Ukraine

Ukraine (Україна) is a republic located in Eastern Europe , whose capital is Kiev .

Eastern and southern borders with Russia[18] It borders Poland, Slovakia, Hungary , Moldova , and Romania to the west and Belarus to the north.

It is the largest country in Europe excluding Russia .

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1992 Since February 19 , it has been used as a symbol of the Supreme Rada and was designated as the official head of state through the Ukrainian Constitution in 1996 .

The origin of the sentence was Keyev Ruth , which was the seal of the Ruik dynasty , which was then the dominant family of Ruth , and the first use of Tomtoslaf I used to borrow Tuma , the culture of Turk. However, this sentence was not fixed, and each anti -aircraft was different. The current director of Ukraine is modeled from the seal of Vladimir I among the anti -aircraft seals . The official name is the small Ukrainian director (малий герб україни), and is called Tree Zuve (триз). Other directors were used during the Soviet Union, but they were not banned because of the stamps and letters of the Soviet Union with Tree Zub.

There is also a large national emblem with a small title, but this exists only in the Constitution and is currently still under discussion. First of all, according to the constitution , Cossacks with guns (Козак з мушкетом)[19] The coat of arms must contain both the Lion of Rus (Руський лев), the seal of Yuri I of Galicia -Volhynia , and the above trident. Galicia-Volhynia and the Cossack Hetman State are the origins of Ukrainian identity in the Middle Ages and early modern times, so they are symbols symbolizing the medieval and early modern times of Ukraine, respectively. This has been discussed since the days of the Ukrainian People's Republic , where small and large sentences were separated and[20] The constitution has been enacted according to this plan, but the official text has not yet been published.

This sentence is sometimes expressed by combining the letters that make up the Ukrainian word 'воля', which means will or freedom. # в(v[21] ) is the tip of the left spear, о(o) is the round shape at the center of the sentence, л(l) is the tip of the middle spear, and я(ya) is the tip of the right spear.

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Overall , it has a cold and humid climate , and based on the capital city of Kiiu, it is cooler in the summer and a little colder in the winter than Seoul . However, the southern Crimea Peninsula has a warm, humid climate and a Mediterranean climate . And Kiiwu is located at 50 degrees latitude, much north of Seoul, which is located at 37.5 degrees latitude.[22]

However, because the winter is long and the daily temperature difference is small, it is easy to feel cold, and the eastern part bordering Russia is actually colder than the inland Gangwon-do.

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GDP per capita in 2021 october According to the IMF , it is $4,384 , making it the poorest country in Europe . However, the underground economy is missing from these statistics.[23] Actual GDP per capita is estimated to be higher than this. However, as the currency value and economy collapsed due to the civil war, in 2014 At the level of 7₴ (Hryunya) per $1 in January 2016 In April , it plummeted by less than a third to 25₴ per $1, and has not recovered to the level before the economic collapse, at 25₴ per $1 in 2021 . This is the currency that has fallen most severely in Europe, and the second place is the Russian ruble, which was fighting with Ukraine . The Russian ruble was cut in half due to economic sanctions from the United States . As of February 2016 , the average monthly salary was about $165, which is said to have fallen from last year.[24] The minimum wage is 1,378₴, which is about $50. According to the Korean exchange rate, it is 56,800 won, which is not a daily wage but a monthly wage. In reality, most people's monthly salary is around 200,000 to 300,000 won. The minimum wage was increased by 100% in 2017 , and as of 2020, the minimum wage is 4,723₴, which is about $170, or about 200,000 won in Korean won. As of June 2019, the average monthly salary was $431[25] It rose to around 500,000 won.

For this reason, shopping cart prices in Ukraine are 1/4 to 1/3 of those in Korea . However, this is limited to Ukrainian-made foods, and in the case of industrial products , most of them are imported, so their prices are generally high. In particular, industrial products imported from Western Europe or the United States fluctuate greatly depending on exchange rates and are sometimes more expensive than in Korea. Also, like most of Europe, ingredients at supermarkets are very cheap, but eating out at restaurants is relatively expensive. Even in Ukraine, where prices are so low, if you want to eat traditional dishes, you have to spend at least 5,000 won per meal. Street food sold from food trucks or kiosks costs around 2,000 won.

Ukraine has good conditions for economic development as it has economically fertile agricultural land and large-scale heavy industrial complexes, steel mills, and coal mines built during the Soviet era. Source However, it lags far behind in economic development among the three neighboring Slavic countries.[26] This is because, around Ukraine's independence, Iran and Iraq , which had been purchasing Soviet-made weapons and military supplies, which were representative exports of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic , stopped going to war , and thanks to the global disarmament atmosphere, each country devoted itself to disarmament, blocking all sales channels for Ukraine's main industry, the defense industry. Central and Northern European countries, including Poland , the Czech Republic , Hungary , and the Baltic countries, were originally regions with an industrial base, and had already overcome the shock of system transition in the early 1990s , but Ukraine experienced hyperinflation of several thousand to 10,000% by 1993 , and only recorded double-digit inflation in 1996 , and suffered much more serious and prolonged chaos than other countries. Ukraine began transitioning to a capitalist system in 1994 , but the transition was not completed until 2000 , so the introduction and conversion of the capitalist system took too long.[27] As a result, a record was established of achieving a negative growth rate every year until 1999 .

There may be political issues here, but the issues of industrial differences between regions, which will be described below, and too late economic reform can be cited as reasons. Until 1994, Ukraine maintained its already collapsed socialist planned economy, and was therefore unable to properly respond to the domestic and international circumstances following the collapse of the Soviet Union .[28] During this period, Ukraine recorded an economic growth rate of -10 to -20%. 1994 After President Leonid Kuchma was elected, a basic market economy was introduced following the advice of the IMF and the World Bank, and Viktor Yushchenko , who was suddenly selected as Prime Minister after President Kuchma's re-election in 1999 , reformed the financial and energy systems and privatized large corporations and land to introduce the market economy in earnest, leading to an increase in economic growth. However, because the start line of economic growth itself was cut off much later than other Eastern European countries, the gap that had already widened was inevitable.

After independence in 1991 , like other Soviet countries, it experienced hyperinflation during the transition from socialism to capitalism . In particular, due to hyperinflation, the National Bank of Ukraine closed in 1996. Karbovanets (Карбованець) was replaced by the modern Ukrainian Hryvnia (Гривня). However , due to Russia's moratorium declaration in 1998 , it suffered currency instability until early 2000 .

Afterwards, starting in 2001, the economy gradually began to recover, and according to 2007 statistics, the poverty rate plummeted from 32% in 2001 to 8% in 2005 . Source (World Bank report) In particular, the country benefited from economic growth, with exports increasing by 50% from 2000 to 2008 . However, after the Crimean crisis in 2014 , trade with Russia, a major trading partner, was halted, resulting in a hit of about 10.4% to GDP. Source (UA Today) In May 2016 , the IMF decided to provide about $17.5 billion in loans to Ukraine, conditional on the eradication of corruption and economic reform. Source (Reuters)

Ukraine's economic problems are often linked to political issues. The central region, where agriculture is the main industry , has a strong antipathy toward Russia due to the history of oppression of farmers during the Soviet era (see Raskullachivanye , Holodomor ), while the eastern region, where mining is the main industry, has a close relationship with Russia. In particular, during the Soviet era, the industrial zone in eastern Ukraine formed an axis of the Soviet Union's heavy chemical industry/munitions industry. The Khatron Design Bureau, which designed the main Soviet space launch vehicle rocket, the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau, which produced the R-36 missile (NATO name SS-18 Satan), the Antonov Design Bureau, famous for the An-225 , and the Kharkov Plant, which produced the T-64, were all located in Ukraine. For this reason, even after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia imported a large amount of machinery from Ukraine for a while.

As mentioned above, it is known that the underground economy accounts for a very large proportion, and it is widely believed that it accounts for at least 50% of the total GDP. For this reason, if you look only at the official income level, Ukraine appears to be a very poor country, and in reality it is a poor country, but it is still better off than other developing countries . Looking at GDP per capita alone, it may appear to be at the level of Southeast Asia , but in reality, the college entrance rate is much higher than that of Southeast Asia and is almost the same as other European countries. # Of course, even so, Ukraine's standard of living lags far behind that of Eastern Europe. There are a lot of workers going to work in Poland, Russia, Western Europe, and the United States, and the brain drain problem is serious.

To make matters worse, the economy became greatly unstable due to Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022 . 2021 before the war breaks out Given that GDP per capita was last in October , there are concerns that Ukraine will remain one of Europe's poorest countries for decades to come unless the United States or Europe actively helps Ukraine rebuild after the war.

However, the West, including the United States and Europe , promised # reconstruction of Ukraine after the end of the war, regardless of Ukraine's victory or defeat in the war . In addition, although it has been officially confirmed as a candidate country for EU membership along with Moldova , formal membership is still far away.

The area is 603,628 km², which is six times the size of South Korea , and it is the largest country on the European continent excluding Russia . If France gathers all of its territories outside of Europe around the world, it becomes larger, but if you count only the mainland on the European continent ( even excluding Crimea ), Ukraine is larger. In addition, Ukraine has few mountainous areas and very good soil quality, and most of the country is made up of Chornozem, a fertile black soil that is rich in soil and does not require fertilizers , and has been famous as a world-class granary since ancient times. It has been unrivaled since the days of the Russian Empire , which was the world's largest food exporter , and in 2011 , grain exports reached the third place in the world. In this land where farming was so good, the famous Great Ukrainian Famine broke out, and countless people starved to death, and millions of people starved to death due to the Soviet Union 's merciless exploitation. It was astounding for Russians and Ukrainians . It is no exaggeration to say that Ukrainian nationalism 's anti-Russian sentiment also has its basis here.

Contrary to the image that people often think of when they think of 'Europe', the southern part of the country is close to the steppes . As can be seen from the fact that it is a steppe, southern Ukraine is an area at the end of the Eurasian Great Plain, and was an area where all kinds of nomads passed through , from the Scythians , Sarmatians , Huns , Avars , Bulgars , Magyars , Pechenegs , Cumans , the Mongol Empire , and the Crimean Khanate .

The port of Odessa (Одеса) on the Black Sea coast is famous for being the location where the 'Odessa Step Massacre' scene from director Sergei Eisenstein 's famous film ' Battleship Potemkin' was filmed.[29] , This is where the 'Battle of Odessa' in the Gundam series took place, and it is also home to the 'Odessa Catacombs', the longest group of artificial tunnels in the world . It is over 2,500 km long . This record was broken by the 'Underground Great Wall', a nuclear missile base in western China, which is more than 5,000 km long.

The Port of Sevastopol, shown on the map above, is the home port of the Russian Black Sea Fleet . After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian fleet said, "Get out of the way!" After arguing for a while, the lease period was extended until 2014 on the condition that some of the former Soviet Union's surface ships were transferred . However, when the pro-Russian government came into power, the lease period was extended again until 2042 , and in March 2014, the entire city was transferred to Russia. Yalta , the southernmost port city on the Crimean Peninsula , is known as the place where the Yalta Conference was held.

The time zone is earlier than that of Belarus and Russia , which are located at similar longitudes . So, when you go from western Russia to eastern Ukraine, it is normal for the time zone to be later, but a strange phenomenon occurs where the time zone becomes as much as two hours earlier. However, this is because the time zones in Russia and Belarus are strangely slow compared to their longitude, while Ukraine's time zones are closer to actual time.

It shares borders with several countries, including Poland , Slovakia , Hungary , and Romania , and Russian natural gas pipelines pass through these countries. Therefore , it is one of the countries that suffer greatly if Russia uses magic to shut down gas . Currently, the new Nabucco pipeline is being laid with investment from European Union countries.

On the northern border with Belarus on the map is Chornobyl (Чорнобиль), or Chernobyl (Чернобыль) in Russian .

To talk more about the Chernobyl accident from the Ukrainian perspective , in 1986 When the nuclear power plant exploded in April , a Hell Gate was almost opened that would have forced the entire capital city of Kiiu, with a population of 2 million, to be abandoned. This is because it is only about 100 km away from Chernobyl, and if the bottom of the nuclear power plant completely melts due to a steam explosion, the Dnieper River, Kiiu's water source, will be polluted. However , the worst situation was dramatically avoided after Soviet divers risked their lives to drain all the coolant from the nuclear power plant. And the hell is suffered by Belarus , which was hit hard by the fallout due to the wind direction .

The eastern region is pro-Russian, while the western region is strongly anti-Russian. Viktor Yanukovych, the pro-Russian candidate who won the 2010 presidential election , received a whopping 90.44% of the votes in Donetsk Oblast in the east, but only 7.02% in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast in the west. Because of the strategic importance of its location, the United States and Russia are fighting for political supremacy over this country. Now that NATO has surrounded the Baltic region and the south, west, and east, if Ukraine falls into NATO hands, Russia's territory on three sides will be exposed to Western MD. That is why Russia is trying to stop Ukraine from joining NATO by any means necessary. And as an extension of this conflict, the Russia-Ukraine war will eventually break out in 2022 . For more information about this war, see the article. The only consolation is that most of the eastern region turned anti-Russian because of the Russian military's war crimes, and Zelenskyy's approval rating exceeded 90% .

The highway that was laid during the Soviet era is still being used. During the time of President Petro Poroshenko , repair work was carried out to improve old roads, but a significant amount of construction costs were siphoned off and the results were not only poor, but also bizarre .

Most of Ukraine 's railways are operated by a public enterprise called the Ukrainian Railway Corporation . Urban railways include the Kiiu Metro and Kharkiv Metro . In the face of Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the railroad company is responsible for the evacuation of civilians and the movement and supply of the Ukrainian military, and the subway is active at the forefront, serving as a refuge for civilians.

The aircraft manufacturer is Antonov , the passenger airline is Ukraine International Airlines , and the cargo airline is Antonov Airlines . Airports in the capital Kieu include Boryspil International Airport , a passenger airport, and Hostome Airport , a cargo airport, both of which were fierce battles in the 2022 Battle of Kieu .

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The top -level administrative districts are divided into 27 administrative districts: 24 states (область), one autonomous republic (автономна респліка), and two cities (істо з сецальним статусом).

The majority of Ukrainian place names were written in a spelling based on Russian during the Soviet era. However, as the Ukraine-Russia war broke out in 2022 and anti-Russian sentiment in Ukraine reached its peak, opinions grew that Ukrainian, rather than Russian, should be used. In fact, even English-speaking media are changing from 'KIEV', which originates from Russian, to 'KYIV', which is based on Ukrainian.

Also, on March 1, 2022, the Embassy of Ukraine in Korea posted a request for pronunciation and transcription of geographical names on its official Facebook page as follows.

Separately, on the same day (March 1), KBS also decided, after consultation with the National Institute of the Korean Language, to use "Kiiv, Kharkiv, Lviv" based on Ukrainian pronunciation rather than Russian. #

For reference, the reason why the notation was divided into 'keuiu' and 'kiiu' is because the corresponding vowel is a vowel that does not exist in Korean and can be pronounced as 'ㅡ' and 'ㅣ'. Since the National Institute of the Korean Language uses 'ㅣ' for similar pronunciations in the foreign word notation of other languages , it seems that 'ㅣ' was adopted for consistency.

On March 11, 2022, the National Institute of the Korean Language confirmed the Korean notation of 14 place names in Ukraine. # According to this, Київ is written as Kiev , Харків is written as Kharkiv , and Львів is written as Lviv . Characteristically, the notation of Ukrainian и was set to 'ㅣ', and unlike the Russian notation , the linking sign ь was not reflected in the notation.

As you know, Ukraine has high potential. This is because it has fertile land and, unlike developing countries in the Third World, many cutting-edge industrial facilities were located during the Soviet era, when it once had the world's strongest military power and was second in economic power, and it still has quite a bit of legacy from the Soviet era, such as Antonov . It also had many talented people with high quality education. For this reason, at the time the Soviet Union was disbanded, it was evaluated as the country with the highest potential for development. However, the problem is that after Ukraine became independent, great turmoil occurred throughout the economy and society, greatly eroding its potential, and even in the 2000s, when the economy was stabilized and society was functioning properly, factors such as serious corruption, the gap between the rich and the poor, assassinations of politicians and journalists, election fraud incidents, and divisions between the ruling party and the opposition party did not show much potential compared to other Eastern European countries. In addition, due to the global financial crisis of 2008, the moratorium declaration in 2012, the loss of territory after Euromaidan, and the Donbas War, the economy has not even recovered to the level of 2008.[39] As a result, it is difficult to avoid the assessment that it has not yet fulfilled its potential. Although there was no confusion or social problems, the result is a sharp contrast to the Baltic countries, Poland , Hungary , the Czech Republic , Slovakia , Slovenia , and Croatia , who had a relatively soft landing in the capitalist system and succeeded in narrowing the gap with Western European countries . Actually, if you think about it, that potential is also a dangerous potential that attracts a lot of aggro from neighboring countries, so it is not that strange. It is a kind of resource curse .

Some people disparage Ukraine as an incompetent government/society when comparing it to Eastern Europe, but considering the fact that Ukraine was a member of the former Soviet Union, it can actually be seen as a successful society among the former Soviet Union countries. Among the former Soviet Union countries, very few countries have taken root in democracy and human rights and have steadily transformed into societies that meet Western European standards.[40] Unlike other former communist countries, thanks to moderate economic reforms, privatized companies and technologies did not disappear, and even during the war, it had a strong administrative power, such as announcing a policy of paying pensions through the bank accounts of residents of occupied areas.

In 2014, it ranked 6th in the overall ranking at the International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO), and it is the country that contributed the most to the establishment of the International Astronomy Olympiad (IAO) after Russia . Since the Soviet Union, there are quite a few talented people who can be used. However, the problem is that the system that can utilize it and the level of elites are too low. reference

Surprisingly, there are quite a lot of Koryo people living here. According to statistics, there are about 12,000 people living there, but it is estimated that there are more than 20,000 people including Koryo people who became stateless because they were unable to acquire nationality after the collapse of the Soviet Union .

On November 17, 2009, a more lethal and contagious virus than influenza A emerged, infecting about 1 million people and killing about 200 in the cities of Kiiu and Lviv. It turned out to be a mutant virus that combines a cold virus and California influenza. However, the WHO side is denying the variant theory, saying that there is no evidence that it is a variant. However, during the influenza A outbreak in the past, Mexico played a key role (?) in spreading the virus around the world through various shoveling , while the Ukrainian government responded well to the emergence of the new virus, such as sealing off some of its borders.

Ukraine's mobile communications service development rate is quite slow even on the European continent. Because mobile communication frequencies were tied up for military use for a while, the introduction of WCDMA only began in 2011, considerably later than the international average. This is not a form of allowing existing telecommunication companies to use 3G, but a separate 3G-only telecommunication company was created and the existing telecommunications companies used the 3G network through roaming , and 3G-only telecommunication companies also had to use roaming to use the 2G network . Of course, as a bonus to this process, money is spent as money is spent, coverage becomes the worst according to coverage, and in the meantime, mobile communication facilities in the Crimea and the eastern part of the country were torn apart during the Euromaidan and Donbas wars . Finally, in 2015 , mobile communication frequencies that had been reserved for military use were unlocked, allowing existing telecommunications companies to install their own 3G networks. Therefore, even when LTE was commercialized in Russia , Belarus , and Moldova , 3G was only just beginning to be installed there.

From March 30, 2018, KYIVSTAR, Lifecell, and Bovon Ukraine began LTE services, starting with the main base of Kiiu, the capital, and some major cities. The frequency band is the band 7 frequency used by SK Telecom and LG Uplus in Korea.

As of 2021, it seems that 4G is installed in most areas.

59.1%of the adult population is overweight, 24.8%are obese. #

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It is the country with the worst security in Europe . Due to economic difficulties, criminal organizations and corruption are severe, and organized crimes such as the Ukrainian Mafia and the Red Mafia are severe. As in all European countries, there are pickpocketing and theft crimes in hotels and tourist attractions. Fraud and extortion crimes against Asians occasionally occur.

On February 12, 2022, due to the escalating crisis in Ukraine , the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Korea designated Ukraine as a travel ban country, the highest level of travel warning. Accordingly, from the date of designation of the travel ban, those entering Ukraine using a Korean passport may be subject to punishment under the Passport Act .[41] Due to the 2022 Ukraine-Russia War, local residents and Koreans staying in the country have been advised to evacuate, and as of February 27, it is reported that 57 people are remaining. Twelve of them are being evacuated to neighboring countries such as Poland and Romania . #

Even before the war, it was already ranked at the bottom of the list for security, but ironically, due to the martial law declared because of the war, security has improved much more than before.

In a certain broadcast, it was revealed that anyone can easily buy a gun. As in the AK-47 VS M16 joke, guns are common, although not to the extent that guns come out of the ground, and the result was demonstrated in clashes between demonstrators armed with firearms and the police during the Euromaidan .

At the time of independence, 900,000 troops and more than 1 million strategic reserves were deployed in Ukraine for strategic reasons, but of course the newly independent Ukrainian government had neither the money nor the will nor the need to maintain them. Therefore, in the 1990s, not only reserve materials but also active equipment were leaked overseas . Of course, the fact that it was not necessary was the standard at the time, and looking at it now, it seems that the power to stand against Russia's advance on the Crimean peninsula was lost because all the supplies were sold off. However, the large military force stationed in Ukraine at the time of the dissolution of the Soviet Union was excessive than necessary, so it was inevitable that Ukraine reduced its army at the time of independence. The reason why excessive troops were deployed to Ukraine during the Soviet era was because it had been a fierce battleground since the German-German War.[42] During the Cold War, there was a tendency to overcrowd to keep Turkey, which was one of NATO's second powers, in check.

However, even the Russian army, which had inherited valuable military power from the Soviet army, was so weak that it fell from 5 million troops to less than 300,000 due to economic difficulties in the 1990s, so it was impossible for Ukraine to maintain the 900,000 troops it inherited from the Soviet army. At the time, the decision to sell military supplies and reduce military spending was not a matter of short-sightedness, but was unavoidable due to national limitations in maintaining a large military in the first place. Didn't we just look at what happened to North Korea when it maintained an excessively excessive military force ?

Especially the AK-47 that was in Ukraine Millions of them seem to have been leaked, and almost all of the "new" AK rifles that circulated in conflict areas in Africa and the Middle East from the 1990s to the 21st century were Soviet-made, most of which were leaked from Ukraine, and have been consumed in significant quantities over the past 20 years, and are now in significant numbers . is said to have decreased.[43]

In addition to simple weapons such as rifles, in the case of nuclear weapons deployed in Ukraine, nuclear warheads were destroyed and projectiles were treated as satellite projectiles through an agreement between the West and Russia, and in the case of strategic bombers such as the Tu-160, negotiations with Russia It was returned to Russia in exchange for forgiveness of the debt.

War supplies such as clothes and miscellaneous equipment that are not "useful" items such as weapons are left unattended, and then dealers buy them from warehouses and sell them in order to gradually sell them as re- enactment items. Even now, it is easily available on eBay, etc., and in the case of direct copying, the item with no traces of use smells great, so when they checked the stamp, they said that the date was 1972 .

Due to the 2022 Russia-Ukraine war, Ukraine's parliament, the Supreme Rada, passed a law allowing civilians to own firearms. Additionally, equipment and automatic rifles were distributed to citizens to defend the capital Kiiu.

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It was a miserable experience in terms of population, or rather, survival itself. The population structure itself is similar to that of Russia or Belarus , but the situation in Ukraine is worse. First, after the Red-White Civil War , Ukraine finally achieved independence, but then the Second Polish Republic and Soviet Russia invaded and took over the land. If they had just quietly invaded, a great number of civilians died in the process due to purges and massacres committed by both sides. However, a major incident occurred that could be seen as a cute joke: the great Ukrainian famine of the 1930s caused millions of people to starve to death. The average life expectancy in 1933 was a truly absurd level of 7 years for men and 10 years for women, so the horror was difficult to express in words.[44]

I thought we had gotten over the famine, but now it's war . World War II caused enormous damage, and a large number of people died. In particular, the people who invaded this time were Nazi Germany, which was several times more vicious than Poland and the Soviet Union . The scale of their massacre was truly enormous, creating a sedimentary layer of corpses that is still often found in Ukraine. Because of this , 7 million people, including local Jews , died during the war, which was more than 1/6 of the population at the time. As a result, life expectancy between 1941 and 1944 was only 15 years for men and 25 years for women.

After World War II, the postwar baby boom and the acquisition of the Crimean Peninsula made up for the population loss caused by the Great Famine and World War II in the mid-to-late 1950s . However, since the 1960s , population growth has gradually slowed down as the birth rate has consistently maintained a level of 1.9-2.1. Immediately after the collapse of the Soviet Union , the population was 52 million.[45] After the collapse of the Soviet Union, population decline began due to a rapid decline in birth rates and overseas immigration, and the population collapsed to around 50 million in 1999, and the population has continued to decline ever since.

Population in 2021 As of March, there were 37.5 million people, and there has been a sharp decline since it exceeded 52 million in 1992 . This is because the country has a population structure with a significantly lower birth rate and a high mortality rate (14.7 per 1,000 excluding infants) after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the infant mortality rate (8.4 per 1,000) is quite high. The birth rate itself had already reached its lowest point in 2001 (1.08 people), and later it rose to the 1.5 range. Accordingly, the number of births also rose from the late 300,000 range to around 500,000 people, but from 2014, it fell back to the 400,000 level due to the effects of the separation of the Crimean peninsula, and in 2020 , it collapsed to 300,000. In addition, the death rate is so high that the population decline continues to this day. However, aging is not progressing that quickly because the death rate is high and the average lifespan is very short. This cannot be evaluated as a good thing because it means that the population is decreasing more rapidly. However, this does not mean that the average life expectancy is all that short. The life expectancy in Ukraine as of 2016 is 72 years.

Separately by state, the fertility rate is relatively high in the western part of Ukraine, which is mostly rural, and the fertility rate is relatively low in the urbanized eastern part of Ukraine.

There are many people immigrating and many people immigrating in. Between 1991 and 2004, 2.2 million people immigrated to Ukraine (mainly Ukrainians from the former Soviet Union), and 2.5 million people left. Due to the large number of immigrants, 14.7% of the total population of Ukraine is of immigrant origin. And due to the chaos after 2014, millions of Ukrainian refugees are said to have moved to Russia.

Average life expectancy has been stagnant since the 1960s . Not only did he drink a lot of alcohol, which led to a serious problem of alcohol dependence , but it also led to environmental pollution problems. Unlike Russia, after the collapse of the Soviet Union there was no catastrophe that drastically reduced average life expectancy.[46] Since then, the average lifespan has not increased significantly and remains in the early 70s to this day.[47] Because of this, it has the world's second highest mortality rate as of 2012 . There were 15.76 deaths per 1,000 people.

In addition to Ukrainians, who make up 77.8% of the total population, Russian Ukrainians make up about 17.3%, and they mainly live in the east and south. In the west, Ukrainian is spoken almost exclusively, while in the center, including the capital Kiev, both Ukrainian and Russian are spoken. The remaining 4.9% are ethnic minorities: 0.8% Moldovan-Romanian , 0.6% Belarusian ,[48] 0.5% Crimean Tatar , other Bulgarians , Hungarians ,[49] Polish Ukrainians , Rusyns , Jews , Armenians , Urum people (Crimean Greek-Goth descendants), Gagauz people , Black Sea Greeks[50] etc.

It was ranked as the country with the fastest population decline in the world. If you calculate it mathematically without any additional factors, it will decrease from 42 million in 2020 to 15.19 million in 2100, a whopping 74.8% decrease.[51] It is urgent to prepare countermeasures, but it is assessed to be difficult as the country is in the midst of a civil war . The number of births has been rapidly decreasing since 2013 . As of 2015 statistics, the birth rate plummeted to 1.31 due to political instability, and the average life expectancy also became shorter as the death rate rose due to war. We are in a very bad demographic situation.

Along with Korea and Japan , the number of births has decreased most sharply over the past five years.[53] So, the population is decreasing. It is currently down to 42 million, but the decline is said to be accelerating. In 2021, the shocking result was that the number of births was only 38% of the number of deaths.

In addition, Russia's invasion of Ukraine forced millions of people to flee the country and occupied 20% of the territory, plummeting the population of Ukraine-controlled territory to less than 30 million. The birth rate decreased by 28% in the year after the war. # In addition, as conscription became more severe during the war, people fled overseas to avoid it. # Looking at demographic statistics that are not properly captured during the war, the actual population may be lower.

For historical reasons, it has been part of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church and Ukrainian Greek Catholic culture, and the Orthodox Church is generally dominant. The only church with a legally recognized canonical position within the Orthodox Church was the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate). However, depending on the subject of the survey, there is a difference as to whether the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) or its rival, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kiiv Patriarchate), is more dominant. However, many Ukrainian Orthodox believers do not particularly distinguish which side they belong to, and are not very conscious of the affiliation of the church they attend. Therefore, broadly speaking, the Orthodox population is the absolute majority at 72%, mainly in the central and eastern regions, and there is an additional 14.1% of Ukrainian Greek Catholics, mainly distributed in the western region . Meanwhile, it is said that many Orthodox churches do not have actual patriarchal jurisdiction.

In the case of Jakcarpa, there are many Orthodox churches, but unlike other regions, Lutenia Catholic believers, which are similar to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, account for about one -fourth of the population, and the Hungarian population lives a little Latin Catholic and Reformed Church .

Although there is freedom of religion, there is conflict between Orthodoxy and Ukraine. When looking at the distribution of religions by region, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) is quite high in Donbas, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church is high in the southwest, and all other regions have a high Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kiiv Patriarchate). there is.

December 11, 2018, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Bartholomew I announced that he would revoke the Russian Orthodox Church's right to intervene in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, recognize the Ukrainian Orthodox Church as an independent church, and revoke the excommunication imposed by the Russian Orthodox Church. The Russian Orthodox Church was enraged by this and declared at a church council (Synodos) on the 15th of the same month to cut off sacramental exchanges with Constantinople. For more information, see the 2018 Orthodox Church Schism section.

On the 15th of the same year, the Unified Orthodox Church Promotion Committee of Ukraine elected Epiphany , a bishop under the Orthodox Church of the Kiev Patriarchate, as the head of Ukraine's first independent Orthodox Church. On January 5, 1919, Ukrainian President Poroshenko and Bishop Epiphany went to Turkey together to observe King Bartholomew I signing a document recognizing the Ukrainian Orthodox Church as an independent church.

In Ukraine, Islam centered on Crimean Tatars and Volga Tatars sunni There is also a Muslim population.

The only state language stipulated in the Constitution of Ukraine is Ukrainian ; for historical and geographical reasons, Russian is also widely used. There are many Russian speakers, mainly in the eastern and southern regions, and the Crimea Peninsula in particular is a region where Russian is mainly spoken. The western part is predominantly Ukrainian, and the capital city of Kiev in the middle and the central region feel like a half-and-half borderline.[54] Since the Donbas War, Ukrainian nationalists have expressed animosity toward Russian, claiming that it is Russia's language, and some people have boycotted it, especially in western areas such as Lviv. However, across the country, Ukrainians generally recognize both languages ​​as their mother tongue.

Not everyone whose first language is Russian is of Russian descent, and there are quite a few people who have Ukrainian identities but whose first language is Russian. So ethnicity and language do not necessarily coincide in Ukraine. Even the current pro-Western President Volodymyr Zelensky is a native Russian speaker, and although he can communicate in Ukrainian, he is relatively poor at it.[55][56]

In 2012, Ukrainian opposition lawmakers protested against the designation of Russian as the official language of the region, resulting in a mass brawl . #

Following Euromaidan in 2013 , Russia's annexation of Crimea and Donbass War in 2014 , and Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022 , the number of Russian speakers is decreasing, and the number of Ukrainian-speaking people is increasing. The reasons for this are that the number of Russian speakers has physically decreased due to the separation of Crimea, Donetsk, and Luhansk, where the overwhelming majority of Russian speakers are located, and that Ukrainians who used to speak Russian have stopped using Russian due to antipathy toward Russia and started using only Ukrainian, or at least a combination of the two languages.