Liechtenstein

The Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein), commonly known as Liechtenstein , is a country in central Europe between Austria and Switzerland , and is the sixth-smallest country in the world. The area is 160㎢ in Gyeonggi-do. It is a very small country, with an area similar to Ansan City and a population of only 40,000. It is less than 1/10th of the area of ​​Luxembourg , one of the smallest places in Europe . Moreover, 34% of the population is said to be foreigners. The capital is Vaduz with a population of about 5,000 . It is a landlocked country that does not reach the sea, and among them , along with Uzbekistan , it is one of only two countries in the world. It belongs to a dual landlocked country . However, unlike Uzbekistan, it belongs to the Schengen area, so there are no inconveniences in transportation.

Member States of EFTA[3] It is one of the Although it receives almost the same treatment as EU member countries, Switzerland, which is entrusted with Liechtenstein's diplomacy, has not joined the EU due to its political position as a permanently neutral country , and Liechtenstein, which Switzerland regards as a protectorate , is also following Switzerland's policy for the reason that it is a permanently neutral country . The geographical indication system is also buried in Switzerland.

The official name of the country is the Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein).[4] Therefore, the head of state is the Prince (Fürst), not the King (König). The country's name, Liechtenstein, is also the name of the official family. Just as many noble families in Western and Central Europe used their fiefdoms as their surnames, the Liechtenstein family also used the name of their fiefdom, Liechtenstein, as their surnames. Strangely, the name Liechtenstein did not originate from the present-day Principality of Liechtenstein, but from a castle in Austria . The current name of Liechtenstein and the name of the Principality of Liechtenstein do not mean that it is a principality in the Liechtenstein region, but that it is a principality ruled by the Liechtenstein family.[5]

Liechtenstein Castle (Schloss Liechtenstein), from which the family name is derived, means 'shining stone' in German, and is located in Lower Austria, near Vienna, the capital of Austria . # This castle is known to have been built in the 12th century, and it appears to have been built by the Liechtenstein family, as it has been confirmed that it was owned by the Liechtenstein family from at least 1140. The Liechtenstein family lost ownership of this castle in the 13th century, and the castle fell into ruins during the First Siege of Vienna . The Duke of Liechtenstein did not regain the castle until 1808, and restored it to its current appearance in 1884. It has been owned by the Liechtenstein family ever since.[6]

As will be explained later, due to the characteristics of the German language, the actual pronunciation is closer to '[ˈlɪçtn̩ˌʃtaɪ̯n] (Lichtenstein·Lichtenstein)'. As a special note, ie is used in the spelling, but since it follows the old medieval High German spelling liecht, it is pronounced with a short vowel rather than a long vowel. The Alemantic spelling is Liachtaschta (/ˈliaχtaʃta/).

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Liechtenstein's national anthem is titled " Up the Rhine " , but it is actually just the British national anthem , God Save the King , with different lyrics, so it is easy to mistake it for a song if you don't listen closely. In fact, Germany 's national anthem during the German Empire also had a similar melody to God Save the King, with different lyrics , called Heil dir im Siegerkranz , and since the British national anthem was the original song praising the king, many other countries also had songs praising the king with just different lyrics from the British national anthem.

For example, in the Euro 2004 qualifier match between England and Liechtenstein, there is an unbelievable story that the national anthem was played twice with the same melody and the English players sang the national anthem twice without knowing why. Conversely, in the Euro 2012 qualifiers, Liechtenstein sang the national anthem before an away game against Scotland, and when Liechtenstein's national anthem was played, the Scottish fans booed at once . Eventually, after the match, the Scottish Football Association apologized. related articles scene of the situation

This region was originally a territory under the direct control of the Holy Roman Emperor, but Hans Adam I of the Liechtenstein family purchased and merged the Barony of Schellenberg (Herrschaft Schellenberg, 1699) # and the County of Vaduz (Grafschaft Vaduz, 1712), which was a territory under the direct control of the emperor . Afterwards, in 1719, it gained the status of a duchy (Fürstentum) through the grant of Charles VI, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and head of the Habsburg Empire .[7]

This is because the Liechtenstein family needed the qualifications to participate in the Imperial Diet . The Liechtenstein family owned vast amounts of land in various regions such as Austria, Slovenia, and the Czech Republic, but these lands were owned as vassals of the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Bohemia , which were owned by the Habsburg family . Therefore, in order to participate in the Imperial Diet, which 'must have no lords except the emperor', it was necessary to separately hold territory directly under the emperor.[8]

The Liechtenstein family, which was rich in the land, was not very important except for the political purpose of participating in the Imperial Assembly, so no one visited the Principal until 1818. The first year of the reign of Liechtenstein Ball was in 1842.

Later, during the French Revolution and the following Revolutionary War, he participated as a Bongsin country of the Habsburg Empire . At that time, Liechtenstein was one of the major commander of the Austrian military , and he led 2,000 cavalry and defeated a corps of 7,000 infantry.

During the Napoleonic Wars, when the Holy Roman Empire was disbanded, it was almost annexed by the Kingdom of Bavaria , but Liechtenstein overcame the crisis by actively accepting Napoleon's reforms and winning Napoleon's favor, guaranteeing independence, and in 1806 . Joined the Rhine Alliance in 1815 After wandering around, including joining the German Confederation , it withdrew from the German Confederation in 1866 and officially became an independent country. The monarch of this time, Johann II (nicknamed "Johann II der Gute"), reigned for 70 years (1858-1929), making him the third longest-reigning monarch among European sovereigns .[9]

Even after the Liechtenstein family became an independent state, the Habsburg Empire was used to use the Austrian-Hungary Empire , and the prime ministers, including the prime ministers , were appointed Austrians , and the Liechtenstein Duke also lived in Vienna . With the collapse of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire in World War II , it became a real independent country. After breaking the tariff alliance with Austria in 1852, in 1919, a new tariff alliance with Switzerland was converted to Swiss Franc . When Nazi Germany merged with Austria in 1938 , the relevance of Austria was virtually disappeared as the public moved to Liechtenstein because the public expenses (Franz I) were Jews .

Although it was a neutral country during World War II , it was then ruled by the Duke of Liechtenstein. Elisabeth von Guttmann, wife of Emperor Franz I, was Jewish and was very wary of the Nazis. Therefore, ties with Switzerland, a protectorate, were strengthened and the military was greatly increased, increasing the number of soldiers to about 500, the largest number in Liechtenstein's history. Meanwhile, due to the nature of the country as a German-speaking country, there was a trend of anti-Germanism, as happened in neighboring Austria during the interwar period, and there was a time when the 'National Union Party', which called for incorporation into Nazi Germany, gained a lot of support, but did not last long under the anti-Nazi policy and was disbanded. However, because it was connected to Switzerland, a neutral country, and because it was so small, whether or not it suppressed the Nazis had no particular impact, fortunately it was never invaded by Germany. Then, after the end of the war in 1945, the First Russian National Army led by General Boris Smyslovsky[10] About 500 people apply for asylum, and they are all granted asylum, ignoring the Soviet Union's demands.[11] The soldiers of the First Russian National Army who were granted asylum were presented with three options: naturalize in Liechtenstein, leave for a neutral country such as South America, or return to the Soviet Union. A few, including the commander, General Smyslovsky, remained in Liechtenstein.[12] It is said that about 200 people chose to go to the Soviet Union, while the rest chose to go to neutral countries. The 200 people who wanted to go to the Soviet Union were summarily executed in Hungary without even setting foot on Soviet soil. There is a 1993 French film, East Wind, that tells this story.

Meanwhile, the Liechtenstein family owned 1,600㎢ of land in Czechoslovakia in the modern era , and it was called the Principality of Tropau . However, in the process of the dissolution of the Austrian Empire, the Duchy of Tropau was treated as simple real estate and passed over to Czechoslovakia. During the Nazi annexation of Czechoslovakia, the Principality of Tropau opposed being part of the Sudetenland, but this time, many of its lands and properties were confiscated by the Nazis. And after World War II, when the Czechoslovak government nationalized land and major companies in the process of expelling Germans, and there was no way to regain the territory, the last remaining territory of the duchy, now Liechtenstein, became the place of residence. Therefore, Liechtenstein did not have diplomatic relations with the Czech Republic and Slovakia , but belatedly established diplomatic relations in 2009 . He then went to trial to demand the return of the territory, but lost. # And it was fought all the way to the European Court of Human Rights . #

When he lost a large amount of estates and left only Liechtenstein, he also sold artworks that had been collected from generation to generation for a while because of the economic situation of Liechtenstein, which had no industry other than agriculture. But as I touched money laundering, it became very rich now.

The Schloss Liechtenstein, the main street of the Liechtenstein family , is in Austria , which is larger than a huge palace with a huge mansion . The mansion is both the outside of Liechtenstein , and the manager is in front of Liechtenstein . Currently, it is open to the outside of much and is famous as a tourist attraction. However, Liechtenstein ball visits twice a year, and tourists cannot visit.

As it is a German- speaking country, the main language is German . Like Switzerland, a bordering country, the local dialect , Alemannisch , is spoken. Liechtenstein's ch pronunciation is a bit strong, so when reading the country's name, it is said to be 'Lichtenstein'.

Current monarch of Liechtenstein. For more information, refer to the Duke of Liechtenstein document.

The currently reigning royal family of Liechtenstein. For more information, see the Liechtenstein family .

The political system of Liechtenstein consists of the Prime Minister , Deputy Prime Minister, and three ministers , and these five people basically hold three ministerial positions concurrently.

Parliament has a quota of 25, and the whole country is divided into two constituencies, Jersey ( Unterland ) and Oberland (Oberland) . A voter can mark the number of votes on the ballot paper as many as the number of electors determined in the constituency to which they belong. So, although the number of voters does not exceed 20,000, the number of effective votes is close to 200,000.[13]

To be eligible to vote in Liechtenstein , you must have Liechtenstein citizenship at least 18 years of age, and to run as a candidate in an election you must be a qualified electorate with Liechtenstein citizenship at least 18 years of age and be nominated by at least 30 voters in the constituency in which you are running . .

As the total number of seats is small, the blocking clause is probably intended to prevent minority parties from intruding, but the number of seats is as high as 8%.[14] am. Since the number of seats is only 25, the precarious situation in which the ruling party and the opposition party go back and forth with only one or two seats is repeated every election. Nevertheless, the Progressive Citizens' Party and the Patriotic Union are forming a coalition together.

Unlike Switzerland , which suffers from a low turnout rate, such as recording a high voter turnout rate in the upper 70%, the turnout rate is high.

Like Switzerland, a country that protects Referendums are held frequently. It is often held a couple of times a year, but in rare cases there are years when there is no referendum.[15] And Article 113 of the Constitution also stipulates the procedure for converting to a republic .[16] A referendum can be held on general bills and finance bills if 1,000 citizens with voting rights sign the petition .

In addition, if there are more than 1,500 people, a referendum on constitutional and international treaty amendments is possible. In local elections, local government heads are elected through a runoff system .

It is the latest country in Europe to gain women's suffrage , in 1984 . In the first referendum on women's suffrage in 1969 , 54.5% voted against.[17] , it was rejected by 51.1% in a referendum in 1971, 55.9% opposed in 1973 , and then passed in 4 attempts with 51.3% in favor in 1984. Even though politics is very conservative and monarch-centered by modern standards,[18] The quality of life of the people is heaven on earth , and most of the country's finances are financed by the personal wealth of the public family, so there does not seem to be any complaints.

Because it was a small principality even by past standards, there was no reason to attack other countries by increasing its military power, and it was in a situation where increasing its military power could not prevent neighboring countries from planning to invade, so it focused on diplomacy and maintained a very small military force. In the Prussian-Austrian War that broke out in 1866 over the leadership of German unification, the Liechtenstein family was a vassal of the Habsburg family , so they sided with the Austrian Empire and dispatched 80 Liechtenstein troops armed with full-length rifles. However, because there were no engagements and the weather was bad, they camped near the Italian border for six weeks and returned without any casualties.[20][21] With the dissolution of the German Confederation after the Prussian-Austrian War, the obligation to send troops to Austria disappeared, so the army was disbanded in December 1868. A former horseman who died at the age of 95 in 1939 was the last surviving member of the Liechtenstein army .

It claims to be a neutral country, and now diplomacy and defense are entrusted to Switzerland , and the Liechtenstein Landespolizei, established in 1933, is in charge of security. It is classified as a 'country without an army' along with other mini-states in Europe , such as Andorra and Vatican City .[22]

As of 2013, the police force was only 130 people armed with fire extinguishers . There is a system called Bereitschaftspolizisten (standby police), similar to the British 'Special Constabulary', where ordinary citizens can work as police officers on a part-time basis. They are the 12 people in the photo above. As of 2013, there are 32 people. Liechtenstein is one of the countries with the lowest crime rate in the world. The crime rate is very low and there are very few prisons , so if a person is sentenced to more than two years in prison in Liechtenstein, they are transferred to a prison in neighboring Austria . Liechtenstein police have signed a trilateral agreement with Austria and Switzerland to jointly manage criminals.

Because the country is so small, it has been unexpectedly invaded five times since World War II, all of which were from Switzerland . The history of Switzerland's invasion of Liechtenstein is as follows.

In the 2004 Euro Cup qualifier, Liechtenstein and England played at the Rheinpark Stadium in Liechtenstein. The Liechtenstein team received 400 police officers from Switzerland and Austria in case of hooligans or other incidents. Fortunately, the hooligans did not cause enough trouble to be controlled by the police.[28]

Since 2011, CCTV has been installed and operated in the border area to supplement insufficient manpower.

According to human rights reports, it is evaluated as democratic and has a high level of human rights protection. However, there are many provisions in the immigration law that discriminate against non-Europeans, which attracts a lot of criticism from human rights groups. Typical examples of discrimination include being able to get a job only in certain industries or making it difficult to invite family. This is something that needs to be fixed quickly, given that 34% of the resident population are foreigners. Moreover, it is difficult for low-income people to sign up for social security systems such as medical insurance . This is because there is a lower limit to the amount of income required. This is also criticized as racial discrimination because non-European foreigners with employment restrictions are more likely to be low-income.

Because the country is small, there are many things we don't have. One of the things that other countries usually have but that we don't have is the military . This is because defense is delegated to Switzerland. Thanks to this , there is no military service obligation , there is no immigration inspection at the border between Switzerland and Liechtenstein, the currency is Swiss francs, and there is no customs at the border with Switzerland . Conversely, there is an immigration office on the border between Liechtenstein and Austria, where Swiss officials work. Since 2011, due to joining the Schengen Agreement , CIQ is no longer conducted and border checkpoint offices are rarely opened.

There are four radio stations, and TV broadcasting starts very late. This is because the first and only television station, 1FLTV, was launched on August 15, 2008 . As a side note, there is only one country that started TV broadcasting later than Liechtenstein, the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic, which started TV broadcasting only in 2009, and since even this is an unapproved country , it is safe to say that Liechtenstein was actually the latest in the world to start TV broadcasting. Of course, this must be taken into account that Liechtenstein is a very small country with a population of less than 40,000 as of 2019, and in fact, the people of Liechtenstein have already been watching Austrian and Swiss TV broadcasts since the 1950s, and the viewership ratings of Austrian and Swiss TV programs are still high.[29]

August 15th is also a national holiday in this country. It is not that independence was achieved on this day, but because it is the Feast of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary . As you can see from this, it is a country where the majority of the people (76%, as of 2010) are Catholic . Protestants are also surprisingly popular (8.5%, 2010).

Human rights groups have pointed out that Muslims , who make up about 5.9% of the population, cannot find a place to pray . Liechtenstein's Muslim population was 4.8% of the total population according to statistics from the Pew Research Center in 2009, but increased to 5.9% of the total population in the 2015 census. The majority of Muslims living in Liechtenstein are Sunni, and most of them are ethnically from Turkic Republic , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Kosovo , and North Macedonia . The number of local Muslims in Liechtenstein who converted to Islam is so small that it has not been separately counted.

Liechtenstein has a Masjid, not a prayer hall[30] There were no worship facilities of any size, and even after Muslims began to reside there, Muslim imams were not issued religious visas for a long time. Because of this, Muslims are experiencing difficulties due to lack of religious facilities. However, it can be said that the issue of Islamic imams has begun to ease to some extent since 2001, when the government began issuing long-term religious visas for one imam and short-term religious visas for one imam who will stay temporarily during Ramadan . The Liechtenstein government's decision to allow imams to reside in the country was taken after the domestic and international Islamic community pledged to prevent the spread of extremism .

Intamin, a big player in the amusement ride industry, is headquartered in Liechtenstein.

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The area is area, so there is no airport . Zurich Airport is the closest when you go from Korea . On the distance is the closest of Zhang Galen -Altenhain airport. The reason why the airport is far nearby is because the population is populated, but the terrain is rugged due to the Alps.

Liechtenstein does not have a highway including a car -only road. However, the Swiss Autoban Line 13 (E43) on the River across the River , which is also a border , covers the entire Liechtenstein, and transportation with Switzerland is very convenient, and in the northern Liechtenstein, there is an Austrian Autoban Line 14 (E60), so the access to Austria is not very bad.

The way to get is to take a city bus that crosses the border from Jargans, Switzerland.

You can also go to Austria. Take the train to Feldkirch station on the Feldkirch-Buchs line, then take the cross-border bus or Vorarlberg S-Bahn. Line 2 (S2) runs from Feldkirch Station through Liechtenstein to Buchs in Switzerland, so you can take it. Even though the total length of the route is only 18km, it crosses the border twice.

The only railway in Liechtenstein is the Feldkirch-Buchs line, operated by the Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB). For reference, there are a total of 4 stations in Liechtenstein, including the most important Schaan-Vaduz Station , Frost Hilti Station , Nendeln Station , and Schanwald Station , and the total length of the Feldkirch-Buchs Line in Liechtenstein is very short at 9.5km.

Liechtenstein's own public transportation is Liechtenstein bus. It is a short history that was newly established in 2012.

There is no passport inspection when crossing the border . On the city bus, all bus routes in the country are in a picture. There are 13 routes.

Liechtenstein's administrative districts are divided into 11 districts called Gemeinde.[31] It is a similar concept to a state in the United States or a province in Korea, but the size of each is very small, as is the size of the country. Of these, five , Eschen , Mauren , Gamprin , Rugel , and Schellenberg , are in Unterland.[32] The remaining constituencies of Schaan , Balzers , Triesenberg , Triesen , Planken , and Vaduz are in the Oberland.[33] Consisting of constituencies.

And there are a lot of menstrual areas.

The only UEFA member states are the only soccer professional league.[34] There are seven soccer clubs, but they all participate in the Swiss league . The FC Paduz , which is based on the capital Paduz, appears in the top league, even though it is a level between parts and second parts, but the remaining six teams are all in the lower leagues. However, the Liechtenstein Livestock Cooperative hosts the Cup every year for the Liechtenstein clubs participating in the Swiss league . See Liechtenstein National Soccer Team document document.

It is known to Korean skiers as the country of Liechtenstein team suits made by Onyone of Japan .

Liechtenstein is also a country located in the Alps, so skiing is basically good. For this reason, among the current IOC member countries, it is the only country to have won a medal at the Winter Olympics. Just as in the days when Korea only won medals at the Winter Olympics in short track, this country won two gold medals, two silver medals, and six bronze medals in alpine skiing alone. As an international competition, the 2015 European Youth Winter Olympics was co-hosted with Vorarlberg in Austria .

There are diplomatic missions abroad in Berlin ( Germany ), Bern ( Switzerland ), Washington DC ( USA ), Vienna ( Austria ), and Brussels ( Belgium ).[35] Diplomatic authority, excluding diplomacy with some major countries and international organizations, has been delegated to Switzerland.

Also, along with the Vatican , it is the only country without a diplomatic mission in the country.[36]

List of embassies and ambassadors in Liechtenstein

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In Japanese romance comics , along with Monaco , it often appears as a country surrounded by gold, where a European prince on a white horse lives.[37] The name of the country is strangely exotic and quaint, and the fact that it is a small country that is not widely known to the world even though it actually exists seems to stimulate people's curiosity and fantasy. Fitting perfectly with the romance manga setting, they are an aristocratic family with a long history and also have a lot of money. In cartoons, it is expressed as a country like a fairy tale, but in reality, Liechtenstein is located at the foot of the Alps and has well-preserved antique buildings, so it is full of scenery that looks like it came out of a fairy tale.

It became the motif of the Duchy of Eilstadt, which appears in the background of Izetta of the Apocalypse .

In country simulation games, it often comes out as a protectorate under Switzerland, perhaps considering the fact that defense and diplomatic rights have actually been delegated to Switzerland.

In Euro Truck Simulator 2, the neighboring countries of Switzerland and Austria both appear, but Liechtenstein does not.[38]

In Hearts of Iron IV, the country is too small to appear along with the Papal States , San Marino , Andorra , and Monaco . You can make it appear as a mod, but of course it is a weak country, and you must borrow the power of cheat keys or mods to conquer the world.

Cypher 's character Florian from Thirst is known as a character from a foreign country.

Rucka Rucka Ali wrote a song criticizing Liechtenstein. #