among these, Slovenian Prek Mure is called Muravidék in Hungarian. Because Slovenia practices local self-government, it is not an official administrative region nor is it a historical region. With the Treaty of Trianon , the area where many Slovenes lived in the Kingdom of Hungary was transferred to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia along with Vojvodina.

As such, quite a few Hungarians still live in Romania , Slovakia , Serbia , and Ukraine , which are neighboring countries of Hungary.

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Hungarian , a member of the Uralic language family , is designated as the official language. Hungarian also has speakers in Ukraine , Slovakia , Croatia , Romania , Slovenia , and Austria . Most ethnic minorities living in Hungary, such as Ukrainians , Rusyns , Gypsies , and Romanians , also speak Hungarian.

In the Hungarian People's Republic , the main foreign language was Russian , and after democratization, he taught English , German and French . Russian's influence has been greatly reduced due to anti -ger feelings, but some still learn. Close to the German Lord Austria, the Hungarians are very familiar with German.[13] In fact, older people don't speak English, but many people know how to speak German. Hungary is also joined by the observer of Franc Corponi .

Religious map of Hungary (as of 2001). Red is Catholic , orange is Orthodox , blue is Reformed , green is Lutheran , and brown is other religions. It seems that the religious distribution is largely divided into east and west with the Tiseo River as the boundary.

Hungary accepted Christianity only to a certain extent during the Eastern Roman Empire . However, after St. Stephen, a king in the 10th century, received the sacrament of baptism from the Pope and established a diocese , this country became a representative Catholic country in Central Europe along with the Czech Republic and Poland . In the Middle Ages, most of Hungary's territory was occupied by the Islamic forces of the Ottoman Empire , and both the church and the people had to suffer the indignity of being second-class citizens (dhimmi) or colonial status. After the Islamic forces withdrew, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was established and lived as a powerful force in Central Europe until World War I. At that time, the territory of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was more than four times its current size, and the church was strong. However, after World War I, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was disbanded , and after World War II, Hungary became part of the communist bloc, restrictions and persecution of the church began, and Hungarian Catholics once again faced difficult times.

Hungarian communism was heavily influenced by the former East Germany . Unlike North Korea or Romania , where Joseph Stalin 's communism was characterized by mass gatherings of tens of thousands of people, collective art, and persistent surveillance , Hungary maintained a system that recognized formal and legal freedoms, like East Germany.[14] At that time , Budapest was the only Jewish rabbinical seminary in Central Europe that trained rabbis and allowed them to hold mass and run seminaries . On the surface, there was no social discrimination or restrictions on religious people, but in reality, there was harsh oppression.

For example, priests were free to perform liturgies and live in their rectory, but in reality, many priests were not allowed to go outside their rectory or church, and all letters and meetings were strictly monitored. Before the communist revolution, the Catholic Church operated more than 70% of the country's middle and high schools, but after the revolution, all but eight were nationalized. Mass and seminaries were permitted, but all events outside of churches were prohibited, and budget execution for church renovation was impossible. Devout religious people were sometimes effectively expelled by the communist regime authorities, telling them to "pack no more than 20 kg of luggage per person and move quickly to a remote rural village . "

Exactly 12 years before the “ Prague Spring ” when the people shouted for “freedom” against the communist regime , there was such a resistance by the people in Hungary . That popular uprising was also crushed and suppressed by Soviet tanks. And in the process, Cardinal Mindszenty József emerged as the spiritual leader of intellectuals and students who called for democracy and the collapse of the communist party, and was later declared venerable by Pope Francis in February 2019. When Cardinal Mindszenty József was arrested and imprisoned in 1956, the relationship between the Hungarian Catholic Church and the communist regime rapidly deteriorated. The communist regime could not arbitrarily execute Cardinal Mindszenty, who was serving as the spiritual leader of the Hungarian people while in prison. In the end, with the help of diplomatic efforts from the West, he went into exile abroad 20 years later in 1976. This incident remained in the hearts of the Hungarian people as a reminder that "even the communist regime could not ultimately defeat the cardinal."

Since the Eastern European revolutions , full religious freedom has been restored, but there are many difficulties due to the aftereffects of the secularization fever and persecution that soon swept through Europe. The Hungarian Catholic Church is also currently struggling with a severe shortage of candidates aspiring to become priests or monks . It is particularly struggling to attract young people to the church. Most parents, who have been educated in communism for a long time, have little doctrinal knowledge, and the church has yet to present an effective alternative to such a great change. The church’s financial difficulties are also a major problem. It lacks the financial resources and manpower to manage the buildings and cultural assets that were neglected during the communist era. The nominal number of believers continues to decline, and there is a serious shortage of church workers such as catechists and theologians.

But there is another side. The Hungarian church recently succeeded in introducing a church tax like Germany . It is a tax without any mandatory provisions , so the amount is still small, but the number of laypeople paying this church tax and the amount are increasing little by little every year. And perhaps as a reward for the suffering endured and the morality maintained under the communist regime, the Catholic Church Priests and monks are said to be socially respected professions in Hungary. Current statistics show that about 40% of the population are Catholics, and the number of Catholic mission schools , which were non-existent when communism collapsed in 1990, is rapidly increasing.

Stephen I, the first King of Hungary, is a Catholic saint . The Hungarian Orthodox Church canonized Stephen on August 21, 2000, in St. Stephen's Basilica in Budapest . Stephen became the first Catholic saint to be canonized by the Orthodox Church since 1054, when Christianity split into the Catholic and Orthodox Churches.

Last King of Hungary , but more famous as Emperor of Austria Charoi IV is a Catholic Blessed . In other words, the first and last kings of Hungary are Catholic Saints and Blesseds side by side. It can be said that it is a country worthy of the old name of 'territory of the crown of St. Stephen'.

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The proportions of Reformed Church and Lutheran Church believers are approximately 11% and 2%, respectively. Considering that Protestantism in the Czech Republic virtually lost most of its influence through Habsburg rule and the communist regime , it can be said to be the only country in the Eastern Bloc where Protestantism has some influence. It was already influenced by the Reformation in the 16th century , and the Hungarian Reformed Church was established. And more than half of them are concentrated in the eastern region, centered on Debrecen . It is also related to its neighboring country , Romania , because most of Transylvania used to be Hungarian territory, but was ceded to Romania through the Treaty of Trianon after World War I. In fact, in areas where Protestants were the majority, Protestant pastors took up the vacuum left by Catholic clergy in the early days of the Ottoman Empire 's rule, and the Ottomans did not force conversion, perhaps because they believed that Protestantism was easier to communicate with and control than Catholicism. In the Catholic Church, even the Pope has to follow the encyclicals, bulls, and charters, so there is almost no room for compromise, but the Reformed Church is decentralized and has strong regional characteristics, so there is room for compromise and it is easy to suppress it by force if it is wrong.

However, even after escaping Ottoman rule, it came under the rule of the deeply Catholic Habsburg family , and at one time suffered harsh oppression and discrimination in various ways. Protestantism occupied a larger number than expected, but in the process of the dissolution of the empire, many areas with many Protestants suddenly went into Romania and Slovakia , and only a few areas such as Debrecen remained intact Hungarian territory. Because of this historical background, the proportion of Protestants among Hungarians living in Transylvania or Slovakia is considerably higher than that of mainland Hungarians . For Hungarians residing in Romania, the rate rises to 47%. And if you go to Protestant chapels in Romania and Slovakia, most of them hang the Hungarian flag and hold services mainly in Hungarian, not the local language .

Currently, the Hungarian Reformed Church has a presbyterian system similar to Calvinist churches in other countries , but has its own unique characteristics. (Refer to the document for details.) And it recognizes the ordination of female pastors. However, unlike this theological tendency, for historical reasons, their perspective on secular ethics and political stance are more anti-communist and conservative than expected. There are many pastors who have personal contact with Jovic . The 1989 Romanian Revolution that toppled Ceauşescu also started by touching the Hungarian church.

It is a landlocked country located in southeastern Central Europe . Most of the country lies in the Pannonian basin plain at the foot of the Carpathian Mountains . The area is 93,030 km², and the north-south length is 250 km, and the east-west length is 524 km. It shares a 2,106km border with Austria to the west , Serbia , Croatia , and Slovenia to the southwest , Ukraine to the northeast , and Slovakia to the north .

Because it is an inland country, we do not encounter the sea, but there is a Daulb River in the center of the country , and the Tiseo River flows in the east and the largest lake in central Europe .

Because most of the country's territory is in the Pusta Plain, it is a country with a high ratio of farmland to land area, and its ratio of farmland area is higher than that of Korea, which has a similar area, as well as Japan, which has a land area that is nearly four times different.

The climate is continental, with an average annual temperature of 10.5℃ and an average annual rainfall of 600mm. The average winter temperature is -2℃ to 2℃ and the average summer temperature is 22 to 23℃. The climate is similar to Wonsan City . It is similar to Seoul Metropolitan City (average winter temperature -0.4 degrees), but the summer and annual averages are lower here.

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The largest units are the 19 provinces (Megye). In English translation, it is often translated as county, that is, state . It is slightly smaller than a Korean province . In addition to general states, city states (megyei város), which are metropolitan cities within a state , are also considered the same as states. City states are usually singular, but in some cases they are plural, such as Gyormoshonsopron, Chongrad, and Feyer. However, Budapest , the capital , is separately classified as a special city -level local government rather than a state or city state .

capital Budapest is one of the most popular tourist destinations.

After the collapse of the communist system, the center-right regime and the Socialist Party, a successor party to the old Communist Party, took turns in power, but in the 2010 general election, the Socialist Party suffered a crushing defeat due to factors such as the 2008 global financial crisis and welfare policy cuts, and support from middle-aged people who remembered the good times of Kadar Jánosz flocked to Fidesz , forming a one-party monopoly system until 2026 . The problem is that as Fides increasingly turns to a hard-right stance, its authoritarian tendencies have become stronger. The Prime Minister at the time, Viktor Orbán , was a liberal democracy activist in his youth, and his liberal tendencies remained until the mid-2000s, but he quickly turned to the hard right in the mid-2000s and is famous for his authoritarian tendencies, and is notorious for buying the media and privatizing the judiciary. Still, it was better than the Socialist Party government, which abolished welfare policies, and was in power for 18 years based on strong support from the middle-aged.

Since 2015 , he has declared that he will not receive any refugees . In addition to the European Union , the United Nations is in conflict with problems related to refugee policy. There are many countries that are exclusively about refugees, but the reason why Hungary is so toxic and criticized is that in Hungary, the law has been enforced since 2018 that it punishes its people as imprisonment if it helps refugees . There are many countries that declare that they will not receive refugees, but it is not uncommon for a country that hits people in prison for helping refugees like Hungary. It is also controversial that there are people who reveal their Christian right -wing tendencies whenever they talk about Hungarian politicians and officials about their own refugee policy . The policy itself is of course controversial, but politicians and officials from the process of advocating the policy may cause more controversy than the policy itself.

In addition to refugee policies, criticism exists in the Hungarian politics, including Prime Minister Orban Victor, and the tendency of Genobia, isolated , and Christian right -wing propensity. In particular, there are many talks about Xenovovia, because there are many stories that the controversy over refugee policy is second, and there are many stories that foreigners are negative about the stay of Hungary itself. In particular, after the ruling Prime Minister Orban Victor, Hungary was a serious axis in the Xenopovia index survey. For this reason, Hungary is considered to be the most exclusive and closed -state axis of European democratic countries.

Nazism and fascism are banned, as is often the case in European countries , and communism is also banned, as is often the case in today's Eastern European countries after the end of the Cold War , but there are nonetheless many far-right political parties. Some say that this is because Hungary is a country with a history of actively cooperating with the Axis powers during World War II . Among such far-right parties, the party called Jobbik is especially frequently mentioned, and despite the neo-Nazi controversy, it has secured considerable influence in Hungarian politics. In the 2014 general election, the opposition coalition suffered a crushing defeat, and Jobbik became the largest opposition party in terms of a single party. In the 2018 general election, as the opposition party failed to unify, Jobbik surpassed the Socialist Party and took a major step forward as the second largest party in the National Assembly. Since his rapid rise in the 2010 general elections, Jovic has been beginning to move toward centrism under the leadership of Bona Gabor, and starting with the 2014 general elections, he has made a drastic move toward centrism to become the dominant party. Nowadays, their inclinations have become much more moderate, becoming center-right, and they are also participating in the opposition coalition.

On March 30, 2020 , under the pretext of preventing the spread of COVID-19 worldwide, the Prime Minister was able to declare a state of emergency indefinitely, and amend the law to allow the nullification of existing laws and the passage of bills with just an executive order. Parliament and elections were also suspended, and a warning was even issued by the European Union . Among the laws passed by the Prime Minister were provisions that would sentence journalists who question the government's COVID-19 policy to up to five years in prison, and those who violate quarantine to eight years in prison, leading to extreme comparisons to the Enabling Act of Nazi Germany . Ultimately, the relevant laws were repealed after three months due to strong pressure from the European Union and the United States.

The general election is held through regional districts (106 seats) + proportional representation (93 seats), and the blockade clause is 5%. When applied to a two-party coalition, the figure rises to 10%. If a three-party alliance is formed, the percentage rises further to 15%. Proportional representation is distributed using the D'Hondt method. Starting with the 2014 general election, seats are also allocated to ethnic minorities, but seats are allocated only when the majority exceeds 0.27%.[15] And because of this electoral system, a vicious cycle was repeated in which Fidesz's one-party dictatorship worsened.

As of 2024, the world's freedom index is classified as a 'partially free' country, with 24 points of political rights (PR) + 41 civic freedom (CL) and 65 points. It is difficult to say that the total score of Singapore, which is classified as the same non -self -democratic state, is 48 points that are much lower than Hungary, and Turkiye is 33 points, which is classified as 'free' country, and Narendra Modi is 66 points higher than Hungary. It's hard to say dictatorship. However, the world's free index in 2010, which was counted shortly after Orban took office, was the top in the world, with 37 points in PR, CL 54 points and 91 points.[16][17] Considering that Hungary was classified as a 'free' country until 2018, it is true that Hungary's freedom has retreated during the orban ruling.

In the 2026 Hungarian National Assembly election, Fidesz suffered a crushing defeat due to fatigue with Fidesz's long-term rule and corruption in Orbán's cabinet, and the pro-European Big Tent opposition party Tisser won an overwhelming number of seats. Accordingly, from May, Tisser's representative, Mazar Peter , replaced Orbán as Prime Minister of Hungary.

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It is the country with the highest obesity rate in Europe, surpassing the UK.

Hungarian Jews were once active in all sectors of Hungarian society, but their number is gradually decreasing due to immigration and other reasons. Intel 's chairman, Andrew Stephen Grove , is a Zsidók Jew from Budapest, Hungary . James Joyce , famous for Ulysses , traveled to Budapest in 1928 and wrote, “This is Judapest.” Here, Judah symbolizes Jew, and it is written that it is a place with many Jews, so there were quite a lot of Jews living there. Andrew Grove also had to flee to the United States to avoid the Nazis . The Hungarian name for the grove is ‘Gróf András István’. Bíró László József, the Hungarian journalist who invented the ballpoint pen , was also Jewish.

Hungary, like other Eastern European countries, is a country with a declining population. While other Eastern European countries began to decline in population after the collapse of the Eastern Bloc , Hungary's population has already been declining since it peaked in 1981. In the 1980s, Hungary's birth rate was not very low, recording approximately 1.7-1.8. However, the population decline began because the country already had the lowest birth rate in the world in the 1960s (1.7-1.8 people. It is not very low by today's standards, but it is very low by the standards of the time). Still, there are many people immigrating, so the population decline is less than that of Serbia or Romania .

Hungary had a very high suicide rate until the 1980s and 1990s, almost the highest in the world. However, after Korea took over the highest suicide rate in the 2000s, the suicide rate gradually decreased and has not been that high since the 2010s. In any case, until the early 1990s, the high suicide rate led to the perception of other Europeans as a depressed country in general, and this was indeed the case.

Gloomy Sunday (Szomorú vasárnap) is originally a Hungarian song. The song itself is gloomy, so the original song has no lyrics, but the first Hungarian lyrics that were written later are about a lover who dies on Sunday, so he is always sad on Sundays and eventually commits suicide on Sundays. It is a bit of an urban legend and an exaggeration, but it is true that the number of people who commit suicide after listening to the song increased.

Hungary is famous for its dentistry because there are 1,000 dental clinics in each region and the dental service sector is highly developed. There is even dental medical tourism in Hungary.

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Elementary education consists of eight years of basic education from the age of 6 to 14. Excellent students can go on to upper secondary schools immediately after completing the six-year course.

In the case of secondary education, 4-year education is provided from the age of 14 to 17, and there are humanities schools, vocational schools, industrial schools, and intermediate vocational schools.

Foreign language subjects include English , German , Spanish , French , and Italian , and because it is close to Germany and Austria, German is preferred as a second language.

It is divided into universities with a 5-6 year course and junior colleges with a 3-4 year course.

In the case of universities, students can advance directly to the doctoral program after receiving their graduation degree through the integrated bachelor's and master's degree program. Prestigious universities include Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest University of Technology and Economics , and University of Szeged , which produced Nobel Prize winners . Among the above universities, Eötvös Loránd University and the University of Szeged are the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. Exchange students can come while enrolled in the Hungarian Department . Pohang University of Science and Technology began an exchange program with Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME) and Eotvos Lorand University (Faculty of Informatics and Faculty of Science).

Due to Prime Minister Orban's anti-liberal, pro-China policy, the Central European University, founded by George Soros , was closed in 1991.[18] , Anti-China protests erupted in Hungary when the Fudan University campus in China was built at an excessive cost that exceeded the entire higher education budget . #

Hungary has four national medical schools. If you graduate from a medical school certified by the National Medical Examiner's Office, you can pass the preliminary exam in Korea and then take the national exam to work as a Korean doctor.

Schools available for admission include Debrecen University of Medical Sciences, Pecs There are medical schools , Semmelweis Medical School (Budapest), and Szeged Medical School.

Hungary's Medical College of Medicine is a normal medical school that has a great history and a skill of studying with other major universities in other Western Europe. This was also mentioned in the hearing. For example, Hungary Medical School has also produced more Nobel Prize winners than domestic medical schools, and is higher than domestic medical schools in the ranking of world universities. Hungary Medical School professor says there is no difference in international students, Koreans, or its contents, and there are only differences in Hungary or English.

In the case of overseas medical schools, the preliminary exam must be passed first to be active in Korea. There are many. The Korean preliminary exam has a wide range of scope and a problem, so the passing rate is very low. A country like the United States has no preliminary exams, and it is possible to work as a doctor by looking at the national city. It doesn't mean much. The national problem is also a country that is open to the official site.

Korean doctors are questioning doctors from Hungary Medical Schools (Korean students), and Hungary Medical School is being pledged not to do medical activities in Hungary if they are active abroad when they are graduated from other countries. This is the same with Koreans. This is not permanent, and if you resume medical activities in Hungary, you can work in Hungary through several procedures, including registration of the Hungarian Medical Association, but there is a passage of the Hungarian test . In fact, Hungary medical students take Hungarian courses at university because they are required to have local language Hungarians when they communicate with patients in the hospital. In addition to English, Hungarians are also needed in class. However, it is mentioned when Korean doctors who graduate from Hungary Medical School are classified only in English and do not do medical activities in Hungary.

On October 3, 2023, Professor Catherine Curico of the University of Szeged was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the development of an mRNA vaccine. This is the first award in 86 years since the 1937 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded to Professor Albert Szent-György of Szeged Medical School for his discovery of vitamin C. #

Among the Jews from Hungary , there are many geniuses who have achieved outstanding achievements in mathematics and science . For example, in the early and mid-20th century, many masters such as John von Neumann (Hungarian name Neuman János) and Erdős Pál emerged. In particular, discrete mathematics, which is related to computers, has produced many outstanding talents who are unrivaled. In addition, Riesz Frigyes, a pioneer in functional analysis, Pólya György and Rényi Alfréd, who made key contributions to combinatorics and probability theory, Lovász László and Szemerédi Endre, winners of the Wolf Prize and Abel Prize, and countless others. There are mathematicians. Of course, mathematics students who come across the name in English papers, etc., only come across English names such as Paul Erdős and George Pólya, so it is common to not know that this scholar is Hungarian without looking up the person separately. When Eugene Wigner (Hungarian name: Wigner Jenő) won the Nobel Prize in Physics, he was asked by a reporter why there were so many geniuses in Hungary. At the time, there was a joke that Hungarians were Martians, based on their unique language and high intelligence.

Also known as Hungarian notation . In programming, prefixes are used for the names of variables or objects. It is derived from the fact that a Hungarian programmer used this method for efficient programming.

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