Portugal

The Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa), commonly known as Portugal , is a country in southern Europe. It is a republic located at the western end of the Iberian Peninsula . The capital is Lisbon (Lisboa).

Portugal is a country located at the western end of the Iberian Peninsula , bordering Spain to the north and east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south . In addition to the mainland, Portugal also includes the Azores and Madeira Islands , autonomous regions located in the Atlantic Ocean. Although it has a relatively small territory and population among European countries, it is historically considered a country that has had a significant impact on world history through maritime activities and overseas expansion.

Various ethnic groups have inhabited the current Portuguese territory since ancient times. The region was once ruled by the Roman Empire and was heavily influenced by Roman culture and Latin . After the collapse of the Roman Empire, Germanic kingdoms ruled the region, and later, through the Islamic conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, Muslim forces took over a significant portion of the region.

During the Christian Reconquista process around the 12th century, Portugal began to form as an independent kingdom. Afonso I was recognized as the first king of Portugal and laid the foundation for the formation of the nation. Afterwards, the Kingdom of Portugal gradually expanded its territory south and reorganized its national system.

Between the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal emerged as one of the leading countries in the Age of Exploration . Portuguese navigators pioneered a sea route along the African coast and discovered maritime trade routes connecting with India and East Asia . In particular, Vasco da Gama 's pioneering of the Indian route is evaluated as an event that significantly changed the structure of maritime trade between Europe and Asia. During this period, Portugal grew into a global maritime empire, securing trade bases and colonies in Africa, Asia, and South America.

However, after the 17th century, Portugal's international influence gradually weakened due to the rise of other maritime powers such as the Netherlands and England . Afterwards, political instability continued within the country and opposition to the monarchy increased. Eventually, through the Portuguese Revolution of 1910, the monarchy collapsed and a republic was established.

In the 20th century, authoritarian regimes were in power for long periods of time, but a democratic system was established through the Carnation Revolution . Since then, Portugal has carried out political and economic reforms, participated in the European integration process, and today has established itself as a stable democratic country.

Currently, Portugal is a country that adopts a republic system, and the country is run by the president and prime minister . The legislature consists of a unicameral parliament and is elected through democratic elections. Portugal is today a democratic country in Western Europe that has joined the European Union , the North Atlantic Treaty Organization , and the United Nations .

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Portugal's national flower is lavender .

Portugal's national bird is the chicken .

Among European Mesozoic strata, the Jurassic strata are a wide range of countries, and dinosaurs, which have flourished in terminal jurassic such as Alosaurus , Rusotitan , Stegosaurus , and Daken Trurus, are found or excavated. The strata of the Jurassic are the Lori Nana layer .

Although it does not border the Mediterranean Sea , it is close to the Mediterranean Sea, so it has a Mediterranean climate and one of the mildest climates in Europe. Until now, the lowest temperature recorded throughout Portugal was -16 degrees Celsius, and this temperature was also recorded in mountainous areas over 1,500 meters above sea level. The capital, Lisbon , has a mild climate with an average temperature of 11.6 degrees in January and 23.5 degrees in August, and precipitation of 774 mm is concentrated in winter. In summer, the daily temperature difference is large and it is hot during the day, especially in the southern inland area, where temperatures reach close to 50 degrees, like in Morocco just below. The highest temperature ever officially recorded was 47.4 degrees Celsius in Amareleza during the heat wave of 2003, but there are unofficial records of over 50 degrees Celsius. For reference, Lisbon's latitude is 38.73°, which is further north than the northernmost tip of South Korea. Cheorwon-gun, which is famous for being cold in South Korea, is only 38 degrees north latitude.

Even though it is not a mountainous terrain, there are many hills. If you are walking in major tourist cities such as Lisbon , Porto , or Coimbra , you should be prepared to climb hills and stairs frequently. And although there has been no seismic activity recently, it has been a place where earthquakes have been frequent since ancient times, and the Great Lisbon Earthquake , historically the worst earthquake in Europe , occurred.

For reference, Portugal is the longest -distance European country from Korea. French , Spain , and Portugal are far from Iceland , the United Kingdom , Ireland , and Germany . Prior to the opening of a direct flight, the UK London , Germany Frankfurt , France Paris , Spain It had to be transferred in Barcelona , ​​but has been operating regular flights from Korean Air since September 11, 2024 .

Korean tourists mainly visit Lisbon and its surroundings, Porto, several tourist cities, and the southern beaches for short periods of time in connection with Spain, but in addition, within Europe, they visit the resort islands of Madeira and Azores , and the Rota Vicentina, a walking course along the coastline.[12] is very famous in the West. The transportation infrastructure is quite good, and since it is Southern Europe, there are warm seas, so even if it is not a popular tourist destination, tourists flock to every corner in the summer.

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Portugal is the country where Teresa de Leon was born and founded. The origin of Portugal is the County of Portugal given by Alfonso VI of the United Kingdom of Castile to his daughter Teresa de Leon and son-in-law Henrique de Borgogna . Afterwards, their son Henry became independent as a duke through war and took advantage of his victory over the Islamic dynasty during the Reconquista to declare independence in earnest and call himself Afonso I, founding the Borgogna Dynasty .

It originally started as a very small country called the County of Portugal . As you can see from the name of the County, the title of the head of state was only a count , so it was practically like a Spanish colony. The territory was only the northern half of present-day Portugal, and Lisbon , the current capital of Portugal, was Moorish territory at the time of the County of Portugal . Portugal then went through the Reconquista and gradually grew to the south, forming the territory it has today.

As they began to search for a sea route to India , they opened the age of discovery for Europeans . Later, while traveling around the world, he occupied the Americas, Africa, and Asia as colonies , opening the prelude to the colonial empire represented by the Portuguese Empire . At the time , it was a maritime power enough to divide the world into two by signing the Treaty of Tordesillas with Spain under the mediation of the pope . Brazil in South America , Angola in Africa , Mozambique , Guinea - Bissau , Goa in India , and Macau in China were Portuguese colonies .

However, excessive dependence on colonies also resulted in many side effects. During the reign of King Joao VI, Crown Prince Pedro took over Brazil , the largest colony, and declared independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and Algarves in 1822 , and its influence began to decline. Afterwards, it was reduced to a second-class European country and was marginalized in the competition for hegemony among powerful countries. It maintained only colonial overseas territories in African areas such as Guinea-Bissau, Angola, and Mozambique, and parts of Asia such as Timor-Leste and Macao, until the 20th century. However, in the meantime, there were revolutions and military coups , and under the dictators Salazar and Caetano, who were in power for 36 years. experienced a dictatorship. After World War II, attempts were made to stop the independence movements of African colonies such as Guinea-Bissau, Angola, and Mozambique by force, but instead they fell into a quagmire as the armed struggle of local independence movements intensified. As a huge amount of national finances and troops were invested in the colonial war, power was considerably dispersed, and eventually, the dictatorship collapsed in the Carnation Revolution in 1974, leading to democratization. As the newly established democratic government recognized the independence of the colonies and withdrew their troops, starting with Guinea-Bissau 's independence in 1974, Mozambique , Cape Verde , Sao Tome and Principe , and Angola became independent in 1975. And in 1999, with the return of Macau , the last remaining overseas territory, to China, all of Portugal's colonies were liquidated.

The colony also had a dual colony. Portugal's colony was Brazil , and Brazil 's colony was Uruguay , so Uruguay was a colony of Portugal's colony, and from Uruguay 's perspective, Portugal was its master's master. Of course , Uruguay later succeeded in becoming independent with the help of Argentina .

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Portugal's population is 10.3 million, ranking 79th out of 242 countries in the world.[13] Countries with similar population sizes include Belgium (11.13 million people), Sweden (9.55 million people), Greece (10.78 million people), Hungary (9.95 million people), and the Czech Republic (10.53 million people). The area is slightly smaller than that of the Republic of Korea , and the population is approximately 1/5 of the population of the Republic of Korea.

Portugal is a country that has seen quite volatile population changes. Portugal has traditionally been a country with a large population outflow to Brazil. However, before the Portuguese colonial war, the traditional concept of preferring fertility was dominant in the countryside, so the birth rate was somewhat high, so the population growth rate was somewhat high even though there were many immigrants. However, when the Portuguese colonial war began in earnest, despite the good birth rate, immigration to other European countries and Brazil rapidly increased, causing the population to decrease. Afterwards, in 1975, with the independence of Angola and Mozambique, a large number of Portuguese residents returned, causing the population to increase significantly for a while. However, starting in the 1980s, the birth rate fell below 2, so the natural population increase rate decreased, and the population was supplemented by immigration to Brazil and other Latin American countries. However, as Portugal entered a recession starting in 2008, the population decreased by tens of thousands of people every year. However, despite the low birth rate, the population has been increasing again since 2019 due to the influx of people from former Portuguese colonies.

The total population from 1950 to the present is:

In Portugal, compulsory education begins at age 6 and continues until age 18 (or upon completion of secondary education (grade 12)).

The proportion of young people (ages 25–34) who completed higher education (bachelor's, master's, doctoral) was reported to be about 40.9% in 2023, which is slightly lower than the European Union average (about 43%) in the same year.

There are 13 public universities in Portugal, and in addition, there are a large number of polytechnics (institutions of applied and specialized higher education) and private higher education institutions. Although many institutions teach full or partial degree programs in Portuguese, major universities are increasingly offering full-time degree programs in English for international students. (Please check the institution/program page of each university and StudyPortugal portal to see whether English is offered by institution/program).[* Higher education retention rate (age 25–34) Report: Original text original text


The academic system consists of early childhood education (primary school) → elementary school (basic education) → secondary school (higher school) → higher education (university, polytechnic), and the detailed system and entrance examination and degree system follow the framework of the European higher education sphere (Bologna Process). [* European compulsory education and academic system (reference): original text

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In addition to the capital Lisbon (Lisboa), there are major cities such as Porto , Braga , Coimbra and Faro . You can feel the different atmosphere in each city to the extent that there is a saying, 'Work in Porto, study in Coimbra, pray in Braga, and enjoy in Lisbon.'

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Portuguese people are generally considered to have a strong sense of national belonging and patriotism, as well as a strong sense of homecoming.

In Europe , where pure-bloodism is strong, it is one of the countries with unusually little resistance to people of color or mixed race. Since the Age of Exploration, men went to sea and could not return, so men were rare, so women who could not find a partner until they were fully married ended up marrying male black slaves, and this was even common for daughters of noble families.[14] There were many cases where men who went out simply met and settled down with local women from Africa , Southeast Asia , Brazil , India , the Middle East , etc.

As a result, it is said that there are no white people in Portugal, only mixed race people. In fact, the appearance of ordinary Portuguese people is clearly different from that of Germanic peoples such as Germans and Anglo-Saxons , and Slavic peoples such as Russians and Celts .[15] It is also different from our French neighbors . It is one of the countries in the world with little awareness of discrimination against mixed race people, with a prime minister from Goa, India , and a justice minister, a black woman from Angola . For example, when Britain returned Hong Kong to China, it did not give British citizenship to Hong Kong residents , but Portugal granted Portuguese nationality to all 430,000 legal Macao citizens at the time. This was possible thanks to the fact that Macau is smaller than Hong Kong.

And unlike many other European countries that suffer from racism , violence , and hooligans on soccer fields, which are hotbeds of riots , Portugal has a small number of malicious soccer fans who engage in extreme violence. In other words, it is one of the few European countries where there is little risk of experiencing violence or racism even if Asians enter the soccer stadium alone. On February 17, 2020, during the Porto vs. Gamarães match in the first division of the Portuguese professional soccer league, an incident occurred in which Porto's striker Moussa Marega suffered racial discrimination while away at Gamarães. # However, unlike other European countries where swearing, imitating monkeys, and racial taunts are basic, and banana-throwing, profanity-throwing, violence, riots, Nazi salutes, and even murder are common, these incidents were at a minimal level and have not occurred often to the extent that it can be said that this is actually the first time such incidents have occurred. Not only that, Portugal's state-run media, politicians, and celebrities took this incident so seriously that they mentioned it all day long, and even citizens who believed that their country was one of the least racist countries in the world reacted with considerable shock. And after this incident, the Portuguese president and prime minister showed a sensitive and active response to acts of racism, to the point where they expressed their willingness to punish the target. #

Even when such large and small racial conflicts occur, the self-purification effect of refraining from within Portugal has often taken place. In order to deal with the Corona 19 crisis, it is said that citizenship will be granted to all foreigners and refugees residing in Portugal through a somewhat more relaxed procedure than before. #

Historically, however, Portugal committed a massive black African slave trade, and for humanitarian and enlightenment reasons, continued to trade slaves in the La Plata River even when neighboring colonial Spain banned or restricted the slave trade during the 17th and 18th centuries. The Portuguese were notorious as slave traders, to the extent that they ran across the area in the early history of pioneering the border areas of modern Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Although the actual execution in the field was rather poor, anyway, unlike Spain, which actively banned the enslavement of Native Americans by mobilizing a large number of Dominican named theologians in the royal family and church authorities, in the case of Portugal, it can be called the Portuguese- Brazilian conquistador. The Bang Dei Rants were caught up in hunting and trading native slaves as their main event was 'advancing' to the inland region. In modern Central and South America, famous for the movie Mission , during the confrontation between the Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries who tried to protect the natives and the Conquistadores who wanted to capture and enslave them, most of the latter were actually Portuguese Vendéirants. Even in modern times, there are certainly less racial conflicts and tensions compared to other Western European countries, but it is the same as implicitly appealing for discrimination # , and cases of hate crimes and racist crimes in 2020 have increased due to the influence of the coronavirus. # #

Although racial conflicts exist in Portugal, the long history of maintaining a multi-racial and mixed-race society for more than six centuries cannot be ignored.[16] Other multiracial countries, such as the United States, Britain, France, and Russia, have a history of promoting extreme nationalism such as white supremacy, pan-Germanism, and pan-Slavism in order to gain benefits through political agitation.[17] As a result, World War I and World War II were caused, and there are many cases in which current descendants implicitly believe that these wrong ideas are definitely correct.

In Portugal, due to the influence of neighboring European countries, there are people who think that having blonde hair is typical of Europeans, or feel superior if they think they fit the self-proclaimed appearance, and think that people who have some African, Middle Eastern, or Asian appearance characteristics despite being Portuguese are not 'Europeans' and actually view them as such, causing social strife. However, looking at the characteristics of the Portuguese, the racial spectrum is very wide and diverse compared to other European countries, so the forces resisting this idea are also very strong. Therefore, the social conflict between 'whites' and 'non-whites' that appears in many Western countries such as Western Europe, Northern Europe, North America, and Russia can be evaluated to be less frequent in Portugal than in Portugal, and in fact, it is evaluated that the self-purification effect has occurred well.

It is true that many people feel familiarity and intimacy with people who look similar to them and have similar personalities. Therefore, integrating different appearances and different cultures into one society is something that must be compensated for through education, and that education must also have a long history of experience in one country, so that related laws can be created and improvements can be made by gradually revising them over time. Portugal can be seen as having historically been faster than other European countries in this respect, and although racism exists in all countries, it can still be evaluated as being less, but it is clear that the Portuguese cannot be said to be particularly more 'tolerant' than other Europeans.

It can be seen that it is more reasonable to look for the reasons for Portugal's relatively successful establishment of a multi-racial society in Portugal's unique historical and social characteristics. It is difficult to separate the general Portuguese national concept and national identity from the historical experience of the late Middle Ages and the Age of Exploration in the early modern era, which was originally a period of (pseudo) biological racism and the white supremacy that derived from it.[18] Before the golden age, it was a time when Europeans still generally thought of themselves as 'Christians' rather than 'Europeans', so the influence of early modern imperialism, which emphasized religious identity rather than race, had a great influence on Portugal's national consciousness even as it transitioned into modern times. Moreover, the Catholic Church, which exerted a huge influence on Portugal's national consciousness and social culture, cannot be said to be clean at all in terms of its actual actions, such as the fact that the largest slave plantation owners in Brazil turned out to be monastic orders. In any case, in terms of official doctrine, it has emphasized the harmony and commonality of humanity and rejected racism since the beginning of the Age of Exploration in the 16th century.

In the 20th century, Iberian imperialism's complex and nuanced view of race was perceived as a selling point of its own, and the long-ruling dictator Salazar even officially supported Rousseau-tropicalism # , which claims that "Portuguese imperialism pursues harmony and peace between races, unlike other European imperialist countries that indulge in a sense of superiority and discriminate against other races!" Of course, the actual intention was to relieve the pressure of the approaching dissolution of European colonial empires, but it is meaningful that the long-term authoritarian right-wing government opposed racial discrimination at least at a formal level. The Salazar regime, which can be said to be the origin of the modern Portuguese right-wing and far-right, advocated anti-racism in its own way, so in other countries, it would be embarrassing to see a far-right party that leads xenophobia and discrimination against racial minorities actively highlighting racial conflict. In addition, many of the above-mentioned conditions related to the formation of racial views within Portuguese society also apply to Spain, a neighboring country, but here, too, they are more likely to occur within their own country. It is interesting to note that many people say that although ethnic conflict is severe, ethnic conflict related to immigrants is much less common in Western Europe. With the advent of VOX , it is difficult to call Spain a 'far-right clean country' anymore, but it still receives better evaluations than France, Belgium, the UK, and Italy in areas such as terrorism and daily tensions caused by immigrant slums in large cities.

However, since the end of the coronavirus pandemic in the 2020s, wealthy retired immigrants from Western Europe, Northern Europe, and the United States have caused housing prices to skyrocket, and as a measure to reduce the birth rate, a large number of South Asian immigrants from India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh have been accepted, leading to the problem that young people in Portugal are increasingly turning to the right. These days, Internet comments are full of hateful comments against foreigners, and in particular, as prejudice and jealousy toward Brazil, with which they used to get along well, intensify, the reality is that Brazilians and Portuguese people ridicule each other and fight in the comments, which is becoming rampant. In fact, the approval rating of Portugal's right-wing populist party, CHEGA!, has increased to 18% in five years, and the image that Portugal has built up as having the least racism in Europe is at risk of fading. Young people's rejection of foreigners and immigrants is on the rise, to the extent that the incidents during the Corona Pandemic period described above are only a very small number.

The good news is that offline physical violence against foreigners and immigrants has not yet been observed in parts of Western Europe, Northern Europe, the United States, or Eastern Europe, where nationalism and nationalism were strong in the past and present.[19] , it can be seen from the atmosphere and trends that the emotions of young people in Portugal are almost on the verge of explosion.

In conclusion, it remains to be seen whether violence against foreigners and immigrants will continue offline, like in other European countries, or whether it will end online. Multi-ethnicity and multiculturalism are still considered mainstream ideologies among the older generation, and Portugal's overall average age is 47 years old, making it one of the most aging countries in the world, with a very small young population. Meanwhile, many young Portuguese people are immigrating to wealthy Western Europe, and the young population living in Portugal is very short, so some say it will be difficult for extreme ideologies such as neo-Nazism and white supremacy to completely take root in society.

CHEGA received the most votes with 18% in the European Parliament elections on June 9, 2024 ! Compared to the March general election, the party's vote share was cut in half to 9%.[20] It was confirmed once again that Portugal's rightward shift was just unfounded.

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Portugal is a country with stable security, and as of 2019, it ranked third in the World Peace Index after Iceland and New Zealand . Many wealthy people from South America, such as Brazil , where crime rates are high and security is unstable, and former Portuguese African countries are migrating to Portugal. # These people have a tight grip on Uber , so there are almost no Portuguese Uber drivers.

Actually in 2004 Unlike Spain , which was hit by a terrorist attack by Islamic extremism , Portugal has never had a terrorist attack, and unlike other European countries where there are constant incidents of racism in the European professional soccer leagues, Portugal has been hit by rampages caused by hooligans. However, racial crimes are significantly lower than in other European countries, and the country is proud of itself as a country without racial discrimination, so the entire nation often acts cautiously.

However, Portugal has the highest Gini coefficient among European countries after Bulgaria , Spain , Greece , Cyprus , and North Macedonia . Most of them are gypsies and locals. When young people beg, ignore them. Most of them are freaky drug addicts or unpretentious travelers with only one-way flights. Young immigrants from Guinea-Bissau usually sell a lot of souvenirs such as bracelets. Let's be careful when buying. It is normal for prices to be cheaper than prices in Korea.

Pickpockets and robberies are often caused by them, and other drug dealers[21] , the problem of prostitution exists. In fact, prostitution is not illegal in Portugal . However, if crimes destroying individual lives, such as sexual exploitation, human trafficking, organized violence, and gambling, are committed in this space, not just as a space to solve sexual desire, and the public security is lowered, the public authorities must intervene and thoroughly manage it. it's a matter of doing Mainly , there are cases in which people from Latin America such as Brazil and Venezuela , or those from Eastern Europe such as Ukraine and Moldova , are engaged in prostitution in Portugal.

Of course, the above case is not a big problem for tourists. As long as you travel soundly about drugs, prostitution and gambling, there is absolutely nothing wrong with you unless you voluntarily go into the shadows.

However, there are aspects that tourists need to pay attention to. Although mixed blood has progressed a lot across the three continents of Africa, Brazil, and Asia since the Age of Exploration, and discrimination against mixed races is insignificant compared to other European countries, Korea , This is because the number of East Asians, such as Chinese and Japanese , entering Portugal for tourism and immigration purposes has increased recently.[22] Because Portugal shares the anti-East Asian sentiment common throughout the world, it often accepts misinformation about Asians as it is and spits out absurd remarks.[23]

These wrong perceptions of locals lead to attitudes and behaviors that take Asian tourists lightly, and as a result, pickpocketing and robbery cases against Asian tourists in large cities such as Lisbon and Porto become an opportunity.[24] In addition, there are occasional cases of sexual harassment in Portuguese islands, which are relatively less economical than other regions such as Porto . do. #

Still , except for the current time when the above -described robbery case or sexual harassment and the specificity of the Corona virus, Portugal is another European.[25] Compared to the country, it is true that it is generous and friendly to the non -white tourists due to the special historical background, and the extreme racism is definitely insignificant. However, even if there is no injury due to hate crimes, there is a possibility of racism due to the actions of other cultures in any country.[26] The Portuguese police are currently strengthening their response to racism.[27]

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If the representative emotions of Koreans are 'affection' and 'han (恨)', the representative emotion of Portuguese people is saudade. It is derived from the Latin word 'solum', which means alone. There is no exact translation in English or Korean, but the closest thing is perfume. However, although this is not necessarily the case , it is different from nostalgia in that it also means longing for something that can never be seen again, such as a person who has already died or a place that has now disappeared .

It is also recognized as one of the strongest lines of European football in Korea .[28] It was from the late 90s that the Portuguese national team began to appear in major competitions on the international stage. Before that, except for the 66th and 84th to 86th year of the Euzevio era, it was an ordinary country that had never been on the World Cup or Euro. In any case, Portuguese football is well known as Euzebiu , Luis Figo , and Cristiano Ronaldo as famous players from Portuguese, and SL Benfica and FC Porto in the Portuguese League are recognized as a strong team. In addition, Paulo Bento , a Korean national team manager, is a Portuguese nationality and is a country with a lot of contact with Korea with the Netherlands of Gus Hiddink .

Outside of soccer, Korea is not very well known, but bullfighting is popular, as is neighboring Spain . However, Portuguese bullfighting is different from Spain, so the bull is not killed. However, these days it is difficult to find a bullring outside of the capital, Lisbon . The main exports are wine and cork , and traditional music is famous for Fado. Unlike the neighboring Spanish culture, which has a noisy image in many ways, Portuguese traditional culture has a calm and simple taste. Spanish music and dance are very upbeat, while Portuguese folk music or Fado is very melancholy. Most of the themes are songs of women waiting for their husbands or lovers who have gone to the sea. Of course, this is a joke, and in reality it has various historical origins.

Portuguese cuisine is still relatively unfamiliar in Korea. As there are many regions bordering the sea , seafood cuisine has developed, and when you ask locals to recommend things to try in Portugal, they usually mention Sardinha ( sardines ) and Bacalhau ( especially salted cod ), and raw cod. fresco is added afterwards) and pastel de nata ( egg tart ) is mentioned. Egg tarts are different from Korean ones, being crispy on the outside and moist and sweet on the inside. Cozido à portuguesa, a steamed meat dish, is also a popular dish.[29] Antonio Guterres , the current UN Secretary-General , and Cristiano Ronaldo , a popular soccer player, are from this country.

For those born in the 80s and 90s, it is the most well-known country among European countries, along with Spain. As can be seen in the character from Portugal below, it is the country of the main character in the Age of Exploration series . Since it is the country of Yuji, the main character of the Age of Discovery series, it is impossible for anyone born in the 1980s to know about the Age of Discovery series.

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※ Excluding works from those countries