Kazakhstan
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Republic of Kazakhstan Qazaqstan Respublikasy Қазақстан Республикасы Республика Казахстан Republic of Kazakhstan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Kazakhstan, move forward! Alğa Qazaqstan! Алға Қазақстан! | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1. outline2. national symbol3. administrative division4. natural environment5. politics
5.1. After Kazakhstan protests in 2022
6. economy7. Military8. history9. Ethnicity/Population10. culture11. society12. diplomacy13. traffic14. travel15. creations15.1. Kazakh nationality/origin character
16. digression17. look around1. outline
Kazakhstan is a republic located in the steppes of Central Asia , northeast of the Caspian Sea .
The capital is Astana , and the former capital and largest city is Almaty .
It shares land borders with Russia , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , Kyrgyzstan , and China , and is the world's largest lake . It is close to Azerbaijan and Iran through ports on the Caspian Sea .
It was one of the republics that made up the Soviet Union . It is a full member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Eurasian Union .
The capital is Astana , and the former capital and largest city is Almaty .
It shares land borders with Russia , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , Kyrgyzstan , and China , and is the world's largest lake . It is close to Azerbaijan and Iran through ports on the Caspian Sea .
It was one of the republics that made up the Soviet Union . It is a full member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Eurasian Union .
2. national symbol
The national bird is the golden eagle . Since ancient times, golden eagles have been loved by Kazakhs and have helped them a lot in hunting and living. The golden eagle also has the meaning of purity.
2.1. country name
Kazakhstan's national name comes from the name of Kazakhin . Furthermore, ancient Turk In QAZ , Kazakh's national name came out and it became a national name, and Qaz means wandering . It seems that the name originated from their characteristics that traditionally lived in nomads . Here, in Persian , Stan (سان / stân), which means the land and country , became Kazakhstan.
Kazakh is written in қазақстан / Qazaqstan, and if you move to Korean based on Kazakh , Kazakstan (or Kazakstan)[5] It's closer to it. In the adjacent Russian , the expression казакстан was also used until 1936 .[6] However, in Russian rights, the expression Kazak was more common in Kazak (Kazaki, казаки in Russian), not the Turks national name, but was transferred to Kazakhstan (кахстан) for a division.[7] Kazakhstan, a Korean notation, was influenced by the Russian notation. In addition to Korean, the European Roman culture is called the Russian notation of Kazakhstan (казахстан). There are Kazakhstan in English, Kasachstan in German, and Kazajistán in Spanish.
During the dictatorship, Kazakhs used the word Yel (ел / el), a native Kazakh word meaning 'country/land', rather than the expression Kazakhstan or Kazakhstan, and called it Kazak Yel (Қазақ елі / Қазақ елі /), which means 'land of the Kazakh people'. I wanted to use the word Qazaq elı) often. However, it was ultimately dismissed. To mean 'in Kazakhstan', 'Қазақ елінде / Qazaq elınde' is sometimes used rather than 'Қазақстанда / Qazaqstanda'.
Kazakh is written in қазақстан / Qazaqstan, and if you move to Korean based on Kazakh , Kazakstan (or Kazakstan)[5] It's closer to it. In the adjacent Russian , the expression казакстан was also used until 1936 .[6] However, in Russian rights, the expression Kazak was more common in Kazak (Kazaki, казаки in Russian), not the Turks national name, but was transferred to Kazakhstan (кахстан) for a division.[7] Kazakhstan, a Korean notation, was influenced by the Russian notation. In addition to Korean, the European Roman culture is called the Russian notation of Kazakhstan (казахстан). There are Kazakhstan in English, Kasachstan in German, and Kazajistán in Spanish.
During the dictatorship, Kazakhs used the word Yel (ел / el), a native Kazakh word meaning 'country/land', rather than the expression Kazakhstan or Kazakhstan, and called it Kazak Yel (Қазақ елі / Қазақ елі /), which means 'land of the Kazakh people'. I wanted to use the word Qazaq elı) often. However, it was ultimately dismissed. To mean 'in Kazakhstan', 'Қазақ елінде / Qazaq elınde' is sometimes used rather than 'Қазақстанда / Qazaqstanda'.
2.2. National flag and coat of arms
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June 4, 1992 -July 1992 |
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Current Kazakhstan Flag July 1992 ~ ~ |
Kazakhstan's flag is designed by the painter Schaken Niyazbecov (әкен нияеков / şäken niiazbekov, 1938–2014 ) . The first design pattern was red. Similarly, there are flags with traditional patterns on the side of the flag . Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic was enacted in 1953 and used until 1992, and was temporarily used after independence from the Soviet Union . The current flag was adopted on June 4, 1992. Then, in July, the decoration was changed from red to gold.
The name of the flag is Көк ту (literally translated: blue) It means flag ). You can understand even if you just write “Ту”.
As a side note, in 2026, it was ranked as the ‘No. 1 most beautiful flag’ by users of Reddit , an overseas Internet community .
2.3. nation
more detailsmy kazakhstan documentcastPlease note.During the days of the Kazakh SSR, the national anthem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic was used, but after the collapse of the Soviet Union, it was used until 2006 with the melody changed and the lyrics changed.
3. administrative division
more detailsKazakhstan/Administration documentcastPlease note.
The administrative district of Kazakhstan consists of 17 oblasts (oblys) and 3 municipalities (respublikalyq mañyzy bar qala, major cities of the republic). Among the municipalities under direct control, Baikonur is leased to Russia .
Administrative divisions, excluding Baikonur, which are leased to Russia, are:
administrative division | Kazakh name | lead | Area (km²) | Population (2022) | Population density (people) |
astana city | Astana qalasy | 797 | 1,340,782 | 1,682/㎢ | |
Almaty city | Almaty qalasy | 682 | 2,147,113 | 3,148/㎢ | |
Shymkent City | Şymkent qalasy | 1,163 | 1,184,113 | 1,018/㎢ | |
Şyğys Qazaqstan oblysy | 97,700 | 730,818 | 7.5/㎢ | ||
Mañğystau oblysy | 165,600 | 761,401 | 4.6/㎢ | ||
Soltüstık Qazaqstan oblysy | 98,000 | 534,966 | 5.5/㎢ | ||
Batys Qazaqstan oblysy | 151,300 | 686,655 | 4.5/㎢ | ||
Abai oblysy | 185,500 | 610,183 | 3.3/㎢ | ||
Aqmola oblysy | 146,100 | 786,012 | 5.4/㎢ | ||
Atyrau oblysy | 118,600 | 689,674 | 5.8/㎢ | ||
Aqtöbe oblysy | 300,600 | 924,845 | 3.1/㎢ | ||
Almaty oblysy | 105,100 | 1,497,025 | 14.2/㎢ | ||
Ūlytau oblysy | 188,900 | 221,014 | 1.2/㎢ | ||
Jambyl oblysy | 144,300 | 1,215,482 | 8.4/㎢ | ||
Jetısu oblysy | 118,500 | 698,952 | 5.9/㎢ | ||
Qarağandy oblysy | 239,100 | 1,134,146 | 4.7/㎢ | ||
Qostanai oblysy | 196,000 | 832,445 | 4.3/㎢ | ||
Qyzylorda oblysy | 226,000 | 830,901 | 3.7/㎢ | ||
Türkıstan oblysy | 116,100 | 2,110,502 | 18.2/㎢ | ||
Pavlodar oblysy | 124,800 | 754,829 | 6.0/㎢ |
4. natural environment
It has a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters.
In particular, winters are so cold and harsh that temperatures below -20 degrees Celsius are common, and based on the average temperature in the coldest month, Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan , is the second coldest capital in the world after Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia . In addition, although the average annual precipitation is about 250 mm in the north and 450 mm in the southern mountainous areas, it rains much less in the desert. Steppes and deserts cover most of the area. Therefore, although the sunlight is very strong in the summer, it is not humid, so it quickly becomes cool as long as you go into the shade.
By region, Almaty in the southeast is not so dry with more than 600mm of precipitation, and it goes down to -20 degrees Celsius in winter and soars to nearly 40 degrees in summer. It is roughly similar to the Mediterranean climate, but it is terribly cold in the winter. Except for the area near Almaty, most areas are deserts and steppes with little rainfall. The temperature difference is still severe in each region, but in the case of Aktau, which faces the Caspian Sea, the average temperature in winter is -0.5℃ in Kazakhstan, which is not so cold, but the average temperature in summer is also quite hot and extremely dry at 25.5℃. In the case of Astana in the north, it shows crazy weather that goes down to minus 50 degrees in winter and rises to 40 degrees in summer. However, strangely, unlike the Korean heat, the humidity is low, so it feels very hot even when it rises to 40 degrees Celsius, but there is not much sweat.
The minimum temperature recorded in Kazakhstan is -57 ℃ recorded in the atbasar of the northern part of the northern part, and the highest temperature is 49 ℃ recorded in the southern Turkistan . #
There is the problem of the Aral Sea drying up due to excessive water use since the Soviet era and the problem of radioactive contamination in the Semipalatinsk area , which was used as a nuclear test site during the Cold War . The official nuclear test site at the time was Semipalatinsk , but unofficial nuclear test sites are said to be spread out all over the place. There are also sites in Aktobe Atyrau Province in the west where nuclear tests were carried out secretly to avoid the eyes of Western powers. According to local residents' testimony, strong explosion sounds were often heard at night in the mid-to-late 1980s, and residents believed that nuclear tests had definitely taken place. I have strong suspicions.
After the underground nuclear test is over, the sunken part is covered with cement to prevent radioactive leakage. In the late 1980s, when the Soviet Union was staggering in and out, the cement was covered poorly, and the cement cracked over 2 to 30 years. this started to happen. Most of these areas are steppe areas with little human habitation, but some nomadic herders are experiencing an increase in deformities, such as sheep and cattle. For reference, in the case of Aktau, which is adjacent to the Caspian Sea , there is a nuclear power plant that has reached the end of its lifespan , but it is not closed and is used as a seawater desalination facility. In addition, there is a huge lake next to the road leading into the city from Aktau Airport, which is filled with water from uranium open pit mines to prevent radiation.
Fortunately , the Aral Sea is in better condition than neighboring Uzbekistan , thanks to the efforts of the Kazakh government.
For reference, Kazakhstan is located in Central Asia , but some territory in the west belongs to Europe . Since the Ural Mountains descending to the north of Kazakhstan are the boundaries between Asia and Europe, the territory of Kazakhstan in the west of Ural Mountain belongs to Europe. Kazakhstan became a member of the European Football Federation on the basis of this . However, he is still a member of the Asian Olympic Council .[10]
In particular, winters are so cold and harsh that temperatures below -20 degrees Celsius are common, and based on the average temperature in the coldest month, Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan , is the second coldest capital in the world after Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia . In addition, although the average annual precipitation is about 250 mm in the north and 450 mm in the southern mountainous areas, it rains much less in the desert. Steppes and deserts cover most of the area. Therefore, although the sunlight is very strong in the summer, it is not humid, so it quickly becomes cool as long as you go into the shade.
By region, Almaty in the southeast is not so dry with more than 600mm of precipitation, and it goes down to -20 degrees Celsius in winter and soars to nearly 40 degrees in summer. It is roughly similar to the Mediterranean climate, but it is terribly cold in the winter. Except for the area near Almaty, most areas are deserts and steppes with little rainfall. The temperature difference is still severe in each region, but in the case of Aktau, which faces the Caspian Sea, the average temperature in winter is -0.5℃ in Kazakhstan, which is not so cold, but the average temperature in summer is also quite hot and extremely dry at 25.5℃. In the case of Astana in the north, it shows crazy weather that goes down to minus 50 degrees in winter and rises to 40 degrees in summer. However, strangely, unlike the Korean heat, the humidity is low, so it feels very hot even when it rises to 40 degrees Celsius, but there is not much sweat.
The minimum temperature recorded in Kazakhstan is -57 ℃ recorded in the atbasar of the northern part of the northern part, and the highest temperature is 49 ℃ recorded in the southern Turkistan . #
There is the problem of the Aral Sea drying up due to excessive water use since the Soviet era and the problem of radioactive contamination in the Semipalatinsk area , which was used as a nuclear test site during the Cold War . The official nuclear test site at the time was Semipalatinsk , but unofficial nuclear test sites are said to be spread out all over the place. There are also sites in Aktobe Atyrau Province in the west where nuclear tests were carried out secretly to avoid the eyes of Western powers. According to local residents' testimony, strong explosion sounds were often heard at night in the mid-to-late 1980s, and residents believed that nuclear tests had definitely taken place. I have strong suspicions.
After the underground nuclear test is over, the sunken part is covered with cement to prevent radioactive leakage. In the late 1980s, when the Soviet Union was staggering in and out, the cement was covered poorly, and the cement cracked over 2 to 30 years. this started to happen. Most of these areas are steppe areas with little human habitation, but some nomadic herders are experiencing an increase in deformities, such as sheep and cattle. For reference, in the case of Aktau, which is adjacent to the Caspian Sea , there is a nuclear power plant that has reached the end of its lifespan , but it is not closed and is used as a seawater desalination facility. In addition, there is a huge lake next to the road leading into the city from Aktau Airport, which is filled with water from uranium open pit mines to prevent radiation.
Fortunately , the Aral Sea is in better condition than neighboring Uzbekistan , thanks to the efforts of the Kazakh government.
For reference, Kazakhstan is located in Central Asia , but some territory in the west belongs to Europe . Since the Ural Mountains descending to the north of Kazakhstan are the boundaries between Asia and Europe, the territory of Kazakhstan in the west of Ural Mountain belongs to Europe. Kazakhstan became a member of the European Football Federation on the basis of this . However, he is still a member of the Asian Olympic Council .[10]
4.1. Movement to build Caspian Sea-Black Sea connecting canal
For full-fledged maritime expansion, relying only on the Volga-Don Canal , at one point in 2007, under the leadership of Kazakhstan, a 700km long corridor between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea was established. Tentative name: There was a movement to build the Eurasian Canal, but Russia, which was in danger of losing the function of the Volga-Don Canal , opposed it and protested, saying, “I hope that Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, etc. will jointly share the $5 billion construction cost,” and Russian First Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov proposed the expansion of the Volga-Don Canal at the time.
In addition, there was a mention of creating it in May 2018, so public discussion continues.
In addition, there was a mention of creating it in May 2018, so public discussion continues.
4.2. territory
In terms of land area, it is the 9th largest country in the world and the largest landlocked country in the world . It is not widely known that Kazakhstan is one of the ten largest countries in the world, but it is only slightly smaller than India , which is often used as a synonym for a huge country . The country most similar in area to this country is Argentina , the 8th largest country in the world, with 2,766,890 km² . Of course, even if it is slightly smaller, the difference between India (3,287,263km²) and Kazakhstan is about 570,000km², which is larger than the difference between North Korea (120,540km) and Japan (377,974km) combined.
Part of the territory lies across Europe . It is a similar case to Russia or Turkiye . However, it is almost common knowledge that Russia and Turkye are countries spanning two continents, but because their longitude is relatively east,[11] It is not well known that this is the case in western Kazakhstan as well. In fact , compared to Turkiye, where only half of Istanbul and some of its outskirts are European , Kazakhstan has a larger proportion of European land. Kazakhstan's European land area is approximately 150,000 km², which is more than 5% of Kazakhstan's territory (3% in Turkiye), and the area itself is larger than the entire area of Greece . However, unlike Turkiye , which has a large city called Istanbul in the European part , the European part of Kazakhstan is almost a desert , so its presence is low. And the population living in the European part of Turkiye is more than 10 times larger.
Part of the territory lies across Europe . It is a similar case to Russia or Turkiye . However, it is almost common knowledge that Russia and Turkye are countries spanning two continents, but because their longitude is relatively east,[11] It is not well known that this is the case in western Kazakhstan as well. In fact , compared to Turkiye, where only half of Istanbul and some of its outskirts are European , Kazakhstan has a larger proportion of European land. Kazakhstan's European land area is approximately 150,000 km², which is more than 5% of Kazakhstan's territory (3% in Turkiye), and the area itself is larger than the entire area of Greece . However, unlike Turkiye , which has a large city called Istanbul in the European part , the European part of Kazakhstan is almost a desert , so its presence is low. And the population living in the European part of Turkiye is more than 10 times larger.
5. politics
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i: The area west of the Ural Mountains is considered to belong to Eastern Europe. ii: non-recognized country iii: It is sometimes classified as West Asia according to the criteria. | |||
Kazakhstan political information | ||
38 points | 2025 , 96th in the world | |
34.41 points | 2026 , 149th in the world | |
2.91 points | 2025 , 123rd in the world | |
Nursultan Nazarbayev, former secretary of the Kazakh SSR regional committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , in 1990 April 24th Since taking office as president , he was elected president for six terms and served as president of Kazakhstan for 28 years and 11 months . As it is a de facto dictatorship , there are constant suspicions of election rigging internally.[12] , criticism continues externally as well.
Still, among the five Central Asian countries, it is a country with the highest level of political stability and a high proportion of immigrants, but many people reverence him as a hero rather than a dictator because he led the country stably without any problems of ethnic strife. However, voices of criticism are also high among young people.
2019 On March 19 , Nursultan Nazarbayev announced his intention to step down as President of Kazakhstan , and on March 20, the Chairman of the Senate , Qasym- Jomart Toqaev, took office as President. Upon taking office, Toqaev proposed renaming the capital city of Astana to "Nur-Sultan" after Nazarbayev , and the parliament approved the proposal, changing the name of the capital. #(in Russian)[13] And in the presidential election held on June 9, President Tokayev was re-elected, # and protests broke out afterward over election fraud. #
Looking at Nazarbayev's actions since his resignation, they are similar to those of Singapore 's Lee Kuan Yew . After stepping down as prime minister, Lee Kuan Yew created a senior minister position and ascended to that position. Nazarbayev also stepped down from the presidency, but he still reigns as the supreme leader above the president, maintaining his position as chairman of the Security Council and the leader of the ruling party.
There is a serious problem of corruption among public officials . It is basic for customs to check the backs of those entering the country, and if you are not accompanied by a local person, you may experience the police on the streets making all kinds of complaints and harassing you.[14] This is why many companies enter the market but then withdraw after struggling. As of 2020, Kazakhstan's corruption perception index was 38 points, ranking 94th out of 180 countries around the world, the best in Central Asia, and gradually improving.[15] It remains in the mid to lower ranks globally.
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senate logo | Margilis (House of Representatives) Logo |
Kazakhstan's parliament is a bicameral parliament, divided into the Senate and the Majilis. The Senate is not direct, but is appointed by the method of electing two members from each state and special city legislature, and all are independent. The lower house, the Majilis, has 107 seats, 98 of which are directly elected by the people, and 9 seats are allocated to the Kazakh National Congress, a constitutional body for minorities .
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It is known that the monthly salary of MPs ranges from a minimum of 500,000 KZT (about 1,340,000 won) to a maximum of 800,000 KZT (about 2,130,000 won). #
2021 An amendment to the election law was introduced to introduce a local autonomy system and a direct system for local government heads, and lower the blockade clause from 7% to 5%. #
2021 An amendment to the election law was introduced to introduce a local autonomy system and a direct system for local government heads, and lower the blockade clause from 7% to 5%. #
5.1. After Kazakhstan protests in 2022
2022 January 2nd Anti-government protests occurred due to the remnants of former President Nursultan Nazarbayev 's dictatorship , an increase in the price of LPG , and worsening public sentiment due to Corona 19, but Russia 's intervention did not produce any results. See Kazakhstan protests in 2022 for more .
After the protests in Kazakhstan ended and Nazarbayev went into exile in Belarus , the second president, Kasimzomart Tokayev , was elected in 2022. In his parliamentary speech on March 16, he submitted a constitutional amendment to Parliament that included changes to the political and administrative systems. Tokayev announced in his parliamentary speech that day that he would transfer the power of the president , also known as the 'super president' , to the parliament through a constitutional amendment and set up a new constitutional court to prepare a political device to prevent future constitutional flexibility in advance.
"We are talking about the final transition from an extra-legal presidential system to a presidential system with a strong parliament," he said . will be," he said. "The constitutional amendment includes more than 30 constitutional amendments and more than 20 law changes, and will be adopted (in Congress) by the end of this year," he added.
According to Tengri News, the current constitutional amendment prohibits former and incumbent presidents from concurrently holding office in the ruling party, and expands the powers of the House of Representatives and reduces the powers of the Senate by unifying the law handling authority to the House of Representatives, the Majilis . In addition, the electoral law will be revised to lower the political entry barriers of the opposition parties , while expanding the role of civic groups and the autonomy of the media , and strengthening the human rights and basic rights of citizens through the establishment of the Constitutional Court .
In addition, the constitutional amendment included the introduction of local elections, such as changing the national management system from the current centralized system to a decentralized system to promote balanced regional development, and changing the election of governors and mayors from the current presidential nomination system to an electoral system.
"Everything in Kazakhstan today revolves around the president, but this is wrong," Tokayev said. This seems to open the way for democracy in Kazakhstan as well . #
President Tokayev also proclaimed the establishment of the Second Republic. In his speech congratulating the people of Almaty, he used the term Second Republic, which means a new constitutional system . Since the political system is fundamentally changing from authoritarianism to liberal democracy, the term 'Second Republic' is used to define this more clearly. He then explained that the Second Republic is already a fairly close and tangible goal, as the implementation of the political reforms already proposed by the head of state is scheduled for this year, New Kazakhstan is a revolution for society and the state , and the Second Republic is a transformation of the state system. . # On the other hand, Die Welt, a German newspaper, also analyzed the possibility of an authoritarian regime. #
Kazakhstan continues to come up with radical policies for democratization . On April 15, the "Presidential Decree on Further Measures of the Republic in the Field of Human Rights" came into force. # The contents are as follows.
After the protests in Kazakhstan ended and Nazarbayev went into exile in Belarus , the second president, Kasimzomart Tokayev , was elected in 2022. In his parliamentary speech on March 16, he submitted a constitutional amendment to Parliament that included changes to the political and administrative systems. Tokayev announced in his parliamentary speech that day that he would transfer the power of the president , also known as the 'super president' , to the parliament through a constitutional amendment and set up a new constitutional court to prepare a political device to prevent future constitutional flexibility in advance.
"We are talking about the final transition from an extra-legal presidential system to a presidential system with a strong parliament," he said . will be," he said. "The constitutional amendment includes more than 30 constitutional amendments and more than 20 law changes, and will be adopted (in Congress) by the end of this year," he added.
According to Tengri News, the current constitutional amendment prohibits former and incumbent presidents from concurrently holding office in the ruling party, and expands the powers of the House of Representatives and reduces the powers of the Senate by unifying the law handling authority to the House of Representatives, the Majilis . In addition, the electoral law will be revised to lower the political entry barriers of the opposition parties , while expanding the role of civic groups and the autonomy of the media , and strengthening the human rights and basic rights of citizens through the establishment of the Constitutional Court .
In addition, the constitutional amendment included the introduction of local elections, such as changing the national management system from the current centralized system to a decentralized system to promote balanced regional development, and changing the election of governors and mayors from the current presidential nomination system to an electoral system.
"Everything in Kazakhstan today revolves around the president, but this is wrong," Tokayev said. This seems to open the way for democracy in Kazakhstan as well . #
President Tokayev also proclaimed the establishment of the Second Republic. In his speech congratulating the people of Almaty, he used the term Second Republic, which means a new constitutional system . Since the political system is fundamentally changing from authoritarianism to liberal democracy, the term 'Second Republic' is used to define this more clearly. He then explained that the Second Republic is already a fairly close and tangible goal, as the implementation of the political reforms already proposed by the head of state is scheduled for this year, New Kazakhstan is a revolution for society and the state , and the Second Republic is a transformation of the state system. . # On the other hand, Die Welt, a German newspaper, also analyzed the possibility of an authoritarian regime. #
Kazakhstan continues to come up with radical policies for democratization . On April 15, the "Presidential Decree on Further Measures of the Republic in the Field of Human Rights" came into force. # The contents are as follows.
- Promulgate and approve, internally and externally, additional action plans in the field of human rights and rule of law for the following areas:
- elimination of discrimination against women
- Equal rights and opportunities for men and women
- Complete guarantee of freedom of assembly and association
- Welfare and human rights of persons with disabilities
- Areas of prevention of torture and inhuman treatment during execution of criminal penalties
- Relief for Victims of Human Trafficking
- Human rights of immigrants, stateless persons, and refugees
- Interaction with the United Nations and international organizations for standardization of the international community
- To ensure full implementation of action plans and future action plans, ministries are required to report to the President of Kazakhstan, the administration and international organizations information on implementation results and further action plans by January 25 each year.
In addition, the Ministry of Education and Science decided not to hold school rallies to commemorate May 7 (Republican Army Foundation Day) and May 9 (Victory Day).
In schools, on the eve of the holidays commemorating May 7 and 9, there will be special classes on patriotic education, respect for war veterans, history education about victory, love for the motherland, and the importance of freedom, equality, peace and harmony. no see. But that's enough. There will be no events at the school on May 9th. We didn't see the need to dress the children in military uniforms and gear and put them on plays. You can't do that to children.
The press office of the Ministry of Education and Science said that related guidelines were delivered to educational institutions. This shows the will to no longer force excessive nationalist education on students in school education. #
Also on June 5, a referendum on the constitution of the Second Republic of Kazakhstan will be held. President Kassim-Jomart Tokayev signed a law on June 5 to hold a republican referendum on the adoption of constitutional amendments and additions. The purpose of the constitutional amendment is to completely overhaul the country itself. The main content of the amendment is the final transition from an imperial presidential dictatorship to a free democratic presidential republic with an influential parliament and responsible government. The constitutional amendment will drastically strengthen the representation of power, strengthen the system of checks and balances, and enhance the subjectivity of the parliament, and the creation of local councils and the introduction of the local constituency + proportional representation system in the House of Representatives will enable more complete coverage of all views and opinions of voters. It is. The new constitution plans to consolidate the president's equidistant position in all political parties and political groups, and also prohibits close relatives of the president and high-ranking officials from holding political and leadership positions in the (quasi-)public sector. In the realm of human rights, all of these measures, such as the establishment of the Constitutional Court, the strengthening of the position of the Human Rights Commission at the constitutional level, and the unconditional ban on the death penalty, create new laws to comprehensively observe civil rights and freedoms . #
The June 5 referendum ended with a final voter turnout of 65.04%, but under Kazakhstan law, a referendum is established when the voter turnout exceeds 50%, so the requirement for voting was passed. The highest voter turnout was 78.24% in Turkistan , and the lowest voter turnout was 29.82% in Almaty . Almaty was also the center of protests in January, and voter turnout seems to have been low because there is still resentment over the hard-line suppression. #
With this reform, Kazakhstan broke away from the framework of being a formal dictatorship, but there are analyzes that say only the constitution has changed and the authoritarian system still remains. #[16]
On October 6, 2024, a referendum was held on whether to build a nuclear power plant, and it was passed with a voter turnout of 63.7% and 73.1% in favor. However, for the first time in a referendum held in Kazakhstan, the number of positive votes did not exceed 50% of the total voters, so if the opposing side had been able to freely carry out a campaign to boycott the vote, the referendum could have been rejected.
On July 1, 2026, the new constitution came into effect. The constitutional court's interpretation that the single-term presidential term system revised in this new constitution allows incumbent President Tokayev to run for a second term as an exception is not considered a term, raising concerns about dictatorship.
6. economy
more detailsKazakhstan/Economy documentcastPlease note.7. Military
more detailsKazakhstani army documentcastPlease note.8. history
more detailsKazakhstan/History documentcastPlease note.9. Ethnicity/Population
As of 2023, the population is 19,606,633 (66th in the world), which is very small compared to the size of the country (about 2,724,900km² / 12 times that of the Korean Peninsula ). The situation is much better than that of Mongolia , a large Central Asian country like China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, a similar nomadic nation , but the reason the population is small compared to the area is due to the dry grasslands and desert terrain that occupy most of Kazakhstan. The only environments with good weather and plenty of water are southern Kazakhstan, where the city of Almaty is located, northern Kazakhstan, where the capital Astana is located, the vicinity of the Caspian Sea , and the Altai Mountains. The central region of Kazakhstan is a desert terrain with severe daily temperature fluctuations, making it unsuitable for human habitation.
It consists of 68.5%of the Turks, 68.5%, Russian 18.9%, and the rest of the minorities ( Polish , Ukrainians , Germany , Tatar , Azerbaijan , Uighurs , Armenians , Goryeo , Greeks / Greeks ). In 2022, 13,150,000 Kazakh, 3,630,000 Russians, 630,000 Uz Beckers , 290,000 Uighors , 270,000 Ukrainians, 210,000 Tatar, 190,000, and 100,000 Koreans . The Russian proportions are especially high in the northern regions adjacent to Russia. In addition, Goryeoin is the ninth of Kazakhstan's ethnic minority. Currently, the number of Russians is decreasing and the number of Kazakhin is increasing. Kazakhstan, located in Central Asia, far from Europe, has become a multi -ethnic state mixed with Asian and European people because of the historical experience of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. In fact, Kazakhstan's position is perfect for the East and West bridgeheads across Asia and Europe. In the Kazakhstan region before Turkhwa, the white people were mainstream, and during the modern Kazakh, the blood of the capscass system flowed and had the appearance of Eurasian .
The name Kazakh means fugitive , free person , and independent person . Kazakhs were originally a tribe belonging to the Uzbek Ulus that broke away from the Kipchak Khanate , and they were the people who ran away in opposition to Abul Khayr Khan, the leader of the Uzbek Ulus. Therefore, they were initially called Uzbek-Kazakhs. However, the name 'Kazakh' is similar to Kazakh ( Cossack ), so it can be confusing, and Kazakhstan is also called Cossackstan. But the two have nothing to do with it. However, the origin of both names comes from the Turkic word Kazak. Kazakhs are Turks , and Cossacks are a Slavic people living in Ukraine. The name Cossack was given to the Slavs who frequently rebelled during the rule of the Turkic-Mongol Empire, the Kipchak Khanate . ( # )[17]
Originally, there were many Kazakhs until the early 20th century, but when Kazakhstan became part of the Russian Empire, many people immigrated to China, Europe, Turkmenistan, etc. In particular, due to the great famine that struck Kazakhstan during Stalin 's agricultural collectivization policy during the Soviet Union , about 40% of Kazakhs either died of starvation or went to Uyghurs, Iran, Mongolia, Afghanistan, and Turkye to avoid the famine, and the proportion of Kazakhs plummeted from 60% to 30%. Afterwards, many other ethnic groups, including Russians, German-Russians, Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars, Koreans, and Chechens, came voluntarily or forcibly for the purpose of replenishing the population. As the virgin land reclamation movement in the mid-to-late 1950s led to the development of northern Kazakhstan as agricultural land, Russians accounted for 40%.
Until the 1980s, there were more Russians, but after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Russians left in large numbers to Russia and returned to Kazakhstan and Kazakhstan, where they lived abroad, making up the majority of the ethnic group in Kazakhstan. If you look at the Kazakhstan national team players at the Olympics and Asian Games, there are quite a few of them of Russian descent. At one time, the population ratio of Russians was as high as 40%, but when Kazakhstan became independent following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , many Russians immigrated to Russia, and the birth rate of Kazakhs decreased. While it is well over the 3-person range at 3.32 (2021), the number of Russians is within the low 2-person range at best, so the current population ratio is less than 20%. Kazakhstan itself is the country with the highest birth rate among middle-income countries, and all countries with higher birth rates are extremely poor. Among developed countries, Israel has the highest rate at 3.00 (2021).
Due to the above-mentioned multi-ethnic culture, Kazakhstan is home to 131 ethnic groups, but unlike many former Soviet Union countries that suffered from or are suffering from severe ethnic conflicts or even civil wars, there have been almost no serious ethnic conflicts or civil wars, and rather, overall, harmony and peace are maintained among ethnic groups. It can be said that there is virtually no problem with racial discrimination, because so many races are mixed in the first place that it is difficult to establish who is discriminating against whom. When you walk around Astana or Almaty, you can see so many different races intertwined. However, in Kazakhstan , the country of birth and ethnic name are indicated in the passport . This is a successful example of an appropriate balance between ethnic-centered policies and inter-ethnic harmony policies.
There are quite a few people who consider it the most livable country among the former Soviet Union countries in Central Asia. The reason is that the economy has developed quite a bit and there is no racial discrimination. In addition, it is believed that the Koryo people who were brought to Kazakhstan were able to survive thanks to the nomadic spirit of tolerance toward strangers. In fact, considering that the time when Koryo people were forcibly relocated was less than 10 years after the terrible famine, they may have felt a sense of sympathy for the same disease. Because of this, the Koryo people think of Kazakhstan as ‘the land that raised them’ and are grateful to the Kazakhs as a grateful people who even gave the last piece of bread to the Koryo people during the forced migration. The Kazakhs also evaluate the Koryo people as a sincere and excellent people. # Chairman Kazakmus Kim Vladimir, currently the richest person in Kazakhstan, is a third-generation Korean. Thanks to Kazakhstan's tolerant and open social atmosphere, the majority of Koreans here intend to continue living in Kazakhstan, unlike other Central Asian countries.[18] However, while Koreans are familiar with Russian, Kazakhstan increasingly places importance on the Kazakh language, so there is some level of anxiety about this.
[19]
Sometimes, Koreans mistakenly believe that Kazakh locals are of Koryo origin based on their appearance, but Koryoins are a very small minority in Kazakhstan .[20] This is an extremely simple prejudice derived from seeing some Russian (Slavic) Uzbeks in the Korean media and thinking that Uzbekistan = Central Asia = Kazakhstan = white people . Recalling the migration of Koryo people to Central Asia, which I heard somewhere, I mistake the local people for being Koryo people. This is a significant reversal of public opinion, and the majority of people in Kazakhstan are originally Turkic and Kazakh people of Northeast Asian descent . Not only the Kazakhs, but also the original Turkic people were nomads with an Asian appearance , especially Northeast Asians such as Chinese , Japanese , and Korean.[21] Nowadays, many people are of mixed race, so everyone looks slightly different. Also, it is not common for Kazakhs, who are Muslims , to marry Koryoins, many of whom believe in the Orthodox Church , so the Koryoins are maintained at a very constant level.
Usually in Russia, Central Asians are degraded as Чурка, that is, "stupid and poor Asians ," but Kazakhs live well, so they are generally well-recognized. Kyrgyz , Uzbeks , and Tajiks in Russia are foreigners , but Kazakhs are not foreigners, but people who originally lived in the Russian border area.
Kazakhs are familistic and collectivist , so Kazakhs staying abroad are more likely to live or hang out with fellow Kazakhs. On the other hand, Kazakhs are very interested in other people's affairs, and although it may seem rude to people from most individualistic cultures, it is a sign of Kazakh people's goodwill, so it is better not to feel offended.
It consists of 68.5%of the Turks, 68.5%, Russian 18.9%, and the rest of the minorities ( Polish , Ukrainians , Germany , Tatar , Azerbaijan , Uighurs , Armenians , Goryeo , Greeks / Greeks ). In 2022, 13,150,000 Kazakh, 3,630,000 Russians, 630,000 Uz Beckers , 290,000 Uighors , 270,000 Ukrainians, 210,000 Tatar, 190,000, and 100,000 Koreans . The Russian proportions are especially high in the northern regions adjacent to Russia. In addition, Goryeoin is the ninth of Kazakhstan's ethnic minority. Currently, the number of Russians is decreasing and the number of Kazakhin is increasing. Kazakhstan, located in Central Asia, far from Europe, has become a multi -ethnic state mixed with Asian and European people because of the historical experience of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. In fact, Kazakhstan's position is perfect for the East and West bridgeheads across Asia and Europe. In the Kazakhstan region before Turkhwa, the white people were mainstream, and during the modern Kazakh, the blood of the capscass system flowed and had the appearance of Eurasian .
The name Kazakh means fugitive , free person , and independent person . Kazakhs were originally a tribe belonging to the Uzbek Ulus that broke away from the Kipchak Khanate , and they were the people who ran away in opposition to Abul Khayr Khan, the leader of the Uzbek Ulus. Therefore, they were initially called Uzbek-Kazakhs. However, the name 'Kazakh' is similar to Kazakh ( Cossack ), so it can be confusing, and Kazakhstan is also called Cossackstan. But the two have nothing to do with it. However, the origin of both names comes from the Turkic word Kazak. Kazakhs are Turks , and Cossacks are a Slavic people living in Ukraine. The name Cossack was given to the Slavs who frequently rebelled during the rule of the Turkic-Mongol Empire, the Kipchak Khanate . ( # )[17]
Originally, there were many Kazakhs until the early 20th century, but when Kazakhstan became part of the Russian Empire, many people immigrated to China, Europe, Turkmenistan, etc. In particular, due to the great famine that struck Kazakhstan during Stalin 's agricultural collectivization policy during the Soviet Union , about 40% of Kazakhs either died of starvation or went to Uyghurs, Iran, Mongolia, Afghanistan, and Turkye to avoid the famine, and the proportion of Kazakhs plummeted from 60% to 30%. Afterwards, many other ethnic groups, including Russians, German-Russians, Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars, Koreans, and Chechens, came voluntarily or forcibly for the purpose of replenishing the population. As the virgin land reclamation movement in the mid-to-late 1950s led to the development of northern Kazakhstan as agricultural land, Russians accounted for 40%.
Until the 1980s, there were more Russians, but after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Russians left in large numbers to Russia and returned to Kazakhstan and Kazakhstan, where they lived abroad, making up the majority of the ethnic group in Kazakhstan. If you look at the Kazakhstan national team players at the Olympics and Asian Games, there are quite a few of them of Russian descent. At one time, the population ratio of Russians was as high as 40%, but when Kazakhstan became independent following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , many Russians immigrated to Russia, and the birth rate of Kazakhs decreased. While it is well over the 3-person range at 3.32 (2021), the number of Russians is within the low 2-person range at best, so the current population ratio is less than 20%. Kazakhstan itself is the country with the highest birth rate among middle-income countries, and all countries with higher birth rates are extremely poor. Among developed countries, Israel has the highest rate at 3.00 (2021).
Due to the above-mentioned multi-ethnic culture, Kazakhstan is home to 131 ethnic groups, but unlike many former Soviet Union countries that suffered from or are suffering from severe ethnic conflicts or even civil wars, there have been almost no serious ethnic conflicts or civil wars, and rather, overall, harmony and peace are maintained among ethnic groups. It can be said that there is virtually no problem with racial discrimination, because so many races are mixed in the first place that it is difficult to establish who is discriminating against whom. When you walk around Astana or Almaty, you can see so many different races intertwined. However, in Kazakhstan , the country of birth and ethnic name are indicated in the passport . This is a successful example of an appropriate balance between ethnic-centered policies and inter-ethnic harmony policies.
There are quite a few people who consider it the most livable country among the former Soviet Union countries in Central Asia. The reason is that the economy has developed quite a bit and there is no racial discrimination. In addition, it is believed that the Koryo people who were brought to Kazakhstan were able to survive thanks to the nomadic spirit of tolerance toward strangers. In fact, considering that the time when Koryo people were forcibly relocated was less than 10 years after the terrible famine, they may have felt a sense of sympathy for the same disease. Because of this, the Koryo people think of Kazakhstan as ‘the land that raised them’ and are grateful to the Kazakhs as a grateful people who even gave the last piece of bread to the Koryo people during the forced migration. The Kazakhs also evaluate the Koryo people as a sincere and excellent people. # Chairman Kazakmus Kim Vladimir, currently the richest person in Kazakhstan, is a third-generation Korean. Thanks to Kazakhstan's tolerant and open social atmosphere, the majority of Koreans here intend to continue living in Kazakhstan, unlike other Central Asian countries.[18] However, while Koreans are familiar with Russian, Kazakhstan increasingly places importance on the Kazakh language, so there is some level of anxiety about this.
[19]Sometimes, Koreans mistakenly believe that Kazakh locals are of Koryo origin based on their appearance, but Koryoins are a very small minority in Kazakhstan .[20] This is an extremely simple prejudice derived from seeing some Russian (Slavic) Uzbeks in the Korean media and thinking that Uzbekistan = Central Asia = Kazakhstan = white people . Recalling the migration of Koryo people to Central Asia, which I heard somewhere, I mistake the local people for being Koryo people. This is a significant reversal of public opinion, and the majority of people in Kazakhstan are originally Turkic and Kazakh people of Northeast Asian descent . Not only the Kazakhs, but also the original Turkic people were nomads with an Asian appearance , especially Northeast Asians such as Chinese , Japanese , and Korean.[21] Nowadays, many people are of mixed race, so everyone looks slightly different. Also, it is not common for Kazakhs, who are Muslims , to marry Koryoins, many of whom believe in the Orthodox Church , so the Koryoins are maintained at a very constant level.
Usually in Russia, Central Asians are degraded as Чурка, that is, "stupid and poor Asians ," but Kazakhs live well, so they are generally well-recognized. Kyrgyz , Uzbeks , and Tajiks in Russia are foreigners , but Kazakhs are not foreigners, but people who originally lived in the Russian border area.
Kazakhs are familistic and collectivist , so Kazakhs staying abroad are more likely to live or hang out with fellow Kazakhs. On the other hand, Kazakhs are very interested in other people's affairs, and although it may seem rude to people from most individualistic cultures, it is a sign of Kazakh people's goodwill, so it is better not to feel offended.
9.1. Kazakh
more detailsKazakh documentcastPlease note.9.2. Russian-Kazakh
more detailsRussian-Kazakh documentcastPlease note.9.3. Uyghur Kazakhs
more detailsUyghur Kazakhs documentcastPlease note.10. culture
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Mongolia (a) | Afghanistan (b) | Kazakhstan (c) | |
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(a): Also classified as part of East Asia and North Asia . (b): Also classified as part of West Asia and South Asia . (c): Also classified as part of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . | |||
West Asia 's culture | |||
[ Expand/Collapse ] |
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South Ossetia ii, iii | Russia i | ||
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armenia iii | azerbaijan iii | Abkhazia ii, iii | |
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ga iii | Transnistria ii | ||
i: The area west of the Ural Mountains is regarded as belonging to Eastern Europe. ii: non-recognized country iii: It is sometimes classified as West Asia according to the criteria. | |||
In terms of culture, Abu Nasr al-Farabi , a 10th-century writer who left numerous writings on philosophy , science , and mathematics , is known as a historically famous writer. Writers who stand out in modern times include the poet Jambul Javayev and the playwright Muktar Aue. I would pick Joff. There still remains a tradition in Kazakhstan of reciting epic folk poetry and lyric poetry. For this reason, there are many art and theater schools in Kazakhstan, and the National Art Museum is located in Almaty.
Although the industry is small, it is also a country where some movies are made. Igla , starring Viktor Tsoy, is a film that symbolizes the Kazakh New Wave , and Timur Bekmambetov plays the lead role.[22] He succeeded in entering Hollywood via Russia. In addition, qualitative growth has been achieved, and since the 2010s, directors such as Adilkhan Erzhanov making neo-realist guerilla films, and directors such as Darezhan Omirbayev and Sergey Dvorchey have been invited to film festivals. Among them, Dvorcei was the first Kazakhstan to enter the competition section of the Cannes Film Festival in 2018 , and Samal Yeslamova, who played the main role, was the first Kazakhstan to enter the Cannes Film Festival. She took home the Best Actress Award .[23] Among Central Asian countries that generally have a weak presence at international film festivals, it receives a lot of attention.
If there is K-pop in Korea, there is Q-pop here. # As the founder of Q-POP, the most famous boy group in Kazakhstan and with the largest fandom, NINETY ONE[24] from MAD MEN[25] Many boy groups, girl groups, and solo singers are emerging. The overall characteristic is that it is good to listen to without feeling incongruent with K-POP. This is because Q-pop itself is a genre that was born with a lot of influence from K-pop in the first place.
It is the host country for the 2011 Astana-Almaty Winter Asian Games and the 2029 Almaty Winter Asian Games . Additionally, the 2017 Astana Expo was held.
There are basically no public holidays in February, April, June, September, and November. Holiday summary post based on 24 years.
10.1. language
more detailsKazakh documentcastPlease note. more detailsKazakhstan/Language documentcastPlease note.As for the language, Kazakh is the national language and Russian is the official language (interethnic communication language). Related Resources .
The Kazakh government has been encouraging the use of Kazakh since independence, but in Astana , the capital , more than 90% of citizens primarily speak Russian. In Almaty, Russian and Kazakh are spoken in a 50:50 ratio, and in Shymkent, the third largest city close to Uzbekistan, more than 85% of citizens primarily speak Kazakh . Of course, most Kazakhs speak Russian without problems, unless they are from the countryside. Currently, the government recommends the use of Kazakh, and all government documents are written only in Kazakh, but Russian is used as the 'language of communication between ethnic groups', so both languages are in fact official languages . Broadcasts are broadcast simultaneously in Kazakh and Russian, and President Nursultan Nazarbayev uses both Kazakh and Russian at the same time in official settings, so the two languages have an almost equal status (usually broadcasts have separate Russian and Kazakh channels, but sports, especially soccer, which are broadcast on only one channel due to cost, are used equally to the extent that the two languages are used alternately and commentary). Russian is taught even in elementary education, so in fact, if you know how to speak Russian, there is no problem for outsiders to travel to Kazakhstan even if they cannot speak Kazakh at all. That is why Russians feel free to travel to Kazakhstan.[26] Also, unlike Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, people in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan speak Russian well without a special accent. Rather, Russians often make fun of Kazakh and call it Uzbek with a Russian accent.
Mainly in urban areas, Kazakh women prefer Russian to their native language, Kazakh. The reason is that I might look old-fashioned or be mistaken as someone from the countryside. On the other hand, Kazakh men treat this as bravado . For most Russians and other ethnic groups, their native language is Russian, and some of them do not even speak Kazakh at all.
In 2022, 91% of Kazakhstan's population can speak Kazakh and 94.4% of Kazakhstan's population can speak Russian. In terms of reading and writing, Russian was 84.8% and Kazakh was 81%.
In addition, Kazakh usually does not go beyond the level of a basic living language. As the Kazakhization policy was implemented, all official documents were written in Kazakh, but it is not easy to find a translator to translate documents written in Russian into Kazakh. The reason is that almost all technical terms are more in Russian than in Kazakh. These technical terms are borrowed from Russian words, and even if they are actually in Kazakh, few people know them. Also, it is said that even if people can speak Kazakh as a living language, there are few people who speak Kazakh with a high-class grammar.
Even in cities like Shymkent where the Kazakh speaking rate is very high, half of them, especially high-level words, are mixed with Russian words. Frequently used everyday words and idioms are borrowed from Russian. He speaks as if a Korean who has lived abroad for a long time mixes English and speaks Korean. Therefore, it is not easy for a foreigner who has learned only Kazakh without knowing Russian to have free conversation with Kazakhs.
Historically speaking, Kazakh has many words borrowed from Persian , Mongolian , Arabic , and Russian . Arabic was introduced through Islam and the Quran , generally through Persian. In recent years, many borrowings of cultural vocabulary from Russian and Chinese , especially Russian, have been used. If you want to hear the Kazakh pronunciation, listen to Kazakh folk music. ( # )
The school also has separate places where classes are conducted in Russian and Kazakh.
Since the early 2000s, there have been calls for converting the Kazakh script from Cyrillic to Latin, like Turkyi . The Kazakh government tends to agree to this to some extent, but there is resistance from the people. Some argue that there is no need to change the characters that are already familiar, and that since Russian, which is also the official language of Kazakhstan, uses the Cyrillic alphabet, it is better to use the same characters in Kazakh as well. Recently, in a situation where the consensus is inclined to change to Latin script, on April 12, 2017, the Kazakhstan government decided to change the Kazakh language writing to the Roman script and announced that it would change to the Roman script by 2025. #[27]
Until February 27, 2018, Kazakhstan used both Russian and Kazakh at the State Council. #
In addition to Kazakh and Russian, other minority languages ( Ukrainian , Belarusian , Tatar , Uzbek , Dungan , Uyghur , German , etc.) are also used in Kazakhstan. And, due to frequent exchanges and cooperation with Turkic people, the number of people learning Turkic language is increasing. Also, I have been learning English to some extent recently .
The Kazakh government has been encouraging the use of Kazakh since independence, but in Astana , the capital , more than 90% of citizens primarily speak Russian. In Almaty, Russian and Kazakh are spoken in a 50:50 ratio, and in Shymkent, the third largest city close to Uzbekistan, more than 85% of citizens primarily speak Kazakh . Of course, most Kazakhs speak Russian without problems, unless they are from the countryside. Currently, the government recommends the use of Kazakh, and all government documents are written only in Kazakh, but Russian is used as the 'language of communication between ethnic groups', so both languages are in fact official languages . Broadcasts are broadcast simultaneously in Kazakh and Russian, and President Nursultan Nazarbayev uses both Kazakh and Russian at the same time in official settings, so the two languages have an almost equal status (usually broadcasts have separate Russian and Kazakh channels, but sports, especially soccer, which are broadcast on only one channel due to cost, are used equally to the extent that the two languages are used alternately and commentary). Russian is taught even in elementary education, so in fact, if you know how to speak Russian, there is no problem for outsiders to travel to Kazakhstan even if they cannot speak Kazakh at all. That is why Russians feel free to travel to Kazakhstan.[26] Also, unlike Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, people in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan speak Russian well without a special accent. Rather, Russians often make fun of Kazakh and call it Uzbek with a Russian accent.
Mainly in urban areas, Kazakh women prefer Russian to their native language, Kazakh. The reason is that I might look old-fashioned or be mistaken as someone from the countryside. On the other hand, Kazakh men treat this as bravado . For most Russians and other ethnic groups, their native language is Russian, and some of them do not even speak Kazakh at all.
In 2022, 91% of Kazakhstan's population can speak Kazakh and 94.4% of Kazakhstan's population can speak Russian. In terms of reading and writing, Russian was 84.8% and Kazakh was 81%.
In addition, Kazakh usually does not go beyond the level of a basic living language. As the Kazakhization policy was implemented, all official documents were written in Kazakh, but it is not easy to find a translator to translate documents written in Russian into Kazakh. The reason is that almost all technical terms are more in Russian than in Kazakh. These technical terms are borrowed from Russian words, and even if they are actually in Kazakh, few people know them. Also, it is said that even if people can speak Kazakh as a living language, there are few people who speak Kazakh with a high-class grammar.
Even in cities like Shymkent where the Kazakh speaking rate is very high, half of them, especially high-level words, are mixed with Russian words. Frequently used everyday words and idioms are borrowed from Russian. He speaks as if a Korean who has lived abroad for a long time mixes English and speaks Korean. Therefore, it is not easy for a foreigner who has learned only Kazakh without knowing Russian to have free conversation with Kazakhs.
Historically speaking, Kazakh has many words borrowed from Persian , Mongolian , Arabic , and Russian . Arabic was introduced through Islam and the Quran , generally through Persian. In recent years, many borrowings of cultural vocabulary from Russian and Chinese , especially Russian, have been used. If you want to hear the Kazakh pronunciation, listen to Kazakh folk music. ( # )
The school also has separate places where classes are conducted in Russian and Kazakh.
Since the early 2000s, there have been calls for converting the Kazakh script from Cyrillic to Latin, like Turkyi . The Kazakh government tends to agree to this to some extent, but there is resistance from the people. Some argue that there is no need to change the characters that are already familiar, and that since Russian, which is also the official language of Kazakhstan, uses the Cyrillic alphabet, it is better to use the same characters in Kazakh as well. Recently, in a situation where the consensus is inclined to change to Latin script, on April 12, 2017, the Kazakhstan government decided to change the Kazakh language writing to the Roman script and announced that it would change to the Roman script by 2025. #[27]
Until February 27, 2018, Kazakhstan used both Russian and Kazakh at the State Council. #
In addition to Kazakh and Russian, other minority languages ( Ukrainian , Belarusian , Tatar , Uzbek , Dungan , Uyghur , German , etc.) are also used in Kazakhstan. And, due to frequent exchanges and cooperation with Turkic people, the number of people learning Turkic language is increasing. Also, I have been learning English to some extent recently .
10.2. religion
Religion is Islam , the majority of Kazakhs The Russian Orthodox Church is predominantly Sunni and Russian.
The majority of Kazakhs are Sunni. Although they are Muslims , when they spend time together, they often go to clubs and drink a lot. It's not a joke, they really go into entertainment venues such as clubs and pubs without any hesitation . Some exchange or international students attend clubs that allow foreigners every weekend. They drink more and better than Turkic people . In the case of Uzbekistan , a country right next door, there are quite a few people who do not drink alcohol or eat pork, and sometimes even wear hijabs, and there are some people who strictly follow Islamic law for a Central Asian country, while Kazakhs are Americans and Koreans who say they are Muslims but are somewhat pious in their way of life. They live more like non-religious people than Christians .
Common Islamic worship services are also not easy to find. Although they do worship, they rarely do so at home , and it is difficult to find people who pray five times a day. Additionally , the number of people who regularly go to the mosque is low, at about 10%, and the proportion of men who have undergone circumcision is about 50-59%, the lowest among Muslim-majority countries . There are no restrictions on women's clothing, so many people do not wear the hijab. They say they don't eat pork very often, but in reality, they don't have much of an aversion to it. As can be seen from these details, Kazakhs are very secular , making them one of the few Muslims . To put it somewhat exaggeratedly, most Kazakhs are Muslims only in name, but in reality they are close to being non-religious . However, when it comes to issues related to sexual minorities, such as homosexuality and same-sex marriage, there is a very strong resistance, just like in other Islamic countries, and this phenomenon is also seen in secular Islamic countries such as Malaysia , Indonesia , and Turkye .
Meanwhile, since the majority of Muslims are, they will ban alcohol , but they are the most drinking countries in Asia except for Korea and Mongolia . In fact, the Turks were not Muslims since they were originally a member of the staff that showed a cold climate, so it was impossible to quit drinking.[28] The Turks have a tendency to play in Islamic principles because they are generous to all religions with the Mongolians .
However, I do not like Christianity (especially Protestantism ) except Orthodoxy , so I am very opposed to it. They usually provide strict visas for missionaries , and impose fines on churches that operate without government permission. This is because there is a movement, centered in the political world, to use Islam as a national identity in order to unite various ethnic groups into 'one nation'. However, this is not easy because 26% of the population believes in the Orthodox Church. So at least touching the Orthodox Church is prohibited by law, and Islamic extremism is also legally tabooed and prevented. This is usually the case in Eurasian Muslim countries. However, since Christianity spread from outside is severely suppressed, it is difficult to say that it is a country where religious freedom is properly guaranteed. There are about 250,000 Catholics in Kazakhstan , many of them Polish, German and Lithuanian. Stalin's forced expulsions increased the Catholic population significantly. Most Catholics in Kazakhstan follow the Latin Rite, but there are also about 3,000 Eastern Catholics.
It may be surprising, but the Won-Buddhist church , which was spread in Korea in 1992, is located in Almaty. #
Arab countries in the Middle East , such as Saudi Arabia, describe Kazakhstan as " Muslims only in words." Of course, the Russian side also criticizes them as "Muslims only in words", but Kazakhstani people also admit it. Rather, if you look at Muslims in the Middle East, they say that they are "religious idiots." Even if it is not a Wahhabism country like Saudi Arabia, most Muslims value Friday worship, so the holiday is Friday, but the holiday in Kazakhstan is Sunday. Even at the end of the year, trees are decorated everywhere on the streets or in Kazakhstani houses . Arabs regard this custom very negatively. Of course, this is the same for other Turkic Muslim countries such as Turkey.
However, as a Muslim country, many Kazakhs pay a dowry to the bride's parents at the time of marriage.[29] It is usually said to pay between 3,000 and 5,000 dollars. If the bride's character is good, the dowry goes up. There was a young man who was worried because the bride's parents demanded 20,000 dollars for her dowry. Also, polygamy is " not a crime ". In other words, it is not legally recognized, but there is no punishment clause either. In 1998, for the first time in Central Asia, polygamy was excluded from the "crime". In the past, polygamy was sent to prison, but now it is not. Although controversial, polygamy is still not legally recognized in Kazakhstan. Actually, there is nothing strange to see. In Korea alone, bigamy is not legally recognized and becomes a reason for canceling a marriage, but there is no regulation punishing bigamy itself as a crime . Although modern states have abolished the crime of adultery and instead protected monogamy with bigamy, the fact that Kazakhstan did not criminalize polygamy does not mean that it is acknowledged, nor is Islamic extremism rampant .
After the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks in Kazakhstan , the World Religious Leaders Conference is held every three years at the suggestion of President Nazarbayev . In 2018, it opened on October 10, and 82 people from 42 countries participated, representing Islam , Christianity , Judaism , Buddhism , Hinduism , Taoism , Zoroastrianism , etc. In addition, representatives from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe , UNESCO , and the League of Arab States also participated. Participated. #
The majority of Kazakhs are Sunni. Although they are Muslims , when they spend time together, they often go to clubs and drink a lot. It's not a joke, they really go into entertainment venues such as clubs and pubs without any hesitation . Some exchange or international students attend clubs that allow foreigners every weekend. They drink more and better than Turkic people . In the case of Uzbekistan , a country right next door, there are quite a few people who do not drink alcohol or eat pork, and sometimes even wear hijabs, and there are some people who strictly follow Islamic law for a Central Asian country, while Kazakhs are Americans and Koreans who say they are Muslims but are somewhat pious in their way of life. They live more like non-religious people than Christians .
Common Islamic worship services are also not easy to find. Although they do worship, they rarely do so at home , and it is difficult to find people who pray five times a day. Additionally , the number of people who regularly go to the mosque is low, at about 10%, and the proportion of men who have undergone circumcision is about 50-59%, the lowest among Muslim-majority countries . There are no restrictions on women's clothing, so many people do not wear the hijab. They say they don't eat pork very often, but in reality, they don't have much of an aversion to it. As can be seen from these details, Kazakhs are very secular , making them one of the few Muslims . To put it somewhat exaggeratedly, most Kazakhs are Muslims only in name, but in reality they are close to being non-religious . However, when it comes to issues related to sexual minorities, such as homosexuality and same-sex marriage, there is a very strong resistance, just like in other Islamic countries, and this phenomenon is also seen in secular Islamic countries such as Malaysia , Indonesia , and Turkye .
Meanwhile, since the majority of Muslims are, they will ban alcohol , but they are the most drinking countries in Asia except for Korea and Mongolia . In fact, the Turks were not Muslims since they were originally a member of the staff that showed a cold climate, so it was impossible to quit drinking.[28] The Turks have a tendency to play in Islamic principles because they are generous to all religions with the Mongolians .
However, I do not like Christianity (especially Protestantism ) except Orthodoxy , so I am very opposed to it. They usually provide strict visas for missionaries , and impose fines on churches that operate without government permission. This is because there is a movement, centered in the political world, to use Islam as a national identity in order to unite various ethnic groups into 'one nation'. However, this is not easy because 26% of the population believes in the Orthodox Church. So at least touching the Orthodox Church is prohibited by law, and Islamic extremism is also legally tabooed and prevented. This is usually the case in Eurasian Muslim countries. However, since Christianity spread from outside is severely suppressed, it is difficult to say that it is a country where religious freedom is properly guaranteed. There are about 250,000 Catholics in Kazakhstan , many of them Polish, German and Lithuanian. Stalin's forced expulsions increased the Catholic population significantly. Most Catholics in Kazakhstan follow the Latin Rite, but there are also about 3,000 Eastern Catholics.
It may be surprising, but the Won-Buddhist church , which was spread in Korea in 1992, is located in Almaty. #
Arab countries in the Middle East , such as Saudi Arabia, describe Kazakhstan as " Muslims only in words." Of course, the Russian side also criticizes them as "Muslims only in words", but Kazakhstani people also admit it. Rather, if you look at Muslims in the Middle East, they say that they are "religious idiots." Even if it is not a Wahhabism country like Saudi Arabia, most Muslims value Friday worship, so the holiday is Friday, but the holiday in Kazakhstan is Sunday. Even at the end of the year, trees are decorated everywhere on the streets or in Kazakhstani houses . Arabs regard this custom very negatively. Of course, this is the same for other Turkic Muslim countries such as Turkey.
However, as a Muslim country, many Kazakhs pay a dowry to the bride's parents at the time of marriage.[29] It is usually said to pay between 3,000 and 5,000 dollars. If the bride's character is good, the dowry goes up. There was a young man who was worried because the bride's parents demanded 20,000 dollars for her dowry. Also, polygamy is " not a crime ". In other words, it is not legally recognized, but there is no punishment clause either. In 1998, for the first time in Central Asia, polygamy was excluded from the "crime". In the past, polygamy was sent to prison, but now it is not. Although controversial, polygamy is still not legally recognized in Kazakhstan. Actually, there is nothing strange to see. In Korea alone, bigamy is not legally recognized and becomes a reason for canceling a marriage, but there is no regulation punishing bigamy itself as a crime . Although modern states have abolished the crime of adultery and instead protected monogamy with bigamy, the fact that Kazakhstan did not criminalize polygamy does not mean that it is acknowledged, nor is Islamic extremism rampant .
After the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks in Kazakhstan , the World Religious Leaders Conference is held every three years at the suggestion of President Nazarbayev . In 2018, it opened on October 10, and 82 people from 42 countries participated, representing Islam , Christianity , Judaism , Buddhism , Hinduism , Taoism , Zoroastrianism , etc. In addition, representatives from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe , UNESCO , and the League of Arab States also participated. Participated. #
10.3. sports
10.3.1. soccer
Soccer is a popular sport. After independence, it was once part of AFC , but moved to UEFA in 2002 .[30] For more information about soccer in this country, please refer to the article on the Kazakhstan national soccer team .
Club football plays in Europe, but in the European League rankings, the League Premier League winning team will win tickets for the UEFA Champions League first qualifiers or second rounds. Of course, it starts from the 1st, 2nd and 3rd qualifiers according to the league rankings of the UEFA member countries.In 2013-14 season, FK Aktok was climbed to the third line, but was 2 losses (1-5, 2-3) in Dinnamo Kisev , and the Shakti Orkaragandi entered the 48th round. The club football has not been very active in the club football.
Then, FC Astana , a Kazakhstani club, advanced to the round of 32 of the 2015-16 Champions League for the first time, beating APOEL FC , which had advanced to the quarterfinals of the Champions League, 1-0, 1-1. And in Group C, they were placed in a group with Benfica (Portugal), Atletico Madrid (Spain), and Galatasaray (Turkiye). Astana is far from Europe (7 hours from London) and cold in winter. Galatasaray is a Mediterranean team from Turku, while AT Madrid and Benfica are teams from the warm Iberian Peninsula and have to travel to Astana in November. It is already mid-winter in Astana in November. It was thought that they would be a goblin team due to the 7-hour long distance from London and the cold, but they ended the Champions League in 4th place in their group with 4 draws and 2 losses. Considering that Galatasaray was in third place with 5 points to advance to the Europa Cup, it is disappointing that Astana tied 2:2 with Galatasaray at home (out of a total of 4 goals, 3 were own goals). Considering the level of Kazakhstan's league, advancing to the next Champions League finals is a long way off.
However, in the mid-2010s, oil prices plummeted and the economy of Kazakhstan, an oil-producing country, fell into a recession. A conspiracy theory is circulating inside Kazakhstan that they paid huge bribes and match-fixed to curb public dissatisfaction due to such economic difficulties. It is a ghost story that overlaps with the recently ruined economic situation of Greece and spreads plausibly. Of course, after Kazakhstan's economy recovered, these ghost stories died down.
On November 29, 2019, FC Astana defeated Manchester United 2-1 in the 5th match of Group L of the 2019-20 UEFA Europa League. Although Manchester United secured early advancement to first place in the group and included eight youth players in the starting line-up, it was the first loss in history for an English club to a Kazakh club in a match held at its home stadium, Astana Arena.
Kairat Almaty advanced from the first qualifying round to the final qualifying round and advanced to the 2025-26 UEFA Champions League/League Phase .
Club football plays in Europe, but in the European League rankings, the League Premier League winning team will win tickets for the UEFA Champions League first qualifiers or second rounds. Of course, it starts from the 1st, 2nd and 3rd qualifiers according to the league rankings of the UEFA member countries.In 2013-14 season, FK Aktok was climbed to the third line, but was 2 losses (1-5, 2-3) in Dinnamo Kisev , and the Shakti Orkaragandi entered the 48th round. The club football has not been very active in the club football.
Then, FC Astana , a Kazakhstani club, advanced to the round of 32 of the 2015-16 Champions League for the first time, beating APOEL FC , which had advanced to the quarterfinals of the Champions League, 1-0, 1-1. And in Group C, they were placed in a group with Benfica (Portugal), Atletico Madrid (Spain), and Galatasaray (Turkiye). Astana is far from Europe (7 hours from London) and cold in winter. Galatasaray is a Mediterranean team from Turku, while AT Madrid and Benfica are teams from the warm Iberian Peninsula and have to travel to Astana in November. It is already mid-winter in Astana in November. It was thought that they would be a goblin team due to the 7-hour long distance from London and the cold, but they ended the Champions League in 4th place in their group with 4 draws and 2 losses. Considering that Galatasaray was in third place with 5 points to advance to the Europa Cup, it is disappointing that Astana tied 2:2 with Galatasaray at home (out of a total of 4 goals, 3 were own goals). Considering the level of Kazakhstan's league, advancing to the next Champions League finals is a long way off.
However, in the mid-2010s, oil prices plummeted and the economy of Kazakhstan, an oil-producing country, fell into a recession. A conspiracy theory is circulating inside Kazakhstan that they paid huge bribes and match-fixed to curb public dissatisfaction due to such economic difficulties. It is a ghost story that overlaps with the recently ruined economic situation of Greece and spreads plausibly. Of course, after Kazakhstan's economy recovered, these ghost stories died down.
On November 29, 2019, FC Astana defeated Manchester United 2-1 in the 5th match of Group L of the 2019-20 UEFA Europa League. Although Manchester United secured early advancement to first place in the group and included eight youth players in the starting line-up, it was the first loss in history for an English club to a Kazakh club in a match held at its home stadium, Astana Arena.
Kairat Almaty advanced from the first qualifying round to the final qualifying round and advanced to the 2025-26 UEFA Champions League/League Phase .
10.3.2. winter sports
It is one of the four major winter sports powerhouses in Asia along with Korea, China and Japan. This is because of the influence of the Soviet Union, which was a world-class sports powerhouse. Generally, it stands out in snow events, where North America and Europe are strong, rather than ice events, which Korea is good at.
In the Asian Winter Games , it is stronger, and it is also in the semifinals with Korea, China, and Japan, and the total number of medals is 199, surpassing Korea, which has 164, and is third. For reference, Japan has 323 and China has 249. At the 1996 Harbin Asian Winter Games , it placed second after China, and held the 2011 Astana-Almaty Asian Winter Games , which was the first time China and Japan had been divided.[31]
However, because they are backward compatible compared to North America or Europe, they tend to not perform well on world-class stages such as the Olympics because they are neither on ice nor on snow. The previous performance in the Winter Olympics is 2 gold medals, 3 silver medals, and 4 bronze medals, which is not as good as that of the Asian Winter Games. The first gold medal was won by Vladimir Smirnov in the 50 km cross-country event at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Olympics , which was his first appearance, and there was no gold medal for a long time after that. Smirnov also won two more silver medals at this event, and one bronze medal at the next event, the 1998 Nagano Winter Olympics . At the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics , Denis Ten won a bronze medal in figure skating , a bronze medal in women's speed skating, and a silver medal in women's biathlon. At the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics , she received a bronze medal in women's mogul skiing. Later, in the men's figure skating singles event at the 2026 Milan-Cortina d'Ampezzo Winter Olympics, Mikhail Shaydorov broke his personal best record in the free skating and won gold, becoming Kazakhstan's second Winter Olympics gold medal in 32 years.
Due to the influence of the former Soviet Union , basketball and ice hockey are also heavily invested in and popular. Other surrounding - Stan This is a unique point compared to all other countries when it comes to hockey. They are quite a powerhouse, going back and forth between the IIHF Championship Top Division and Division 1A. In Asia, the tiers are different from Korea and Japan. In the 2021 World Championship, they are causing a surprise by defeating powerhouses such as Finland and Germany one after another, and Baris Astana , based in this country, is participating in the KHL .
At the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics, Dennis Ten won a bronze medal in the men's singles figure skating event . This is Kazakhstan's first Olympic medal in figure skating. The surname Ten, the Russian spelling of the Jeong clan, is also a Goryeo person , and is also the maternal grandson of Min Geung-ho, a righteous army general in the late Joseon Dynasty. A management contract was signed with All That Sports, where Yuna Kim currently belongs. However, on July 19, 2018, Kazakhstan's figure skating hero suffered the loss when he died during a struggle with assailants who tried to run away after stealing his car's rearview mirror. There was also a women's singles player , Elisabeth Turzhinbayeva, but she retired. Since then, Mikhail Shaydorov has become a leading figure in men's figure skating.
In the Asian Winter Games , it is stronger, and it is also in the semifinals with Korea, China, and Japan, and the total number of medals is 199, surpassing Korea, which has 164, and is third. For reference, Japan has 323 and China has 249. At the 1996 Harbin Asian Winter Games , it placed second after China, and held the 2011 Astana-Almaty Asian Winter Games , which was the first time China and Japan had been divided.[31]
However, because they are backward compatible compared to North America or Europe, they tend to not perform well on world-class stages such as the Olympics because they are neither on ice nor on snow. The previous performance in the Winter Olympics is 2 gold medals, 3 silver medals, and 4 bronze medals, which is not as good as that of the Asian Winter Games. The first gold medal was won by Vladimir Smirnov in the 50 km cross-country event at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Olympics , which was his first appearance, and there was no gold medal for a long time after that. Smirnov also won two more silver medals at this event, and one bronze medal at the next event, the 1998 Nagano Winter Olympics . At the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics , Denis Ten won a bronze medal in figure skating , a bronze medal in women's speed skating, and a silver medal in women's biathlon. At the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics , she received a bronze medal in women's mogul skiing. Later, in the men's figure skating singles event at the 2026 Milan-Cortina d'Ampezzo Winter Olympics, Mikhail Shaydorov broke his personal best record in the free skating and won gold, becoming Kazakhstan's second Winter Olympics gold medal in 32 years.
Due to the influence of the former Soviet Union , basketball and ice hockey are also heavily invested in and popular. Other surrounding - Stan This is a unique point compared to all other countries when it comes to hockey. They are quite a powerhouse, going back and forth between the IIHF Championship Top Division and Division 1A. In Asia, the tiers are different from Korea and Japan. In the 2021 World Championship, they are causing a surprise by defeating powerhouses such as Finland and Germany one after another, and Baris Astana , based in this country, is participating in the KHL .
At the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics, Dennis Ten won a bronze medal in the men's singles figure skating event . This is Kazakhstan's first Olympic medal in figure skating. The surname Ten, the Russian spelling of the Jeong clan, is also a Goryeo person , and is also the maternal grandson of Min Geung-ho, a righteous army general in the late Joseon Dynasty. A management contract was signed with All That Sports, where Yuna Kim currently belongs. However, on July 19, 2018, Kazakhstan's figure skating hero suffered the loss when he died during a struggle with assailants who tried to run away after stealing his car's rearview mirror. There was also a women's singles player , Elisabeth Turzhinbayeva, but she retired. Since then, Mikhail Shaydorov has become a leading figure in men's figure skating.
10.3.3. other sports
Only soccer goes to Europe, and all sports are from the Asian continent. So, in the summer Asian Games , it can appear in all sports except soccer, and in the winter Asian Games, it can appear in all sports. They are also a powerhouse in the Asian Games, often entering the semifinals after Korea, China , and Japan. The Summer Asian Games first took place at the 1994 Hiroshima Asian Games, where they received 27 gold, 25 silver, and 27 bronze medals, taking 4th place after China, Korea, and Japan. At the 1998 Bangkok Asian Games , they placed 5th behind Thailand, 4th at the 2002, 2006, and 2014 Asian Games, and 5th in 2010 (however, in the total number of medals, 4th place). It received a total of 155 gold medals until the 2018 Games, ranking 5th in Asia in terms of gold medals, following China (1,473), Japan (1,033), Korea (707), and Iran (184, until 2014) in the gold medal rankings of the previous Summer Asian Games (total number of medals was 557 as of 2018, closely chasing Iran with 569 medals). Since we have been participating since 1994, we have received a tremendous amount since our history is short. At the 2018 Jakarta-Palembang Asian Games, it ranked 9th in the gold medal rankings and 5th in the overall medal rankings after Indonesia.
At the Summer Olympics, a total of 17 gold medals were received, starting with 3 gold medals in 1996 and ending with 7 gold medals in 2012. For reference, Kazakhstan is currently the country that gives the most prize money for Olympic gold medals. Each gold medal is worth 265 million won, which is 10 times more than the United States, 8 times more than Japan, and 6.5 times more than Korea (60 million won). For reference, Singapore , the country in the world that promised the largest prize money for gold medals, set a prize of more than 800 million won for one gold medal, but only received a bronze medal in women's table tennis in 2012.
Although soccer skills are relatively low, futsal is at the world's best level. As of 2024, it ranks 6th in the world futsal rankings after Brazil, Spain, Portugal, Russia, and Argentina, and was ranked 4th in the 2021 Futsal World Cup. Even then, while leading the game, the decisive goal was canceled and the team lost in a penalty shootout. In addition, in Asia, they are showing scary signs, such as defeating Thailand , which is considered to be a futsal powerhouse, by 7-0. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, futsal became a more accessible lifestyle sport than soccer in Kazakhstan.[32] His skills also seem to have become very strong. Uzbekistan is one of the countries that easily passed the 2024 FIFA Futsal World Cup qualifiers and is expected to win.
A meme of Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev playing futsal is circulating on the Internet.
In the case of basketball , another strong sport in the former Soviet Union , they also lost to the Philippines . However, they lost narrowly to the Philippines, but not overwhelmingly, and won their first bronze medal by beating the Philippines 68-66 in the men's basketball 3rd and 4th place match at the 2002 Busan Asian Games .
And in the case of volleyball , women's volleyball sometimes competes with Australia (AVC member country) against the Asian continent's Big 4 China, Japan, Korea, and Thailand, but there is a gap with the Big 4. Still, sometimes at critical times, the Korean women's national team is held back, and the representative examples were during the 2008 Beijing Olympics preliminary and the 2014 World Championships continental qualifiers.[33]
In addition, in Korea, water polo is the strongest in Asia. Aside from China, which was the strongest in Asia, he came to win the Asian Games and the Asian Asian Course in the 2000s. But in swimming, it has not yet shown a strong face. Nevertheless, Dmitry Balandine won the gold medal at the 200m breaststroke at the 2016 Rio Olympics .
In rhythmic gymnastics, Kazakhstan is the best in Asia. If Russia dominates rhythmic gymnastics medals at the Olympics , Kazakhstan dominates rhythmic gymnastics at the Asian Games.[34]
The Astana team, a professional cycling team, participates in the Tour de France every year. They are easily distinguished because they wear bright yellow and light blue uniforms, which are the colors of the national flag. However, it is said that since 2014, there have been strong suspicions of doping. As a representative cyclist from Kazakhstan, he won the overall championship in 2006 at the Vuelta España, one of the world's three major grand tours. After winning the gold medal in the road cycling category at the 2012 London Olympics , he retired and is currently serving as the general manager of the Astana team. There is a hero, Alexander Vinokourov.
It is a traditional e-sports powerhouse. In a variety of sports, especially Central Asia, which is currently separated into the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS region), shows outstanding skills by leading the global influence along with Ukraine and Russia since the time when it was not independent from Asia and Europe. Since it does not discriminate between genres, it has maintained excellent results in various categories such as RTS , AOS , and FPS for a long time. In StarCraft: Brood War, where there were no opponents because only Koreans were there, the only two places where Koreans could hope to win were China and Kazakhstan.
Sports that stand out in international competitions include boxing , wrestling , and weightlifting .
Weightlifting won a whopping four gold medals at the 2012 London Olympics . The weightlifting coach is a Korean named Alexei Ni . It is Lee's fault, but the name Ni is listed as Ni in the Kazakhstan documents. Mr. Ni became a national hero after being caught on air shouting 'Kazakhstan is the best' in Kazakh, English, and Russian during the live broadcast of the Olympic gold medal being confirmed.
However, due to the recent drug scandal in the weightlifting world, most of the medals were taken away. In the local area, medals were stripped due to the pranks of powerful countries, and Brazil It is recognized as not allowed in the Olympics , and medalists are still treated as sports heroes.
At the Summer Olympics, a total of 17 gold medals were received, starting with 3 gold medals in 1996 and ending with 7 gold medals in 2012. For reference, Kazakhstan is currently the country that gives the most prize money for Olympic gold medals. Each gold medal is worth 265 million won, which is 10 times more than the United States, 8 times more than Japan, and 6.5 times more than Korea (60 million won). For reference, Singapore , the country in the world that promised the largest prize money for gold medals, set a prize of more than 800 million won for one gold medal, but only received a bronze medal in women's table tennis in 2012.
Although soccer skills are relatively low, futsal is at the world's best level. As of 2024, it ranks 6th in the world futsal rankings after Brazil, Spain, Portugal, Russia, and Argentina, and was ranked 4th in the 2021 Futsal World Cup. Even then, while leading the game, the decisive goal was canceled and the team lost in a penalty shootout. In addition, in Asia, they are showing scary signs, such as defeating Thailand , which is considered to be a futsal powerhouse, by 7-0. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, futsal became a more accessible lifestyle sport than soccer in Kazakhstan.[32] His skills also seem to have become very strong. Uzbekistan is one of the countries that easily passed the 2024 FIFA Futsal World Cup qualifiers and is expected to win.
A meme of Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev playing futsal is circulating on the Internet.
In the case of basketball , another strong sport in the former Soviet Union , they also lost to the Philippines . However, they lost narrowly to the Philippines, but not overwhelmingly, and won their first bronze medal by beating the Philippines 68-66 in the men's basketball 3rd and 4th place match at the 2002 Busan Asian Games .
And in the case of volleyball , women's volleyball sometimes competes with Australia (AVC member country) against the Asian continent's Big 4 China, Japan, Korea, and Thailand, but there is a gap with the Big 4. Still, sometimes at critical times, the Korean women's national team is held back, and the representative examples were during the 2008 Beijing Olympics preliminary and the 2014 World Championships continental qualifiers.[33]
In addition, in Korea, water polo is the strongest in Asia. Aside from China, which was the strongest in Asia, he came to win the Asian Games and the Asian Asian Course in the 2000s. But in swimming, it has not yet shown a strong face. Nevertheless, Dmitry Balandine won the gold medal at the 200m breaststroke at the 2016 Rio Olympics .
In rhythmic gymnastics, Kazakhstan is the best in Asia. If Russia dominates rhythmic gymnastics medals at the Olympics , Kazakhstan dominates rhythmic gymnastics at the Asian Games.[34]
The Astana team, a professional cycling team, participates in the Tour de France every year. They are easily distinguished because they wear bright yellow and light blue uniforms, which are the colors of the national flag. However, it is said that since 2014, there have been strong suspicions of doping. As a representative cyclist from Kazakhstan, he won the overall championship in 2006 at the Vuelta España, one of the world's three major grand tours. After winning the gold medal in the road cycling category at the 2012 London Olympics , he retired and is currently serving as the general manager of the Astana team. There is a hero, Alexander Vinokourov.
It is a traditional e-sports powerhouse. In a variety of sports, especially Central Asia, which is currently separated into the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS region), shows outstanding skills by leading the global influence along with Ukraine and Russia since the time when it was not independent from Asia and Europe. Since it does not discriminate between genres, it has maintained excellent results in various categories such as RTS , AOS , and FPS for a long time. In StarCraft: Brood War, where there were no opponents because only Koreans were there, the only two places where Koreans could hope to win were China and Kazakhstan.
Sports that stand out in international competitions include boxing , wrestling , and weightlifting .
Weightlifting won a whopping four gold medals at the 2012 London Olympics . The weightlifting coach is a Korean named Alexei Ni . It is Lee's fault, but the name Ni is listed as Ni in the Kazakhstan documents. Mr. Ni became a national hero after being caught on air shouting 'Kazakhstan is the best' in Kazakh, English, and Russian during the live broadcast of the Olympic gold medal being confirmed.
However, due to the recent drug scandal in the weightlifting world, most of the medals were taken away. In the local area, medals were stripped due to the pranks of powerful countries, and Brazil It is recognized as not allowed in the Olympics , and medalists are still treated as sports heroes.
10.3.3.1. martial arts
In boxing, unified WBA and IBO middleweight champion Gennady Golovkin is famous. He is active in the United States, but like Bolg Zangiev in the cartoon The Fighting, he is so strong that middleweight stars avoid competing with him. He is also a Korean player, as his maternal grandfather is Korean. Currently, he is gaining a lot of popularity as the main event of HBO boxing in the United States and is expected to be the next Pacquiao.
It ranks 10th in Olympic history. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_Summer_Olympics Except for Soviet records
Karate Asian Games 5th place https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/karate_at_the_asian_games
He also did well in Jiu-Jitsu at the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta and Palembang . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju-jitsu_at_the_2018_Asian_Games
He is also good at Sambo (martial arts) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambo_at_the_2018_Asian_Games
Shabukkat Rachonov, the third -largest UFC welterweight ranking, is also famous for being from Kazakhstan.
Without a doubt, arm wrestling is the best in the world. The arm wrestling referred to here is not the commonly known desk arm wrestling, but arm wrestling that is conducted on a table that meets world standards and includes various techniques. Kazakhstan's national arm wrestling players are very strong even though their muscles do not appear large through consistent and intense training from a young age. Representative players include Kidirgaly Ongalbaev and Maghzan Shamiev.
In Judo , Yelos Steop won the first Olympic gold medal in Kazakhstan's Judo in the 2024 Paris Olympics , defeating the home team's 60kg of the home team in half of the home France 's Luca Mokkeje .[35]
It ranks 10th in Olympic history. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_Summer_Olympics Except for Soviet records
Karate Asian Games 5th place https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/karate_at_the_asian_games
He also did well in Jiu-Jitsu at the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta and Palembang . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju-jitsu_at_the_2018_Asian_Games
He is also good at Sambo (martial arts) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambo_at_the_2018_Asian_Games
Shabukkat Rachonov, the third -largest UFC welterweight ranking, is also famous for being from Kazakhstan.
Without a doubt, arm wrestling is the best in the world. The arm wrestling referred to here is not the commonly known desk arm wrestling, but arm wrestling that is conducted on a table that meets world standards and includes various techniques. Kazakhstan's national arm wrestling players are very strong even though their muscles do not appear large through consistent and intense training from a young age. Representative players include Kidirgaly Ongalbaev and Maghzan Shamiev.
In Judo , Yelos Steop won the first Olympic gold medal in Kazakhstan's Judo in the 2024 Paris Olympics , defeating the home team's 60kg of the home team in half of the home France 's Luca Mokkeje .[35]
11. society
11.1. Medical treatment
A mandatory social health insurance system was introduced on January 1, 2017, and currently provides free medical services to all citizens. Kazakhstan's government spending on the health industry approximately doubled from 2017 to 2021, and the "2021-2025 Healthy Nation (2021-2025 Health Vision)" program was adopted and is currently in progress to provide quality health services to all citizens. Thanks to the government's efforts, the country ranked 58th out of 95 countries in the health safety index, showing the highest level of medical care among other CIS countries such as Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. Link However, since the average salary of a doctor is about $250 (in U.S. dollars), you should not expect Korean-level service, and minor illnesses such as colds are acceptable. As long as you are registered as a resident, as soon as you call 103, the equivalent of 119 in Korea, an ambulance will come to your house in as little as 10 minutes. One doctor and two nurses provide home visit service until complete recovery. And the cost is free not only for citizens but also for foreigners.
However, the problem lies in the language barrier and poor medical technology and expertise that cannot keep up with the system. It is common for people to lose their eyes permanently due to appendectomy, so it is strongly recommended that open surgery should not be performed locally, but should be performed upon returning to Korea . This is pointed out to be the cause of the rise in the number of medical workers in the 1990s and early 2000s, leading to a rapid increase in unemployment in that field, resulting in lack of proper education + lower salaries + lower motivation. There are many cases where after laparotomy surgery, the stomach continued to hurt, so when the patient was examined again at the hospital, not one but three or four organs were missing. In addition, there is an anecdote about a patient who had an appendectomy and the doctor accidentally placed scissors in his stomach and sutured it. There are also cases where I went to have my left wisdom tooth removed, but the healthy right molar was removed, or my finger bone was broken and stuck, but my finger did not straighten properly, so I visited a leading hospital in Kazakhstan but could not find the cause, and ended up finding a bone fragment at a local orthopedic clinic in Korea. If you are injured in this country , it is inevitable that only first aid will be provided and the rest will be evacuated to Russia or Turkiye . This is also true in neighboring Uzbekistan .
As a result, local people usually go to Russia or Turkic Republic to get surgery , but surgery is not often done in Korea. Rather than risking one's life and undergoing surgery locally, the level of medical care is higher and the surgery is performed more quickly if one takes a flight to Moscow and goes to Turkiye to have the surgery done in Russia or takes a flight to Istanbul . These days, a significant number of Kazakh people come to Korea to receive surgery or medical procedures. When you think of Korea, the first thing that comes to mind is a medically advanced country.
In fact, there is a case like the opening ceremony where a Korean man underwent surgery for appendicitis , but due to local poor medical technology, his condition worsened and his life was in danger. What is even more serious is that even though he wanted to return to Korea and undergo surgery, he was unable to return because his visa was not issued due to a lack of visa stickers . Link The Kazakh medical staff's insightful remarks about what can be done in a week in Korea have to wait for 2 to 3 months are impressive.
However, the problem lies in the language barrier and poor medical technology and expertise that cannot keep up with the system. It is common for people to lose their eyes permanently due to appendectomy, so it is strongly recommended that open surgery should not be performed locally, but should be performed upon returning to Korea . This is pointed out to be the cause of the rise in the number of medical workers in the 1990s and early 2000s, leading to a rapid increase in unemployment in that field, resulting in lack of proper education + lower salaries + lower motivation. There are many cases where after laparotomy surgery, the stomach continued to hurt, so when the patient was examined again at the hospital, not one but three or four organs were missing. In addition, there is an anecdote about a patient who had an appendectomy and the doctor accidentally placed scissors in his stomach and sutured it. There are also cases where I went to have my left wisdom tooth removed, but the healthy right molar was removed, or my finger bone was broken and stuck, but my finger did not straighten properly, so I visited a leading hospital in Kazakhstan but could not find the cause, and ended up finding a bone fragment at a local orthopedic clinic in Korea. If you are injured in this country , it is inevitable that only first aid will be provided and the rest will be evacuated to Russia or Turkiye . This is also true in neighboring Uzbekistan .
As a result, local people usually go to Russia or Turkic Republic to get surgery , but surgery is not often done in Korea. Rather than risking one's life and undergoing surgery locally, the level of medical care is higher and the surgery is performed more quickly if one takes a flight to Moscow and goes to Turkiye to have the surgery done in Russia or takes a flight to Istanbul . These days, a significant number of Kazakh people come to Korea to receive surgery or medical procedures. When you think of Korea, the first thing that comes to mind is a medically advanced country.
In fact, there is a case like the opening ceremony where a Korean man underwent surgery for appendicitis , but due to local poor medical technology, his condition worsened and his life was in danger. What is even more serious is that even though he wanted to return to Korea and undergo surgery, he was unable to return because his visa was not issued due to a lack of visa stickers . Link The Kazakh medical staff's insightful remarks about what can be done in a week in Korea have to wait for 2 to 3 months are impressive.
11.2. communication
As of 2020, approximately 85% of Kazakhstan's population uses the internet . Although internet coverage exceeds 90% in cities such as Astana and Almaty , internet access is still difficult in more than 600 rural areas. The mobile Internet access environment is also improving day by day. As of 2021, there are 24.15 million mobile phone subscribers, and the wireless communication access rate is increasing every year. However, because the country is so large, 41% of the total population living in rural villages still do not receive stable services. Therefore, the Kazakh government is currently seeking various measures to expand the Internet penetration rate. Among them, the '250+' project is being promoted to connect villages with more than 250 people to the Internet starting in 2020. link
Smartphones use 4G, so smartphone Internet speeds are not bad, and the cost is slightly cheaper than in Korea. Internet censorship is known to be quite severe.[36] kzclip.com, a YouTube mirroring site (it is unclear whether it is illegal or not), appears as a Kazakhstan website when you search the domain, Reddit According to a question-and-answer subreddit post, there is an answer that presumes that it was set up for the purpose of bypassing YouTube blocking (applied in schools and other places) in Kazakhstan.
Smartphones use 4G, so smartphone Internet speeds are not bad, and the cost is slightly cheaper than in Korea. Internet censorship is known to be quite severe.[36] kzclip.com, a YouTube mirroring site (it is unclear whether it is illegal or not), appears as a Kazakhstan website when you search the domain, Reddit According to a question-and-answer subreddit post, there is an answer that presumes that it was set up for the purpose of bypassing YouTube blocking (applied in schools and other places) in Kazakhstan.
11.3. Safety
There is organized crime by the Kazakh mafia . In the 1990s and 2000s, he ran wild, such as engaging in large-scale drug dealing, but recently he has turned into a businessman and works quietly.
Security is comparable to Korea, and due to the nature of the nomadic people, they are friendly and wary of foreigners, but the police must be very careful when extorting foreigners. Especially when renting a car, if the license plate is yellow, this is perfect prey because they know that the car was rented by a foreigner. The bribery of Kazakhstan traffic police is so famous that there is even a humorous video like this . However, since the crackdown on bribery is being strengthened now and the level of punishment is high, paying bribes carelessly can lead to serious trouble, so be careful.
Kazakhstani people have quite strong anti-Chinese sentiment, but the image of Koreans is very good. In fact, Kazakhs are generally closer to Asians in appearance, so even if you see a Korean for the first time, you usually cannot tell which country they are from. This is similar to other countries in Central Asia and eastern Russia.
Security is comparable to Korea, and due to the nature of the nomadic people, they are friendly and wary of foreigners, but the police must be very careful when extorting foreigners. Especially when renting a car, if the license plate is yellow, this is perfect prey because they know that the car was rented by a foreigner. The bribery of Kazakhstan traffic police is so famous that there is even a humorous video like this . However, since the crackdown on bribery is being strengthened now and the level of punishment is high, paying bribes carelessly can lead to serious trouble, so be careful.
Kazakhstani people have quite strong anti-Chinese sentiment, but the image of Koreans is very good. In fact, Kazakhs are generally closer to Asians in appearance, so even if you see a Korean for the first time, you usually cannot tell which country they are from. This is similar to other countries in Central Asia and eastern Russia.
11.4. etc
- Because it is a Turkic language family , speaking a little Kazakh , which is similar to Turkic language, is very helpful in life. It can even have the effect of treating people more friendly and increasing the contract completion rate. Kazakh is a type of Turkic language that is widespread in Central Asia, such as Turkic and Uzbek . It has similar grammar and especially sentence structure to Korean , so it can be learned quickly by just learning the words. However, there are some grammars that are very unfamiliar and difficult for Koreans, such as verbs being used according to number and person. The Cyrillic alphabet will also be unfamiliar to Koreans. Of course, since it is similar to Turkic language , if you have ever learned Turkic language, Kazakh language is easy to learn as it is virtually the same language. Turkic people cannot understand spoken Kazakh , but if it is written in Roman letters, they will understand it and replace it with Turkic .[37]
- On October 23, 2018, local media such as Kazanform in Kazakhstan reported that digital broadcasting is being realized for the first time in Kazakhstan as well. #
- For all foreign visitors, the requirement for residence registration for stays of less than 30 days has been abolished. #
- There is ЕНТ as a college entrance exam .
- The total fertility rate is about three, which is quite high compared to the income level. Although the family cares are more important than the Western family caring, but instead, the customs of their grandparents are strong and the parents' burden is alleviated. There is a family culture similar to that of Korea in courtesy and respect for seniors, but there is a perception that if there are many children, the house will be thickened and the safety net will be thickened. The more bloody, the more easy to receive support in the social life, there are many children, and the children are also beneficial. Even in women, even if the virtues such as inner and parents -in -law are traditionally emphasized, women who work hard are highly regarded, and the physical burden of raising children is alleviated. This is because the natural environment was rough, and women were difficult to live if they tried to be protected. Instead, the more people from the nations, not the nomadic people in the metropolitan area, are less important and the fertility rate is lower.
12. diplomacy
more detailsKazakhstan/diplomacy documentcastPlease note.13. traffic
- Airline
To go to Kazakhstan, there are six direct flights from Asiana Airlines and Air Astana at Incheon International Airport . Both companies signed a code share agreement. Air Astana will be served six times a week for Astana -Incheon direct flights from June 2, 2015 , and Asiana Airlines will be served four times a week from August 8, 2015 .
Air Astana has cheap fares (approximately $200 cheaper), but there are no Korean flight attendants, and the in-flight announcements only speak Kazakh, Russian, and English , so for those who are not confident in foreign languages, we recommend using Asiana Airlines even though it is a bit more expensive. Additionally, Air Astana is not a member of any airline alliance , so cross-accumulation of mileage is not possible. However, whether an agreement was reached with Asiana Airlines, the Asiana Club is limited to the Incheon - Astana/Almaty route. Mileage accumulation is possible. Boarding records are not possible unless it is a codeshare flight, and of course, only those through Asiana Airlines ticketing are recognized.
Anyone who wants to get even a little bit of cheaper airfare on Central Asia flights, which are expensive compared to the flight distance, is better off using Air Astana . Variations include Uzbekistan Airlines between Incheon and Tashkent . When taking domestic flights within Kazakhstan, it is recommended to use Air Astana . Many other airlines use Soviet- era military aircraft converted into passenger aircraft, but it is difficult to guarantee safety.
Airfare is quite expensive because Air Astana and Asiana Airlines are virtually monopolizing the routes between Kazakhstan and Korea . The fare from Incheon to Almaty can go to Europe or the United States , and rather than Almaty, tickets to Moscow and Keyev are cheaper than Almaty. There have been problems in local citizens' newspapers, but it has not yet been solved.
Starting in 2025, Eastar Jet, a domestic LCC airline , will operate regular seasonal flights between Incheon and Gimhae International Airport and Almaty . Please note that it does not operate during winter.
Since the end of 2015, the Kazakh government has supported the establishment and operation of an airline called "Air Kazakhstan", but has not yet considered operating overseas flights. However, since countries such as Europe and the United States are importing significantly larger aircraft just for domestic flights, it is expected that the route monopoly phenomenon will be resolved by operating overseas flights in the future.
For more information, please refer to Almaty and Astana .
Air Astana has cheap fares (approximately $200 cheaper), but there are no Korean flight attendants, and the in-flight announcements only speak Kazakh, Russian, and English , so for those who are not confident in foreign languages, we recommend using Asiana Airlines even though it is a bit more expensive. Additionally, Air Astana is not a member of any airline alliance , so cross-accumulation of mileage is not possible. However, whether an agreement was reached with Asiana Airlines, the Asiana Club is limited to the Incheon - Astana/Almaty route. Mileage accumulation is possible. Boarding records are not possible unless it is a codeshare flight, and of course, only those through Asiana Airlines ticketing are recognized.
Anyone who wants to get even a little bit of cheaper airfare on Central Asia flights, which are expensive compared to the flight distance, is better off using Air Astana . Variations include Uzbekistan Airlines between Incheon and Tashkent . When taking domestic flights within Kazakhstan, it is recommended to use Air Astana . Many other airlines use Soviet- era military aircraft converted into passenger aircraft, but it is difficult to guarantee safety.
Airfare is quite expensive because Air Astana and Asiana Airlines are virtually monopolizing the routes between Kazakhstan and Korea . The fare from Incheon to Almaty can go to Europe or the United States , and rather than Almaty, tickets to Moscow and Keyev are cheaper than Almaty. There have been problems in local citizens' newspapers, but it has not yet been solved.
Starting in 2025, Eastar Jet, a domestic LCC airline , will operate regular seasonal flights between Incheon and Gimhae International Airport and Almaty . Please note that it does not operate during winter.
Since the end of 2015, the Kazakh government has supported the establishment and operation of an airline called "Air Kazakhstan", but has not yet considered operating overseas flights. However, since countries such as Europe and the United States are importing significantly larger aircraft just for domestic flights, it is expected that the route monopoly phenomenon will be resolved by operating overseas flights in the future.
For more information, please refer to Almaty and Astana .
- general railway
For more information, refer to the Kazakhstan Railway document.
- urban railway
The Almaty Metro is the only one, but the Astana Metro is scheduled to open at the end of 2023.
- fairway
With the completion of the Volga-Don Canal in 1952, the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea were connected by sea, and the Caspian Sea became part of the Soviet economic artery along with the Black Sea , Mediterranean Sea , Baltic Sea , and White Sea .
However, in order to advance into the maritime market in earnest, in 2007, Kazakhstan led the project without transiting through Russia: 700km between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea. Tentative name: There was a movement to build the Eurasian Canal, but Russia , which was in danger of losing the function of the Volga-Don Canal , opposed it and protested, saying, “ I hope that Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , Turkmenistan, etc. will jointly share the $5 billion construction cost,” and Russian First Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov proposed the expansion of the Volga-Don Canal at the time. Even now, there are arguments for and against it from all walks of life .
However, in order to advance into the maritime market in earnest, in 2007, Kazakhstan led the project without transiting through Russia: 700km between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea. Tentative name: There was a movement to build the Eurasian Canal, but Russia , which was in danger of losing the function of the Volga-Don Canal , opposed it and protested, saying, “ I hope that Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , Turkmenistan, etc. will jointly share the $5 billion construction cost,” and Russian First Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov proposed the expansion of the Volga-Don Canal at the time. Even now, there are arguments for and against it from all walks of life .
14. travel
more detailsKazakhstan/Tourism documentcastPlease note.Due to the nature of the nomadic nations, historical ruins and tourist destinations are not enough compared to other Soviet countries, but they are economically abundant, so the infrastructure is decent compared to the surrounding countries. Compared to domestic recognition, there are many places to visit and the scenery is very beautiful, so the expensive aviation rates are very beautiful. Single Block, Calm Gorge, and Lake Big Almaty are famous tourist destinations.
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If you like history, you should go to the southern region if possible. There are several Silk Road ruins along the Syr Darya River. The photo above shows the old city walls and mausoleum of Turkistan . The Otrar ruins, which became the starting point of Genghis Khan 's conquest of Central Asia, are also nearby.
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If you like history, you should go to the southern region if possible. There are several Silk Road ruins along the Syr Darya River. The photo above shows the old city walls and mausoleum of Turkistan . The Otrar ruins, which became the starting point of Genghis Khan 's conquest of Central Asia, are also nearby.
15. creations
- In Air Force One , Radek is the ruler of Kazakhstan.
- Kazakhstan is the main setting in Command & Conquer Generals .
- The main character (actor Sasha Baron Cohen ) of the American/British black comedy film ' Borat: Kazakhstan's Absorption of American Culture ' is a reporter for Kazakhstan's national broadcasting station. A Kazakh man is engaging in indecent acts in places such as New York and Washington, D.C. , and although at first glance he appears to be criticizing Kazakhstan ( prejudice against people from underdeveloped countries ), if you look more closely, you can see that he is criticizing American society through the attitude of local Americans towards him. Perhaps reflecting the laws of neighboring countries, Borat curses whenever he sees things related to Uzbekistan . The problem is that audiences sometimes mistake the image of Kazakhstan depicted in this film for the truth. Whatever the intention of the film, it caused tremendous hostility from the Kazakh people and government, and eventually President Nazarbayev directly brought up this issue during his meeting with Bush. For reference, the reason Kazakhstan was chosen for this film is because not many people know where it is located.[38] However, it is said that the number of tourists visiting Kazakhstan increased with this film. Conversely, at the international shooting competition held in Kuwait, at the gold medal-winning Kazakh flag-raising ceremony, there was an uproar over the absurd Kazakh national anthem from this movie (the "self-proclaimed" national anthem of Kazakhstan sung in English by Borat in the film). For reference in the article , the lyrics of the ridiculous Kazakh national anthem played at the competition were in English, not Kazakh, and since the film was a black comedy, the lyrics were at the level of the opening song from, say , South Park , which became a more serious problem.
that video. Let's see the subtitles.
- In 007 Unlimited , James Bond meets Bondgirl Christmas Jones at a nuclear base in Kazakhstan.
- In the Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion series, Lelouch dispatches Shogo Asahina and Honggu to defend this place .
- According to Metal Slug Defense, the setting of Metal Slug Mission 4 is Kazakhstan.
- It comes from The Great Steppe, a map mod for Euro Truck Simulator 2, and is limited to West Kazakhstan, Atyrau, Kostanai , and Mangisto.
- District 17 of Half-Life 2 and Half-Life Alyx appears to be located in northwestern Kazakhstan, West Kazakhstan, and near the Ural Mountains .
- Among Korean film directors, Pak Ruslan's works 'Hanaan' and ' Three: It's Not Over Yet ' are set in Kazakhstan, and these works originate from the fact that Pak Ruslan is of Kazakh Koryo origin.
15.1. Kazakh nationality/origin character
16. digression
- On June 5, 2015, from 12:00 to 18:00, the World of Tanks Central Asia Championship was held at the Almaty Central Stadium .
- About 70,000 years ago, at the end of the Flystoe, the eruptions of the Toba volcano in Indonesia were caused by the era of extinction . Investigating the diversity of the Toba Volcano Human Genes, there is a vertical phenomenon of only 1,500 to 10,000, and the ancestors of the surviving mankind are located near the Caspian Sea.
- There is a theory that the diplomat who became the subject of the real-life trouble in the Korean film "The Way Home" starring Jeon Do-yeon was demoted to Kazakhstan.
- According to the Chinese embassy, an unknown pneumonia occurred in Kazakhstan in 2020, killing 1,772 people in the first half alone and 628 people in the month of June alone. # The fatality rate is much higher than that of COVID-19 , and health authorities are conducting comparative studies on this virus, but they say that they have not been able to identify it. It is 330 km away and is very far away, and since this figure is official statistics, it is said that there may be many more outbreaks than this. Kazakhstan's Ministry of Health refuted that these pneumonia patients were only clinically diagnosed without laboratory confirmation and could in fact be uncounted COVID-19 patients. In fact, with the easing of quarantine in June 2020, it was found that the number of patients with mysterious pneumonia surged around the main points where Corona-19 occurred, and then stabilized in July, which is due to the corona- It may be an undiagnosed case of COVID-19 due to 19. # In particular, criticism continued that these pneumonia patients could be missed because they were not tested for COVID-19. In the end, the Kazakh government decided to count these pneumonia patients together with Corona-19 patients from August 2020. #
- International symbol for Kazakhstan is kz, but the Romanization of Kazakhstan is Qazaqstan, starting with Q.
- As Russia abrogated the Freedom of Airline Agreement, many European-Korea/Japanese flights are diverting from Russia to Kazakhstan.
- In Kazakhstan, Kazakhu Wikipedia is used a lot.
- Point Nemo 's opposition is in the Aktuk Beju, Kazakhstan.
17. look around
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[1] #[2] #[3] Unification into a single time zone from March 1, 2024.[4] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , +7, the country code of the former Soviet Union , was used along with Russia , but was assigned +997 in 2021. The complete change was scheduled to take place in 2025, but it was decided to maintain +7 at the end of 2023. source[5] In some cases, you can read a vowel and read it like қазағыстан . The qazaƣstan was also used in the first period .[6] The Russian name for the Soviet Kazakh SSR from 1925 to 1936 was 'Каза к ская Автономная Социалистическая Советская Республика(Каза к ская АССР)'. In other words, the name Kazak, not Kazakh, was used as the country name and ethnic name.[7] Related Resources 1 , Related Resources 2 .[8] Along with the design of the red star, the Kazakh notation was changed from ҚКСР to ҚССР.[9] The country's name, Kazakhstan, was changed from the existing Cyrillic alphabet to the Roman alphabet.[10] For international political reasons, Israel is unusual in being part of both UEFA and the European Olympic Committee, regardless of territorial classification.[11] The easternmost point of Turkiye is located further west than the westernmost point of Kazakhstan. Since the border between Asia and Europe is not drawn strictly vertically from north to south, the European part of Kazakhstan may be further east than the Asian part of Turkiye. However, there are many cases where the entire territory of Kazakhstan is classified as Asia rather than Europe. There is still no globally unified standard for the border between Asia and Europe.[12] In Kazakhstan, parties receiving less than 7% of the vote cannot win seats. In the 2007 general election, the ruling party won all the seats in the parliament, but was criticized by the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSEC) for not meeting international standards. The Communist Party and the Aqjol Party each get exactly 7% of the vote.[13] From September 17, 2022, the name was changed back to Astana.[14] For example, Kazakhstan also has a variety of variations, including saying that it is suspicious to bring a mobile phone from Korea to sell mobile phones, and to be investigated by the police station.[15] Kyrgyzstan ranked 124th, Uzbekistan 146th, Tajikistan 149th, and Turkmenistan and Afghanistan tied for 165th.[16] It is similar to Korea from 1988 to 1993 .[17] Because of the same etymology, Kazakh people are called Kyrgyz to easily distinguish the two peoples during the Russian Empire. This designation remained until the 1920s. It is for this reason that ethnic Kazakhs are sometimes called Kyrgyz Kazakhs. The real Kyrgyz people were called Kara Kyrgyz at this time to distinguish them from the Kyrgyz Kazakhs. Of course, the party did not use this term. Also, Kyrgyz and Kazakhs are originally from the same tribe, so the language is also close. Kazakhs and Kyrgyz are virtually the same people due to the nature of nomads who become strangers when tribes are different.[18] Source: Chapter 16 of Kim Ho-jun’s Eurasia Goryeoin-The Painful History of the Diaspora, 150 Years[19] The traditional costumes of Uzbekistan, Tatar, Russians, German, Polish, and Caucasians in Kazakhstan.[20] The population of Koreans in Kazakhstan is approximately 120,000, which is smaller than that of Germans (about 220,000).[21] Turkic peoples and Azerbaijanis were originally Turkic people with an oriental appearance like Kazakhstan, but they are now white, which is actually what they are today as the Turkic people mixed with local white people in the process of advancing into Europe, Persia, and Arab countries. (Refer to the Azerbaijani or Turkic people articles for more details ) Geographically, it is far from Central Asia, where Kazakhstan belongs.[22] He is the director of the movie Wanted .[23] Yeslamova became the first Kazakhstan to win the main prize at three major film festivals and became a huge star while receiving medals in her country.[24] The members are AZ (leader, lead rapper, lyricist), Alem (main vocalist, composer), ACE (lead dancer, vocalist, composer), ZaQ (main rapper, main dancer, choreographer, lyricist), Bala (youngest, lead) vocals, composition), a total of five people. The fandom name is EagleZ.[25] The members are Aron (leader, lead rapper, main dancer), Khay (lead vocalist, lead dancer), Rem (main vocalist), Moora (vocalist), Erasyl (youngest member. Originally a backup dancer in the team, original member Tim Recruited after resignation). The fandom is Mad Wave.[26] It 's like the principle that British , French , German , and Belgian people go on a trip to the Netherlands casually. Most of the Dutch speak English, and there are more people than you think who can speak French or German . In addition, there are few mountains in the Netherlands, so the concept of countryside is weak, and the entire country is a real urbanization area.[27] The neighboring countries of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan already use the Latin script officially.[28] Nomads have a tendency to treat strangers generously when they meet them and greet them, to the point where they immediately call them friends ( custom of hospitality ). This is because nature is the enemy of humans in the sparsely populated steppe region, so the few humans have to help each other. Sometimes, when it was necessary to sleep together, it was common courtesy to drink until both parties were completely drunk and passed out together. When one of them was asleep, if one of them ran away with the horses, cows, and sheep that were his property, the other would be penniless, so it was a promise to each other to drink to the point of perfection and sleep drunk. No matter how much Islam came to prohibit drinking, alcohol was the only thing that could relieve the awkward tension between the two who met in the meadow.[29] In fact, there is a high possibility that this is not due to Islam. The origin of dowry in pre-modern society was to exchange money in exchange for the labor of a person coming into marriage. Therefore, it was common for agricultural peoples to pay a dowry from the bride's side, and for nomads to pay a dowry from the groom's side. Mongolia also largely believes in Tibetan Buddhism, but the groom's side often pays a dowry. Similarly, in Korea before modernization, in Jeju Island , where women's labor was considered important, it was common for the groom to pay money to the bride's house to marry her. The Turkic people's dowry is called Qalin, and it is highly likely that this dowry also originated because the Turkic people are nomads.[30] This is because the area west of Kazakhstan based on the Ural Mountains is European territory, but this area is a wasteland, so not many people live there, and Kazakhs have a strong Asian identity, so there is little justification.[31] In fact, since 1986 , except for the 1999 Gangwon Asian Winter Games, which China won, Japan, China, and Kazakhstan have all won the championship.[32] Regions with harsh climates, such as Russia and Kazakhstan, tend to develop indoor sports more than outdoor sports.[33] However, it is accurate to say that Kazakhstan benefited from Korea's careless performance in both competitions.[34] Taking soccer as an example, many of the Moroccan and Algerian players are mostly from France . Therefore, the French Football Association tried to select them to play for their national team, but in many cases, they turned down these offers and chose to play for their home country's national team. Representative players are Mehdi Benatia , Morocco 's main defender and Juve 's regular defender , and Algerian striker Yassin Brahimi , who scored the fourth goal for Korea . Similarly, among the Kazakhstan Liche players, there are quite a few Russian players, but there are often cases where they choose to play for the Kazakh national team rather than the Russian national team. So, even though they are not from Russia, they have no choice but to crush the Asian Games rhythmic gymnastics stage with their unique flexibility.[35] However, due to the sluggishness of other sports, the gold medal is the only gold medal in Kazakhstan.[36] Thanks to the democratization led by President Tokayev in 2022, the level of internet censorship and media suppression is expected to be significantly lowered.[37] For example, Göl (lake, Turkic language) = Köl (lake, Kazakh). For more information, see Kazakh article.[38] In fact, Kazakhstan's national area is so large that people in the know can easily figure it out.[39] However, I don't know because I lost my memory.[40] Since these two are similar in overall color and shape, many people get confused.
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