Emperor
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  Emperor 天皇｜Emperor of Japan | |
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nation | |
droughty | |
incumbent | Naruhito / 126th |
enthronement | |
era name | Reiwa (Reiwa) |
invite | |
Establishment | |
honorific title | Your Majesty |
official residence | |
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the history of the emperor[1] |
1. outline2. style
2.1. etymology
3. Title notation controversy4. successive emperors5. genealogy6. mythology7. history8. authority9. succession to the throne10. Phase10.1. The symbolic emperor system and the head of state
11. relationship11.1. Relations with Korea
12. digression13. look around11.1.1. Whether to visit Korea
11.2. relations with other countries11.3. Views of the Communist Party of Japan1. outline
日本國憲法 第1章 天皇
第1條
天皇は、日本國の象徵であり日本國民統合の象徵であつて、この地位は、主權の存する日本國民の總意に基く。
Japanese Constitution Chapter 1 Emperor[2]
Article 1
The Emperor is a symbol of the nation of Japan and a symbol of the unity of the Japanese people, and his status comes from the consensus of the sovereign Japanese people.
第1條
天皇は、日本國の象徵であり日本國民統合の象徵であつて、この地位は、主權の存する日本國民の總意に基く。
Article 1
The Emperor is a symbol of the nation of Japan and a symbol of the unity of the Japanese people, and his status comes from the consensus of the sovereign Japanese people.
The Emperor (天皇) is the monarch of Japan .
The current Emperor of Japan is Naruhito , the 126th Emperor , who ascended the throne on May 1, 2019. The era name is Reiwa (令和). His father, Akihito , abdicated while he was still alive and became the Emperor . It has been 202 years since Emperor Gokaku abdicated during his lifetime .
Historically, it is called the goddess of the sun , the god of the traditional religion of Shinto , and the best priest of Shinto faith , who worships Amateraso Omikami . However, the current Japanese Constitution, which was amended after the defeat, is defined only as a symbol of the Japanese country and the symbol of the Japanese people.
There is no direct provision in the Japanese Constitution designating the head of state. However, the emperor generally performs 'state affairs (国事行為)', which are the main actions performed by the head of state.[3] Looking at this, these acts of state affairs include the appointment of the Prime Minister and the Minister of the Supreme Court , and the constitution, laws, and decrees.[4] The authority to promulgate treaties with foreign countries, convene the National Assembly , and dissolve the House of Representatives symbolically rests with the emperor. These listed acts of state affairs are accompanied by provisos such as 'nomination by the cabinet' and 'in the name of the people', and therefore, institutionally, the real power does not lie with the emperor, but is to be implemented according to procedures established through the National Assembly, the cabinet, and national referendum. Additionally, in terms of official hierarchy, the Emperor and members of the royal family precede officials such as the Prime Minister. Accordingly, constitutional studies within and outside of Japan view the Emperor as the de facto head of state.
2. style
[Basic configuration]
[Major countries]
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The Japanese pronunciation of the Chinese character 'Emperor (天皇)' is 'Tenno (てんのう, Tennō)' when read on phonetic reading.[5] In Korea, the government follows the custom of referring to the emperor as the other country calls him, and in diplomatic relations with the government, the media and the public call him "Emperor" in addition to "Emperor", which they view as a proper noun in Japanese and read as "Tenno" according to the foreign word notation, and they also call him "Emperor" with the intention of demoting him.
In English , it is common to move to 'EMPEROR OF JAPAN', which is more than the range of 'Tennō'. In the Western region, it is called 'emperor', or ' emperor ', and means the emperor in the world's only official title.[6] In addition to the West, other countries are called the title of the emperor. For example, in Thailand , their lords are called Raja (King), but the Japanese emperor is called Maha Raza (emperor).
When Japanese people refer to the emperor, they say 'Emperor (天皇)' or 'His Majesty the Emperor (天皇) '.天皇陛下)', and in the Japanese media, it is mostly referred to as 'His Majesty the Emperor' or 'His Majesty the Golden Statue (今上陛下)'. Gold Award (今上) It is a word of reign, and it refers to its wages, such as Korea's 'Loan Low' in Korea. If you reduce it briefly, your Majesty (陛下). Sometimes it is given an old-fashioned name, Mikado (帝/御門) or ‘Heonja-nim (天子様)' is also said to be referred to as 'Your Majesty the Emperor and Empress'. When referring to the Empress together, it is referred to as 'Your Majesty the Emperor and Empress'.天皇皇后両陛下). Although there is no anti -example, people with quite a very far -right idea are mostly called 'emperor' when mentioning the emperor in a daily basis, and on the contrary, the emperor's negative and skeptical thoughts are mostly called the Emperor's Majesty in the official statue. As it is common in Korea and abroad, it is rare unless it is a radical Japanese.
The interpretation of the emperor as literally means the emperor of the sky , the emperor of Taoism. However, unlike the misunderstanding that the emperor is the same in Japan, the founding myth of Japan insists that the imperial family is the descendant of God, but it does not claim that it is God itself. Excessively raising the status of the emperor, the wise gods that are living in the living gods themselves after the Meiji Restoration . At this time, it is estimated that the name was decided in consideration of its own myths and various victories by accepting recognized Chinese private faith in consideration of the impact of influence on the people. Prior to that , it was the same as that of the East Asian mainstream culture and the advantage of the island country . However, in 607, the Emperor Suiko , the nephew Shotoku was sent to the foster festival in the letter, saying, “I will write to Cheonja in the place where the sun rises . ”[7]
In English , it is common to move to 'EMPEROR OF JAPAN', which is more than the range of 'Tennō'. In the Western region, it is called 'emperor', or ' emperor ', and means the emperor in the world's only official title.[6] In addition to the West, other countries are called the title of the emperor. For example, in Thailand , their lords are called Raja (King), but the Japanese emperor is called Maha Raza (emperor).
When Japanese people refer to the emperor, they say 'Emperor (天皇)' or 'His Majesty the Emperor (天皇) '.天皇陛下)', and in the Japanese media, it is mostly referred to as 'His Majesty the Emperor' or 'His Majesty the Golden Statue (今上陛下)'. Gold Award (今上) It is a word of reign, and it refers to its wages, such as Korea's 'Loan Low' in Korea. If you reduce it briefly, your Majesty (陛下). Sometimes it is given an old-fashioned name, Mikado (帝/御門) or ‘Heonja-nim (天子様)' is also said to be referred to as 'Your Majesty the Emperor and Empress'. When referring to the Empress together, it is referred to as 'Your Majesty the Emperor and Empress'.天皇皇后両陛下). Although there is no anti -example, people with quite a very far -right idea are mostly called 'emperor' when mentioning the emperor in a daily basis, and on the contrary, the emperor's negative and skeptical thoughts are mostly called the Emperor's Majesty in the official statue. As it is common in Korea and abroad, it is rare unless it is a radical Japanese.
The interpretation of the emperor as literally means the emperor of the sky , the emperor of Taoism. However, unlike the misunderstanding that the emperor is the same in Japan, the founding myth of Japan insists that the imperial family is the descendant of God, but it does not claim that it is God itself. Excessively raising the status of the emperor, the wise gods that are living in the living gods themselves after the Meiji Restoration . At this time, it is estimated that the name was decided in consideration of its own myths and various victories by accepting recognized Chinese private faith in consideration of the impact of influence on the people. Prior to that , it was the same as that of the East Asian mainstream culture and the advantage of the island country . However, in 607, the Emperor Suiko , the nephew Shotoku was sent to the foster festival in the letter, saying, “I will write to Cheonja in the place where the sun rises . ”[7]
2.1. etymology
In the days when Yamato was a formal name, Japanese rulers used the name Okimi, which is written in the Great King and Daegun. In ancient Japanese, before the degeneration, it was pronounced 'öpökmi' and means 'big wage' as it is. Before Suseo -dong, it was recorded as 'Abae Gye -mi'. Okimi of the Yamato kingship has been called the 'Wang' from China and received a book. Later, in 478, the Emperor Juraku , he was given a general of Andong University.[8] Okimi has been changed to the name of King Chicheon Hadae (天下 大王) and Sumerami Koto. In ancient times, I read 'Smherami Koto' and did not read 'Tenno'.
There is a common myth that the use of the term "Emperor" was intended to elevate him above the Chinese emperor , the "Son of Heaven " (天子). However, in Chinese mythology, the "Emperor" refers to the Jade Emperor , the chief god in Chinese mythology. According to the Nihon Shoki, when Prince Shotoku dispatched Ono no Imoko to the Sui dynasty , the beginning of the letter at that time reads, "The Eastern Emperor sends to the Western Emperor (東天皇敬白西皇帝)", so it is possible that the word "Emperor" itself was originally used in Japan. However, in the Shu of Sui, it is written as "The Emperor of the land where the sun rises to the Emperor of the land where the sun sets," so it is possible that it was embellished during the compilation of the Nihon Shoki.[9] Japan was not the only country to claim that the king was a "descendant of the gods" (天神の後孫). Regarding the passage, it is necessary to keep in mind that there is strong support in academic circles for the interpretation that the Goguryeo monk Hyeja was serving as an advisor to Prince Shotoku at the time and that the phrase "the sun rises and sets" was a geographical view centered on the Korean Peninsula, not the Japanese archipelago, reflecting Goguryeo's strategic intentions.[10] Before the influence of Taoism, the imperial rites had religious and ceremonial importance on the east-west axis, which was linked to the sun.
The term 'Emperor' originally meant the Jade Emperor, the highest deity of Taoism . In Taoism, there were divisions of directions such as the Emperor of Heaven and the Emperor of the Earth.[11] The North Star is called the Great Emperor of Heaven, because the North Star is the monarch located at the pinnacle of Jamiwon, the heavenly palace.[12] It is said that due to the influence of Taoism, the title comparing the monarch to the North Star spread.
There was a time when Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty and Empress Wu Zetian temporarily elevated the emperor to the title of Emperor and the empress to the title of Empress.[13] , there is also a theory that at this time, Japan came into contact with the Tang Dynasty and imported the title of Emperor. First of all, the first person in Japan to use the Chinese character notation '天皇' in earnest was Emperor Tenmu .[14]
Inside Japan, it was often called Mikado . Considering the name 'Smherami Koto/Serumi Koto', it is a 'authentic' title than the emperor who simply read Chinese characters as pronounced. It seems that it was a time when the imperialism of the Shogunate was completely pushed out of the power struggle, and the meaning of Sumerami Koto was forgotten. When the Japanese monarchs were called by the Japanese monarchy, they were often called Mikado of Japan, as they called the Sultan in the Islamic world, the Kaiser of the German language, and the Tsar of Russia, but now it is not now called EMPERORO OF JAPAN. In addition to Mikado, '主上)', 'Okimi (大君)', 'Dairi (內裏)'[15] , ‘Tenchi-sama (天子樣)’[16] , It was also called ‘Okami (御上)’. By giving it Buddhist meaning, it is called ‘Twelve Good Lords’/‘Twelve Good Lords’.[17] He was also called Golden Wheel Seongwang, Seongju, and Seonghwang.
There is a common myth that the use of the term "Emperor" was intended to elevate him above the Chinese emperor , the "Son of Heaven " (天子). However, in Chinese mythology, the "Emperor" refers to the Jade Emperor , the chief god in Chinese mythology. According to the Nihon Shoki, when Prince Shotoku dispatched Ono no Imoko to the Sui dynasty , the beginning of the letter at that time reads, "The Eastern Emperor sends to the Western Emperor (東天皇敬白西皇帝)", so it is possible that the word "Emperor" itself was originally used in Japan. However, in the Shu of Sui, it is written as "The Emperor of the land where the sun rises to the Emperor of the land where the sun sets," so it is possible that it was embellished during the compilation of the Nihon Shoki.[9] Japan was not the only country to claim that the king was a "descendant of the gods" (天神の後孫). Regarding the passage, it is necessary to keep in mind that there is strong support in academic circles for the interpretation that the Goguryeo monk Hyeja was serving as an advisor to Prince Shotoku at the time and that the phrase "the sun rises and sets" was a geographical view centered on the Korean Peninsula, not the Japanese archipelago, reflecting Goguryeo's strategic intentions.[10] Before the influence of Taoism, the imperial rites had religious and ceremonial importance on the east-west axis, which was linked to the sun.
The term 'Emperor' originally meant the Jade Emperor, the highest deity of Taoism . In Taoism, there were divisions of directions such as the Emperor of Heaven and the Emperor of the Earth.[11] The North Star is called the Great Emperor of Heaven, because the North Star is the monarch located at the pinnacle of Jamiwon, the heavenly palace.[12] It is said that due to the influence of Taoism, the title comparing the monarch to the North Star spread.
There was a time when Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty and Empress Wu Zetian temporarily elevated the emperor to the title of Emperor and the empress to the title of Empress.[13] , there is also a theory that at this time, Japan came into contact with the Tang Dynasty and imported the title of Emperor. First of all, the first person in Japan to use the Chinese character notation '天皇' in earnest was Emperor Tenmu .[14]
Inside Japan, it was often called Mikado . Considering the name 'Smherami Koto/Serumi Koto', it is a 'authentic' title than the emperor who simply read Chinese characters as pronounced. It seems that it was a time when the imperialism of the Shogunate was completely pushed out of the power struggle, and the meaning of Sumerami Koto was forgotten. When the Japanese monarchs were called by the Japanese monarchy, they were often called Mikado of Japan, as they called the Sultan in the Islamic world, the Kaiser of the German language, and the Tsar of Russia, but now it is not now called EMPERORO OF JAPAN. In addition to Mikado, '主上)', 'Okimi (大君)', 'Dairi (內裏)'[15] , ‘Tenchi-sama (天子樣)’[16] , It was also called ‘Okami (御上)’. By giving it Buddhist meaning, it is called ‘Twelve Good Lords’/‘Twelve Good Lords’.[17] He was also called Golden Wheel Seongwang, Seongju, and Seonghwang.
3. Title notation controversy
more detailsEmperor/Title Controversy documentcastPlease note.4. successive emperors
more detailsemperor/list documentcastPlease note.[ Expand/Collapse ]
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5. genealogy
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6. mythology
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According to Japanese mythology, he is the "only emperor in the world" and an " Arahitogami (現人神)" who inherited the bloodline of the gods. Since the bloodline of the emperors has never been broken since the first Emperor Jimmu, he is also called the " guardian deity of the eternal lineage " (万世一系の守護神). Due to the common characteristic of countries with a long history of trying to deify their monarchs, the emperor is treated as an inviolable being as a descendant of the sun goddess Amaterasu Omikami (天照大御神の子孫) of Japanese mythology .
Two siblings, Izanagi (male god ) and Izanami (female god), created countless gods in Japan through various acts. ), Tsukuyomi (god of the moon), and Susanoo (god of the ferocious sea that was banished) are the most powerful. Each ruled over the sky, Takamagahara (Amaterasu) in the sky, the moon, the calendar (Tsukuyomi), and the sea (Susanoo).
Among these, the descendants of Susanoo[18] After going through many trials, Okuninushi received a final blessing from Susanoo and established a base in Izumo to 'create a country'.[19] He continued to rule over the land, but the land was nothing more than a chaotic and confusing country where many gods were running around in confusion. After that, the grandsons of Amaterasu , Amatsuhikohikohono Ninigi-no-mikoto (天津彦彦火瓊瓊杵尊, hereinafter referred to as 'Ninigi') and Nigihayahino-mikoto (饒速日命), came down to Kyushu and Yamato respectively, and it is said that they drove out Okuninushi, who was actually their cousin, by saying, "It was yours originally, so take it away." After that, Emperor Jimmu, a descendant of Ninigi , drove out his cousin again and unified Yamato.
However, the subject who sent down Amaterasu 's grandson Ninigi and others in the Nihon Shoki differs depending on the legend. The Nihon Shoki compiled various legends and clearly distinguished between the main text and the Nihon Shoki. In the oldest legend, including the main text and the Nihon Shoki, the subject who sent down Ninigi was Takami Musuhi, one of the three gods who first appeared when the heavenly Takamanohara opened. In the original text, which is less ancient and was regarded as the standard version by the Nihon Shoki editors, the order was given jointly by Takami Musuhi and Amaterasu. And the latest legend recorded in the Nihon Shoki is that Amaterasu alone gave the order to send down her grandson Ninigi and her party.
According to the order of time, Amaterasa has become the god of the emperor's ancestors, Hwangjo -shin, and the celestial Takamagahara. In fact, the concept of Takamagahara itself is not a private class, but a court myth inside the Yamato adjustment. Nearly all scholars gather that the early yellow god of Yamato adjustment is not Amateras Omikami. The initial ancestor was likely to have been Takamushi.
After the Meiji Restoration , the Japanese government policyfully disseminated and educated the latest tradition, recorded only in the Nihon Shoki, as if it were a standard edition. After the war, not only Japanese people but also foreigners (Koreans who were under the Japanese Empire at the time) were strongly influenced by it, and they understood the view of the emperor at that time as the view of the emperor in ancient Japan. The reason why the Meiji government considered the latest tradition to be the standard version is because, according to the tradition, Amaterasu sent her grandson Ninigimikoto down to earth and told him the ' Secret Rule of the Heavenly Sea '.
The emperor is a god and the part of the death is also assorted using myths, and when Ninigi Nomikoto came down on the ground, he saw Kono Hana -sakuyahime and proposed to be in love with her. Through Sakuya, the imperial family was in full bloom (花 花 花), and it meant to keep it as strong as the stone through Iwanaga. Nigi took Sakuya to get the emperor and 'hurray', but because he abandoned Iwanaga, he died because he was a descendant of God and could not get immortality.
Looking at records before the completion of the so-called 'Ki mythology', such as Nihon Shoki and Kojiki, Emperor Jimmu himself was regarded as Amaterasu and Ninigi himself in a mythological sense. In a mythological and religious sense, the emperor's succession ceremony is a ceremony to become Amaterasu, Ninigi, Emperor Jimmu, and the very same being who was the emperor of previous generations. We can understand the meaning of the old mythological perspective that ‘even if you die, you will not die’.
Two siblings, Izanagi (male god ) and Izanami (female god), created countless gods in Japan through various acts. ), Tsukuyomi (god of the moon), and Susanoo (god of the ferocious sea that was banished) are the most powerful. Each ruled over the sky, Takamagahara (Amaterasu) in the sky, the moon, the calendar (Tsukuyomi), and the sea (Susanoo).
Among these, the descendants of Susanoo[18] After going through many trials, Okuninushi received a final blessing from Susanoo and established a base in Izumo to 'create a country'.[19] He continued to rule over the land, but the land was nothing more than a chaotic and confusing country where many gods were running around in confusion. After that, the grandsons of Amaterasu , Amatsuhikohikohono Ninigi-no-mikoto (天津彦彦火瓊瓊杵尊, hereinafter referred to as 'Ninigi') and Nigihayahino-mikoto (饒速日命), came down to Kyushu and Yamato respectively, and it is said that they drove out Okuninushi, who was actually their cousin, by saying, "It was yours originally, so take it away." After that, Emperor Jimmu, a descendant of Ninigi , drove out his cousin again and unified Yamato.
However, the subject who sent down Amaterasu 's grandson Ninigi and others in the Nihon Shoki differs depending on the legend. The Nihon Shoki compiled various legends and clearly distinguished between the main text and the Nihon Shoki. In the oldest legend, including the main text and the Nihon Shoki, the subject who sent down Ninigi was Takami Musuhi, one of the three gods who first appeared when the heavenly Takamanohara opened. In the original text, which is less ancient and was regarded as the standard version by the Nihon Shoki editors, the order was given jointly by Takami Musuhi and Amaterasu. And the latest legend recorded in the Nihon Shoki is that Amaterasu alone gave the order to send down her grandson Ninigi and her party.
According to the order of time, Amaterasa has become the god of the emperor's ancestors, Hwangjo -shin, and the celestial Takamagahara. In fact, the concept of Takamagahara itself is not a private class, but a court myth inside the Yamato adjustment. Nearly all scholars gather that the early yellow god of Yamato adjustment is not Amateras Omikami. The initial ancestor was likely to have been Takamushi.
After the Meiji Restoration , the Japanese government policyfully disseminated and educated the latest tradition, recorded only in the Nihon Shoki, as if it were a standard edition. After the war, not only Japanese people but also foreigners (Koreans who were under the Japanese Empire at the time) were strongly influenced by it, and they understood the view of the emperor at that time as the view of the emperor in ancient Japan. The reason why the Meiji government considered the latest tradition to be the standard version is because, according to the tradition, Amaterasu sent her grandson Ninigimikoto down to earth and told him the ' Secret Rule of the Heavenly Sea '.
The emperor is a god and the part of the death is also assorted using myths, and when Ninigi Nomikoto came down on the ground, he saw Kono Hana -sakuyahime and proposed to be in love with her. Through Sakuya, the imperial family was in full bloom (花 花 花), and it meant to keep it as strong as the stone through Iwanaga. Nigi took Sakuya to get the emperor and 'hurray', but because he abandoned Iwanaga, he died because he was a descendant of God and could not get immortality.
Looking at records before the completion of the so-called 'Ki mythology', such as Nihon Shoki and Kojiki, Emperor Jimmu himself was regarded as Amaterasu and Ninigi himself in a mythological sense. In a mythological and religious sense, the emperor's succession ceremony is a ceremony to become Amaterasu, Ninigi, Emperor Jimmu, and the very same being who was the emperor of previous generations. We can understand the meaning of the old mythological perspective that ‘even if you die, you will not die’.
7. history
The emperor is nominally the sole successor to Japan and the king of the central government, but it is famous for the long period from the Meiji Restoration to the defeat in World War II where previous emperors were nominal monarchs without actual power. In most cases, real power was held by the regent , shogun , military, or prime minister, and they reigned as symbolic figures for the sake of a cause.
First of all, archaeologically, it existed from the 2nd to 3rd century AD when the Yamato kingship was established. However, when the Yamato kingship was established, it was a time when dozens of small states arose throughout Japan, and Yamato was the status of a powerful federated kingdom among them, and it is presumed that Okimi was not exclusively produced by one family at first, but that several clans held the Okimi position in turns. However, taking advantage of his control of the Seto Inland Sea, he actively engaged in conquest activities, conquering small countries and tribes in the Shikoku, Sanin, Chubu, and Kanto areas to expand his territory and gradually unify Japan. He also established close cooperative relationships with Baekje and Gaya.[21] They adopted advanced civilizations, including writing, Buddhism, Confucianism, and architecture, and in this process, they strengthened their royal authority by establishing hereditary succession from father to son.
Of course, even with the policy of strengthening the royal power, there were times when the power of the Soga clan and other maternal relatives grew so strong that they exercised their power to the extent of assassinating the emperor. However, during the Asuka period , the maternal relatives were abolished due to the Eulsa Incident , the Taika Reform was carried out and Chinese-style laws were introduced, the name of the country was changed from Yamato to Japan, and the name Okimi was also changed to Emperor, and local officials were dispatched to major regions to establish a centralized system. It was implemented from the late Asuka period to the first half of the Heian period and is considered the period when the emperor's power was strongest in Japan. In other words, Japan increased its royal authority through conquest activities during the Kofun period, and from the Asuka period to the first half of the Heian period, it went through a growth process similar to that of contemporary Goguryeo , Baekje , Silla , and Balhae , and Emperor Okimiwa at this time exercised a power that was so powerful that it could not be compared to that of the shogunate period.
However, in the middle of the Heian period , in 858, after Fujiwara no Yoshifusa (藤原良房), Fujiwara monopolized all power with his maternal relatives , transforming into an aristocratic government, and as national customs developed, exchanges with Korea and China also decreased. From this time, centralized power weakened and Japan's unique dual power system began to develop, and for about 1,000 years, the emperor until the return of the Emperor and the Meiji Restoration delegated power to regents , officials , prime ministers , and shoguns in actual politics, and as the head of the imperial court, which was nominally the Japanese government, they ruled directly only in some areas, such as the capital Kyoto or directly administered territories, and were evaluated as nothing more than scarecrows. As we all know, the samurai regime did not oust or usurp the emperor itself, but left him in place to assert the legitimacy of having 'power delegated from God'.
Of course, there were also cases of Taira no Masakado in Japanese history, such as when he tried to become emperor by raising an army in the peninsula far from Kyoto and calling himself a new emperor.[22] In the end , he was defeated and killed by the Shogun's army sent from the court .[23] Also in modern times, Shoko Asahara, the leader of Aum Shinrikyo , attempted to overthrow the Japanese government and the imperial family in order to depose the emperor, become the leader himself, and establish a new country of theocracy and theocracy, but failed, and was executed on the morning of July 6, 2018 (Heisei 30).
Although the emperor was the only 'monarch' of the Japanese empire and a being with deep-rooted lineage legitimacy as a descendant of the sun goddess Amaterasu, the period in which he actually exercised his power as an autocratic monarch like the monarchs of other countries was not long, lasting only about 200 years from the Nara period to the middle of the Heian period . He was swayed here and there by his vassals, but after the Warring States Period , he lost his power and was reduced to a mere face-madman who was good for the cause.[24] Above all, it reached its peak during the shogunate era when the shogun practically ruled Japan . During the Northern and Southern Dynasties period , Toki Yorito, a shugo daimyō of Mino , shot an arrow at a palanquin in the Gogon situation , and the remnants of the Southern Dynasties robbed some of the Three Sacred Treasures and were killed by local residents, also known as the 'Zoroku Incident'.
During the Muromachi period, when the authority of the imperial court was at its lowest, during the reign of Emperor Kotsuchimikado, wars were frequent, starting with the Onin Rebellion , and even the palace was burned down. Confusion grew in the provinces, and feudal lords invaded the imperial territory, putting the imperial family into financial difficulties. . Although Emperor Kotsuchimikado lived in the mansions of nobles, he lived in a shabby house rather than a luxurious palace.[25] It was in this situation that the rumor began to circulate. This is because Kyoto, the home of the emperor and nobles, was hit hard by the war.
Afterwards, the authority of the imperial family continued to plummet. The 104th Emperor Kokashiwabara was unable to hold the funeral of his father, Emperor Kotsuchimikado, due to lack of imperial finances, so the remains had to be left unattended for 44 days. Shogun Ashikaga Yoshitane and Ishiyama were unable to hold a coronation ceremony for 22 years because they refused the coronation ceremony on the grounds that it was useless. Honganji Temple barely paid for the coronation ceremony, and four years later, he passed away at the age of 63. The next emperor, the 105th Emperor Go (reigned 1526-1557), also did not have money to hold a coronation ceremony, so he received money from the families of influential Warring States period daimyō such as Gohojo, Ouchi , and Imagawa . With donations, the coronation ceremony was able to be held only after 10 years on the throne, and the emperor himself Appeals were sold to contribute to the imperial income. Emperor Ogimachi could not hold a coronation ceremony until he received a gold offering from Motonari Mori .
Also, court ladies engage in prostitution ,[26] There was even a rumor that local children were ignoring the Emperor himself by throwing stones at him and getting hit by the stones.
In this way, the authority of the imperial family was collapsed and degraded, but the Muromachi-Warring States period emperors were not completely helpless. Just as the kings of the Merovian Dynasty of the Frankish Kingdom were misunderstood as being incompetent despite their efforts to preserve the royal family and royal authority, the emperors of the Warring States Period also worked tirelessly to maintain the imperial family. During the reign of Emperor Kohanazono before the Onin Rebellion, political authority was still alive, even if only in form, and when a rebellion broke out, most of the shogunate requested the emperor's "punishment yunji", and even after the Onin Rebellion, many rituals that had disappeared due to war and the neutralization of the government were revived. He attempted to preserve the presence of the government and restore its authority. Also, if the shogunate misbehaves or the shogun commits a mistake, he can write a poem or article pointing out this, or abdicate and become a monk like Emperor Gohanazono.[27] Like Emperor Kokashiwabara, who indirectly criticized the shogunate's rule, aroused public sentiment, and prayed for disasters to end by dedicating Buddhist sutras to temples, he held religious events to calm and comfort the public during epidemics or famines. This does not mean that the emperor did nothing, such as trying to control daimyo's attempts to purchase government positions with donations . In addition, the daimyos of the Warring States Period tried to use the authority of the court and the emperor to secure the legitimacy of their rule and increase their own authority. To this end, they made offerings to the emperor or made efforts to formally recognize the authority of the court and obtain official positions. did it But that was it. Other than that, he didn't show any noticeable behavior.
During the Edo shogunate period, the Tokugawa family , the shogun family, received enormous support and[28] In addition, there were times when he enjoyed considerable power due to his collusion with high-ranking samurai and the shogunate.[29] , Even at that time, political power was naturally held by the shogun and the shogunate centered around him, and the emperor was merely a barge .[30]
As a side note, when the tribe collapsed and the Japanese empire was established by the Daejeong Bonghwan, the new government's major officials persecuted the Emperor, the legitimate monarch, and praised the characters who were believed to be loyal to the emperor, such as Masashi Kusoki . Among them, there was also Toyotomi Hideyoshi, such as Tokugawa Ieyasu , which was because they did not treat the emperor as a scarecrow. However, even Toyotomi Hideyoshi ignored the name of the Emperor's Emperor, who said, "Don't do anything unnecessary."
Of course, the emperor also made several attempts to regain lost power, and the one that most nearly succeeded was the Genkō incident that occurred in 1333. At the command of Emperor Go-Daigo, anti-Kamakura faction warlords such as Ashikaga Takauji and Nitta Yoshisada rose up and overthrew the Kamakura shogunate . Emperor Go-Daigo, in order to return the country to a country directly ruled by the emperor like ancient Japan, joined the shogunate and its members. The Kenmu Theocracy, which abolished all official positions and organizations that limited the power of the emperor, such as the shogun , ruling party , and government officials , was implemented . The attempt was made, but ultimately failed, and the shogunate system ruled by the shogun continued for another 500 years.
According to their own words, he is called the 'Emperor of all worlds' because he ruled Japan with an uninterrupted lineage of divine blood from Yamato, which is thought to be Japan 's first nation . However, the use of the name ‘Emperor’ is relatively recent.[31] There was also an ambiguous period when blood and name seemed to have been cut off. For example, the 'Three Dynasties Replacement Theory' proposed by Yu Mizuno in 1954, immediately after Japan's defeat in World War 1, is a representative example. He said, " The history of the Japanese imperial family can be divided into the Old Dynasty from the 10th Emperor Sujin to the 14th Emperor Chuai , the Middle Dynasty from the 15th Emperor Ojin to the 25th Emperor Buretsu , and the New Dynasty after the 26th Emperor Keitai ," and claimed, " The emperors before Emperor Sujin are fictional characters that do not exist in history ."[32] However, this depends on how far you view the scope of the imperial family. Even if they had 17 relatives, like Cheoljong and Gojong of Joseon, there are also theories that the lineage itself is not a complete stranger, as is considered the Jeonju Lee family, but that the relatives are far apart or the scope of imperial recognition was different in the past and present.
This theory has been the subject of much criticism or supplementation, but it is significant in that it became the beginning of various dynastic replacement theories, such as the 'theory of conquest of horse-riding people' and the 'theory of conquest of Yamato region by Kyushu Dynasty'. Although these theories are not recognized as mainstream, one thing is clear: the 'one lineage for eternity' is close to a fictional concept. However, even if the theory of three dynasties is true, what is certain is that the history of Japanese emperors since Emperor Keitai has been uninterrupted for at least 1,500 years, and is the oldest existing dynasty.[33]
At the end of the Heian period , the emperor[34] He either steps down or becomes a monk and becomes the emperor.[35] There was a time when the emperor only gained real power after he stepped down, and the emperor was in fact only a prince . This is called insei (院政, expedition).
Gotoba situation in the Kamakura period The Genji shogunate was cut off due to the death of the shogun Minamoto no Sanetomo, and the Kamakura shogunate took advantage of the turmoil caused by the internal struggle of the Gokenin, including the Hojo clan, to call for the overthrow of the shogunate and caused the so-called 'Jokyu Uprising '. However, the internal struggle stopped and the warriors who gathered together counterattacked, resulting in the situation of Gotoba as well as the situation of his sons Tsuchimikado and Juntoku. After everyone was kicked out of Kyoto and exiled, and Emperor Chukyo, who had been appointed by Emperor Gotoba, was dethroned and Emperor Gohorikawa was newly crowned by the shogunate , the emperor and the Kyoto court lost their independence and were reduced to being 'managed' by the shogunate . Even in the late Kamakura period, internal strife broke out over the succession to the throne, splitting the imperial family in two. Emperor Kōsaga initially abdicated to his fourth son , Emperor Kofukakusa , and then appointed Emperor Kōda, who was not a descendant of Emperor Kofukakusa, but the son of his favorite eighth son , Emperor Kameyama, and suddenly gave the throne to his descendant. A dispute broke out as Emperor Gofukakusa, who could not pass it on, rebelled against his father and younger brother, and the shogunate at the time simply said, "Emperor Gofukakusa's descendants and Emperor Kameyama's descendants should rotate every 10 years." Afterwards, the descendants of Emperor Kofukakusa were called Jimyointon , and the descendants of Emperor Kameyama were called Daikakujiton , and these two imperial lines continued to ascend to the throne in succession until the fall of the Kamakura shogunate ( similar to the succession of Park Seok-kim in Silla ). This becomes a foreshadowing of the era called the ‘North and South Dynasties period ’.
Emperor Godaigo , who planned to overthrow the Kamakura shogunate and succeeded in overthrowing it by enlisting the support of warriors such as Ashikaga Takauji , Nitta Yoshisada , and Kusunoki Masashige , belonged to the Daikakuji faction. In a way, it is natural that Godaigo planned to overthrow the shogunate. If you think about it, how many monarchs would be happy if the throne was not passed on to their son after finally becoming a monarch? However, the warriors who opposed Godaigo, who lacked political experience due to having been without real power for nearly a hundred years and who ignored the warriors and pursued policies centered on the public ministers, rallied around Ashikaga Takauji, denied the politics of Emperor Godaigo, and revived the shogunate once again. Emperor Godaigo was also forced to abdicate by his warriors and suffered the humiliation of handing over the three sacred relics to Emperor Komyo, who was installed by the shogunate established by Takauji. However, Emperor Godaigo denied this, escaped from Kyoto, and declared his own court in Yoshino, Nara, saying, "The three sacred relics I gave you are fake, and I have the real ones here! Therefore, I am the rightful monarch of Japan!" This led to an unprecedented situation in Japanese history where two emperors coexisted: the court in Kyoto, i.e. the Northern Court, and the court in Yoshino, i.e. the Southern Court.
The Emperor Goda and the Emperor did not support the warriors and unfolded the aristocratic politics of the public, and that was the cause of the failure of Genmu's failure.However, the repulsive warriors did not support the shogunate and the emperor's North Koreans established by the shogunate, and the emperor's sons to Japan. I sent me to gather samurai, so I ran around. Throughout the North -North Korean era, samurai who supports South Korea and samurai supporting North Korea split into the places and fought in blood, and to be precise, whether or not the legitimacy is in the South or North Korea, the warriors are just in search of the centripetal point that will guarantee more of the land ownership. If it would help to take it away, it was like a bat and attached to the South and the Northjo. And some of them broke into the sea to save the money needed for the rest of the war , and the emergence of beings written in Korean and Chinese history was also derived from the war of the North -North Korean era .
Sometimes the South Korea prevailed, but the shogunate gradually expanded and completely submitted Kyushu .[36] Eventually, he takes up towards North Korea. In the end, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu will be inherited by the two families of the two Koreas, and the Emperor's directors of the country will be owned by the Taikakuji Bin . Finally, the North -North Koreans were unified. It was 1392 AD.[37] Of course, there were only a few lands of Koku fertilizers.
However, the emperor Koko Matsu ignored his original promise and broke his reconciliation as his second son, Ogura Nomiya Mihito, as a prince. As a result, the situation of Gokameyama was back to Yoshino for a while, but eventually reconciliation was established. At that time, South Korea's skills were already left, but the resistance was really persistent. In 1428, King Mihito, the Emperor Shoko died , and Emperor Johanno was crowned. This is called Hunamjo. In 1443, Hunamjo also caused the fault of the golden palace that takes grain and swords in the middle of the three schemes. At the end of 1457, the forces aimed at the revival of Mr. Akamatsu were killed by Jakcheon, his brother and his brother and Hunamjo, and King Chung Yi -dae, but Yoshino Hyangmin was able to recover the grain in 1458. Since then , the horns of Huamjo have been followed several times until 1470, and the West Army, who was the general manager of Yamana Sogen , took the royal family of the South Korea, and established it as the so -called 'Seojin Namje', but after Sogen died in 1473, Seojin Namje was completely lost and wandered around 1479 in 1479 The recording disappeared after the feed of arriving at any verse of Echizen. And the South Korean empress ended.
During the Meiji period, the legitimacy of the Southern Dynasty was recognized, but the legitimacy of later emperors from the Northern Dynasty was not denied. It was realistically difficult for Emperor Meiji himself to ignore the Northern Dynasty since the imperial family was also a direct descendant of the Northern Dynasty. In 1911 (Meiji 44), by order of Emperor Meiji , the second generation of the Southern Dynasty was recognized as orthodox emperors, and the previous 96th to 100th emperors were regarded as "Northern Dynasty" and excluded from orthodoxy, and the Southern Dynasty's Prince Noriyoshi and Hironari were excluded. Although the king was not emperor, he was considered to have ascended the throne and was revered as Emperor Komurakami and Emperor Gokameyama . In 1926 (Taisho 15), even after the Southern Dynasty was established as orthodox by the order of Emperor Taisho, Prince Yutanari, who had differing opinions on whether he should ascend the throne, was also given the posthumous title of Emperor Jokei .
However, because of this, people who claimed that they were descendants of the Southern Dynasty and had the right to succeed to the throne appeared one after another. If they were recognized as descendants of the Southern Dynasty, they would have been able to receive at least a high noble title of count or higher, so such people must have appeared. It was the atmosphere of the time when even descendants of “loyal subjects” who sacrificed their lives for the Southern Dynasty, such as Kusunoki Masashige and Nitta Yoshisada, were sought out and given noble titles. In total, about 50 people appeared. Some of them caused a great stir, but now it is assumed that all of them are groundless claims.[38]
The relationship between Shogun and the Emperor is often explained by the orthodoxy emperor of the orthodoxy, which is often symbolized by the hurray, but it is also a story of the Shogun , which is commissioned by power . Since the national era , the legitimacy of the power has already been recognized as the Shogun. In addition , if you came to the shogunate, the Shogun enacted the Geumjung -jonggajeje Law, which forced the Emperor to these provisions. Shogun was not directly emperor, but it was initially due to the symbolism of the emperor, but after that, the Emperor was really nothing. A person like Lee Duk -il said , "The emperor of the medieval Japan was not more than a priest role."[39] I said.
However, the emperor and the courtiers who formed the court were recognized as celebrities leading the Japanese upper class at the time, and even if they had no real political power, they could not be ignored at least in terms of culture. By marrying princesses, the successive shoguns regarded the entire imperial family as a symbol of the shogunate's authority. So during the Edo shogunate, throwing stones at the late emperor could result in one's head being cut off.
Then, after the mid-Edo period, when the Confucian ruling ideology represented by Ogyu Sorai and others spread among the ruling class, the perception that the emperor was superior to the shogun was revived. If we look at the personal letters exchanged between the emperor and the shogun, we can see that from this period, the emperor began to act as if he were a superior. Of course, it was only to the extent of calling them a "superior", and those who talked about overthrowing the shogunate and returning power to the "real" owner, the emperor, were mercilessly beheaded. Furthermore, since superiors did not have any real power, their financial resources were not that great, and they had to sell imperial treasures in the Kyoto market to make a living.[40] According to an article titled "Surveillance of Sea Bream" by Sato Koseki, an essayist active in the Meiji period of Japan until after the country's defeat, around the first year of Man'en, it was midsummer and all the fish served on the imperial table rotted and stank and were inedible, and when Emperor Komei held a banquet, the palace always had a shortage of sake, so they mixed water with the sake and drank it, and in the end, no matter how many glasses they drank, they couldn't get drunk, or when they saw a piece of salmon left at the banquet , they said, " Don't throw it away. Save it. I'll eat it for dinner." "There is an extremely miserable episode introduced that makes you wonder if this is really the monarch of a country. #[41]
Then, after the Meiji Restoration, it was established as the central point of Japan and absolute power, and when power was returned from the shogunate, it became a symbol of the ' Empire of Japan '. In the process of enhancing the authority of the Emperor, the forces promoting the Meiji Restoration used the authority of the Emperor as a shield, and succeeded in suppressing various oppositions that arose during the modernization process, leading to successful modernization.[42] In this process, its presence rose rapidly as it led to the introduction of compulsory education, local training, popularization of newspapers, and large-scale deification, and its status as sacrosanct and inviolable to many Japanese people was extremely high. However, after the defeat in World War II, the Emperor 's status was slightly lowered to the level of a 'descendant of God' due to the ' Human Declaration ' , which revealed that the Emperor was a human and not a god . During the Japanese Empire, the universal emperor system, which stipulated that the emperor should embrace Asia just as the Pope embraced Europe , was eventually abandoned, never appearing in politics or academia.[43]
Of course, we must carefully reflect on modern Japanese history to determine whether the emperor was an absolute monarch even at this time. Although it is said that the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, which was enacted in imitation of the Constitution of the German Empire , which granted very strong powers to the monarch , stipulated as Article 1 that " Japan shall be ruled by the Emperor of all ages and worlds ," the important thing during the Japanese Empire was that the Emperor was the emperor. This is because it was the central point with authority, the ‘image’ of being the successor to the divine kingdom that ruled Japan.[44] Emperor Meiji observed the opinions of those in power who led the Meiji Restoration.[45] They acted in accordance with their wishes. This is usually the case with people who were made monarchs by someone else.
In Japan just before the Meiji Restoration, the Emperor had a presence only in the Kansai region, but he was an unfamiliar entity to the majority of the general public, and in many cases, his existence was not known at all. In Japan, just before the Meiji Restoration, the emperor had the right to rule a long time ago, hundreds of years ago. In the center, the shogun , and in the provinces, the daimyō and samurai had the right to rule, and they were the ones who exercised real power. Also, because there was no compulsory education system and mass media was not developed, I had no choice but to know even more.[46] Even the concept of ‘Sage God (Arahitogami)’ did not fit well between the thoughts of the civilians and the thoughts of the ruling class. This point is clearly revealed in the early Meiji period when spies dispatched to the area where the emperor was to visit recorded the public sentiment in that area. 'When the Emperor came, he ordered the road to be cleared and the road was cleared. 'The Emperor's journey is truly a nuisance.' Moreover, when asked to make something for a party, there were often cases where it was done roughly and that was the end.
For example, in the early Meiji period, it was quite common to throw money at the imperial carriage that the Emperor rode in . This was a direct application of the folk Shinto tradition of offering money to a god and showing respect to the Emperor. In addition to money, some people also appeared who offered dances , songs , or food when the Emperor's procession passed by . This was the civilians trying to show respect and worship the Emperor, who they considered a god, in the folk Shinto way that they knew. However, the Japanese government , which tried to give the Emperor the same authority as an absolute monarch in the West , was horrified by this behavior and ended this tradition through prohibitions and suppression.[47] For the same reason, since there exists a wise god, the emperor, and it was considered blasphemous to claim to communicate with a god, the existing Shinto shamans were also oppressed, and 80,000 shrines throughout Japan were merged and disappeared. This has resulted in Shinto priests in Japan today having part-time jobs and priests becoming de facto shrine managers. Furthermore, Buddhism , which had been established as a folk religion among the Japanese people at the time, was hit particularly hard, and temples were destroyed all over the country and many monks were forcibly returned to secular life due to the abolition of Buddhism and the destruction of Buddhism (廢佛毁釋) accompanying the Shinto-Buddhist Separation Edict .
The Meiji government tried to give the emperor the same authority as the emperors of the West. In order to get this done as quickly as possible under the threat of imperialist powers, brainwashing of the entire nation was necessary, and naturally, violence, prohibition, and suppression were inevitable. The 'military police' of the early Japanese colonial period were nothing more than bringing what they had done in Japan to the colonies . In schools, they taught myths that were adapted to the Meiji government's taste as fact, and they made people worship the emperor by enshrining a portrait of the emperor. The anecdote of a teacher who jumped into a burning school to save the portrait and died was portrayed as a legendary tale, and during World War II , when the Taiho was hit and a fire broke out inside the ship, they tried to move the portrait of the emperor hanging on the ship to another destroyer, and many people died in the fire and explosion. Later, they forced everyone, including those in the colonies , to worship the palace . The failure and downfall of Taisho Democracy was already predicted here.
As a result, regardless of the actual power, the symbolism and sacredness of the Emperor in modern Japan were elevated to the level of inviolable sacrosanct that could not be touched lightly. Even in the houses where the Meiji Emperor briefly stayed, the objects and seats he had used were covered with transparent covers and treated like museum exhibits, and it is said that people lined up to get the well water that the Meiji Emperor drank and bathed in, saying that it was "water used by the gods, so it must be a divine panacea." Even in houses where the Emperor briefly stayed, special care was taken to select houses where he would stay, setting strict conditions such as the family having to be a prominent local family, having no dead family members, and having no misfortune in the household.
However, there are studies that say that Emperor Meiji had some power depending on the period. In fact, there are also stories that say that he seemed to have no real power because he was young and didn't know anything, or that he left everything to his subordinates according to the ideal Japanese leader type represented by Hikaru Genji . The leader enjoys life without thinking, and the actual work is done by his subordinates. Because of this culture, Japan had an unusually strong middle-class influence in the shogunate, clans, and military, even if it wasn't necessarily the emperor.[48]
As it appears in the Japanese Imperial Constitution, in reality, there was an area that could not be touched by the emperor of Japan, even if it was an emperor, even if it was an emperor.[49] As you can see in the Meiji 6 -year Jeongbyeon or the Pacific War , the Emperor's work was solved if there was no real answer. In the later years of the Meiji period, Ito Hirobumi was assassinated by Ahn Jung -geun and was not in the world , and some of his servants retired and retired, but he also worked as an age.
Emperor Showa, who was the emperor during World War II, was not just a face but a head of state who held enormous real power. There were only three cases in which Emperor Hirohito directly exercised influence. First, he reprimanded Prime Minister Kiichi Tanaka and forced him to step down; second, during the February 26 Incident, he showed a strong attitude to the point where he even said, 'Whatever the reason, those who moved my troops and started a rebellion without my permission are not my subjects' and 'If the generals remain silent, I will personally command the Guard Division to suppress the rebellion!' and thirdly, even during the end of the war, he showed a strong attitude. He has exerted considerable influence, such as issuing 'holy orders'. In addition to this, at the time of the war, Emperor Showa had the best understanding of the trends of the Japanese army and navy within Japan. Regarding the American general Douglas MacArthur , who did not punish Hirohito, there is also a secret saying that he was "very wrong in not punishing Hirohito properly."[50]
If you were to answer YES or NO regarding Emperor Showa's war responsibility, it would be YES, but if you go into detail, it is very complicated. For details, see the Showa Emperor/War Responsibility document.
First of all, archaeologically, it existed from the 2nd to 3rd century AD when the Yamato kingship was established. However, when the Yamato kingship was established, it was a time when dozens of small states arose throughout Japan, and Yamato was the status of a powerful federated kingdom among them, and it is presumed that Okimi was not exclusively produced by one family at first, but that several clans held the Okimi position in turns. However, taking advantage of his control of the Seto Inland Sea, he actively engaged in conquest activities, conquering small countries and tribes in the Shikoku, Sanin, Chubu, and Kanto areas to expand his territory and gradually unify Japan. He also established close cooperative relationships with Baekje and Gaya.[21] They adopted advanced civilizations, including writing, Buddhism, Confucianism, and architecture, and in this process, they strengthened their royal authority by establishing hereditary succession from father to son.
Of course, even with the policy of strengthening the royal power, there were times when the power of the Soga clan and other maternal relatives grew so strong that they exercised their power to the extent of assassinating the emperor. However, during the Asuka period , the maternal relatives were abolished due to the Eulsa Incident , the Taika Reform was carried out and Chinese-style laws were introduced, the name of the country was changed from Yamato to Japan, and the name Okimi was also changed to Emperor, and local officials were dispatched to major regions to establish a centralized system. It was implemented from the late Asuka period to the first half of the Heian period and is considered the period when the emperor's power was strongest in Japan. In other words, Japan increased its royal authority through conquest activities during the Kofun period, and from the Asuka period to the first half of the Heian period, it went through a growth process similar to that of contemporary Goguryeo , Baekje , Silla , and Balhae , and Emperor Okimiwa at this time exercised a power that was so powerful that it could not be compared to that of the shogunate period.
However, in the middle of the Heian period , in 858, after Fujiwara no Yoshifusa (藤原良房), Fujiwara monopolized all power with his maternal relatives , transforming into an aristocratic government, and as national customs developed, exchanges with Korea and China also decreased. From this time, centralized power weakened and Japan's unique dual power system began to develop, and for about 1,000 years, the emperor until the return of the Emperor and the Meiji Restoration delegated power to regents , officials , prime ministers , and shoguns in actual politics, and as the head of the imperial court, which was nominally the Japanese government, they ruled directly only in some areas, such as the capital Kyoto or directly administered territories, and were evaluated as nothing more than scarecrows. As we all know, the samurai regime did not oust or usurp the emperor itself, but left him in place to assert the legitimacy of having 'power delegated from God'.
Of course, there were also cases of Taira no Masakado in Japanese history, such as when he tried to become emperor by raising an army in the peninsula far from Kyoto and calling himself a new emperor.[22] In the end , he was defeated and killed by the Shogun's army sent from the court .[23] Also in modern times, Shoko Asahara, the leader of Aum Shinrikyo , attempted to overthrow the Japanese government and the imperial family in order to depose the emperor, become the leader himself, and establish a new country of theocracy and theocracy, but failed, and was executed on the morning of July 6, 2018 (Heisei 30).
Although the emperor was the only 'monarch' of the Japanese empire and a being with deep-rooted lineage legitimacy as a descendant of the sun goddess Amaterasu, the period in which he actually exercised his power as an autocratic monarch like the monarchs of other countries was not long, lasting only about 200 years from the Nara period to the middle of the Heian period . He was swayed here and there by his vassals, but after the Warring States Period , he lost his power and was reduced to a mere face-madman who was good for the cause.[24] Above all, it reached its peak during the shogunate era when the shogun practically ruled Japan . During the Northern and Southern Dynasties period , Toki Yorito, a shugo daimyō of Mino , shot an arrow at a palanquin in the Gogon situation , and the remnants of the Southern Dynasties robbed some of the Three Sacred Treasures and were killed by local residents, also known as the 'Zoroku Incident'.
During the Muromachi period, when the authority of the imperial court was at its lowest, during the reign of Emperor Kotsuchimikado, wars were frequent, starting with the Onin Rebellion , and even the palace was burned down. Confusion grew in the provinces, and feudal lords invaded the imperial territory, putting the imperial family into financial difficulties. . Although Emperor Kotsuchimikado lived in the mansions of nobles, he lived in a shabby house rather than a luxurious palace.[25] It was in this situation that the rumor began to circulate. This is because Kyoto, the home of the emperor and nobles, was hit hard by the war.
Afterwards, the authority of the imperial family continued to plummet. The 104th Emperor Kokashiwabara was unable to hold the funeral of his father, Emperor Kotsuchimikado, due to lack of imperial finances, so the remains had to be left unattended for 44 days. Shogun Ashikaga Yoshitane and Ishiyama were unable to hold a coronation ceremony for 22 years because they refused the coronation ceremony on the grounds that it was useless. Honganji Temple barely paid for the coronation ceremony, and four years later, he passed away at the age of 63. The next emperor, the 105th Emperor Go (reigned 1526-1557), also did not have money to hold a coronation ceremony, so he received money from the families of influential Warring States period daimyō such as Gohojo, Ouchi , and Imagawa . With donations, the coronation ceremony was able to be held only after 10 years on the throne, and the emperor himself Appeals were sold to contribute to the imperial income. Emperor Ogimachi could not hold a coronation ceremony until he received a gold offering from Motonari Mori .
Also, court ladies engage in prostitution ,[26] There was even a rumor that local children were ignoring the Emperor himself by throwing stones at him and getting hit by the stones.
In this way, the authority of the imperial family was collapsed and degraded, but the Muromachi-Warring States period emperors were not completely helpless. Just as the kings of the Merovian Dynasty of the Frankish Kingdom were misunderstood as being incompetent despite their efforts to preserve the royal family and royal authority, the emperors of the Warring States Period also worked tirelessly to maintain the imperial family. During the reign of Emperor Kohanazono before the Onin Rebellion, political authority was still alive, even if only in form, and when a rebellion broke out, most of the shogunate requested the emperor's "punishment yunji", and even after the Onin Rebellion, many rituals that had disappeared due to war and the neutralization of the government were revived. He attempted to preserve the presence of the government and restore its authority. Also, if the shogunate misbehaves or the shogun commits a mistake, he can write a poem or article pointing out this, or abdicate and become a monk like Emperor Gohanazono.[27] Like Emperor Kokashiwabara, who indirectly criticized the shogunate's rule, aroused public sentiment, and prayed for disasters to end by dedicating Buddhist sutras to temples, he held religious events to calm and comfort the public during epidemics or famines. This does not mean that the emperor did nothing, such as trying to control daimyo's attempts to purchase government positions with donations . In addition, the daimyos of the Warring States Period tried to use the authority of the court and the emperor to secure the legitimacy of their rule and increase their own authority. To this end, they made offerings to the emperor or made efforts to formally recognize the authority of the court and obtain official positions. did it But that was it. Other than that, he didn't show any noticeable behavior.
During the Edo shogunate period, the Tokugawa family , the shogun family, received enormous support and[28] In addition, there were times when he enjoyed considerable power due to his collusion with high-ranking samurai and the shogunate.[29] , Even at that time, political power was naturally held by the shogun and the shogunate centered around him, and the emperor was merely a barge .[30]
As a side note, when the tribe collapsed and the Japanese empire was established by the Daejeong Bonghwan, the new government's major officials persecuted the Emperor, the legitimate monarch, and praised the characters who were believed to be loyal to the emperor, such as Masashi Kusoki . Among them, there was also Toyotomi Hideyoshi, such as Tokugawa Ieyasu , which was because they did not treat the emperor as a scarecrow. However, even Toyotomi Hideyoshi ignored the name of the Emperor's Emperor, who said, "Don't do anything unnecessary."
Of course, the emperor also made several attempts to regain lost power, and the one that most nearly succeeded was the Genkō incident that occurred in 1333. At the command of Emperor Go-Daigo, anti-Kamakura faction warlords such as Ashikaga Takauji and Nitta Yoshisada rose up and overthrew the Kamakura shogunate . Emperor Go-Daigo, in order to return the country to a country directly ruled by the emperor like ancient Japan, joined the shogunate and its members. The Kenmu Theocracy, which abolished all official positions and organizations that limited the power of the emperor, such as the shogun , ruling party , and government officials , was implemented . The attempt was made, but ultimately failed, and the shogunate system ruled by the shogun continued for another 500 years.
According to their own words, he is called the 'Emperor of all worlds' because he ruled Japan with an uninterrupted lineage of divine blood from Yamato, which is thought to be Japan 's first nation . However, the use of the name ‘Emperor’ is relatively recent.[31] There was also an ambiguous period when blood and name seemed to have been cut off. For example, the 'Three Dynasties Replacement Theory' proposed by Yu Mizuno in 1954, immediately after Japan's defeat in World War 1, is a representative example. He said, " The history of the Japanese imperial family can be divided into the Old Dynasty from the 10th Emperor Sujin to the 14th Emperor Chuai , the Middle Dynasty from the 15th Emperor Ojin to the 25th Emperor Buretsu , and the New Dynasty after the 26th Emperor Keitai ," and claimed, " The emperors before Emperor Sujin are fictional characters that do not exist in history ."[32] However, this depends on how far you view the scope of the imperial family. Even if they had 17 relatives, like Cheoljong and Gojong of Joseon, there are also theories that the lineage itself is not a complete stranger, as is considered the Jeonju Lee family, but that the relatives are far apart or the scope of imperial recognition was different in the past and present.
This theory has been the subject of much criticism or supplementation, but it is significant in that it became the beginning of various dynastic replacement theories, such as the 'theory of conquest of horse-riding people' and the 'theory of conquest of Yamato region by Kyushu Dynasty'. Although these theories are not recognized as mainstream, one thing is clear: the 'one lineage for eternity' is close to a fictional concept. However, even if the theory of three dynasties is true, what is certain is that the history of Japanese emperors since Emperor Keitai has been uninterrupted for at least 1,500 years, and is the oldest existing dynasty.[33]
At the end of the Heian period , the emperor[34] He either steps down or becomes a monk and becomes the emperor.[35] There was a time when the emperor only gained real power after he stepped down, and the emperor was in fact only a prince . This is called insei (院政, expedition).
Gotoba situation in the Kamakura period The Genji shogunate was cut off due to the death of the shogun Minamoto no Sanetomo, and the Kamakura shogunate took advantage of the turmoil caused by the internal struggle of the Gokenin, including the Hojo clan, to call for the overthrow of the shogunate and caused the so-called 'Jokyu Uprising '. However, the internal struggle stopped and the warriors who gathered together counterattacked, resulting in the situation of Gotoba as well as the situation of his sons Tsuchimikado and Juntoku. After everyone was kicked out of Kyoto and exiled, and Emperor Chukyo, who had been appointed by Emperor Gotoba, was dethroned and Emperor Gohorikawa was newly crowned by the shogunate , the emperor and the Kyoto court lost their independence and were reduced to being 'managed' by the shogunate . Even in the late Kamakura period, internal strife broke out over the succession to the throne, splitting the imperial family in two. Emperor Kōsaga initially abdicated to his fourth son , Emperor Kofukakusa , and then appointed Emperor Kōda, who was not a descendant of Emperor Kofukakusa, but the son of his favorite eighth son , Emperor Kameyama, and suddenly gave the throne to his descendant. A dispute broke out as Emperor Gofukakusa, who could not pass it on, rebelled against his father and younger brother, and the shogunate at the time simply said, "Emperor Gofukakusa's descendants and Emperor Kameyama's descendants should rotate every 10 years." Afterwards, the descendants of Emperor Kofukakusa were called Jimyointon , and the descendants of Emperor Kameyama were called Daikakujiton , and these two imperial lines continued to ascend to the throne in succession until the fall of the Kamakura shogunate ( similar to the succession of Park Seok-kim in Silla ). This becomes a foreshadowing of the era called the ‘North and South Dynasties period ’.
Emperor Godaigo , who planned to overthrow the Kamakura shogunate and succeeded in overthrowing it by enlisting the support of warriors such as Ashikaga Takauji , Nitta Yoshisada , and Kusunoki Masashige , belonged to the Daikakuji faction. In a way, it is natural that Godaigo planned to overthrow the shogunate. If you think about it, how many monarchs would be happy if the throne was not passed on to their son after finally becoming a monarch? However, the warriors who opposed Godaigo, who lacked political experience due to having been without real power for nearly a hundred years and who ignored the warriors and pursued policies centered on the public ministers, rallied around Ashikaga Takauji, denied the politics of Emperor Godaigo, and revived the shogunate once again. Emperor Godaigo was also forced to abdicate by his warriors and suffered the humiliation of handing over the three sacred relics to Emperor Komyo, who was installed by the shogunate established by Takauji. However, Emperor Godaigo denied this, escaped from Kyoto, and declared his own court in Yoshino, Nara, saying, "The three sacred relics I gave you are fake, and I have the real ones here! Therefore, I am the rightful monarch of Japan!" This led to an unprecedented situation in Japanese history where two emperors coexisted: the court in Kyoto, i.e. the Northern Court, and the court in Yoshino, i.e. the Southern Court.
The Emperor Goda and the Emperor did not support the warriors and unfolded the aristocratic politics of the public, and that was the cause of the failure of Genmu's failure.However, the repulsive warriors did not support the shogunate and the emperor's North Koreans established by the shogunate, and the emperor's sons to Japan. I sent me to gather samurai, so I ran around. Throughout the North -North Korean era, samurai who supports South Korea and samurai supporting North Korea split into the places and fought in blood, and to be precise, whether or not the legitimacy is in the South or North Korea, the warriors are just in search of the centripetal point that will guarantee more of the land ownership. If it would help to take it away, it was like a bat and attached to the South and the Northjo. And some of them broke into the sea to save the money needed for the rest of the war , and the emergence of beings written in Korean and Chinese history was also derived from the war of the North -North Korean era .
Sometimes the South Korea prevailed, but the shogunate gradually expanded and completely submitted Kyushu .[36] Eventually, he takes up towards North Korea. In the end, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu will be inherited by the two families of the two Koreas, and the Emperor's directors of the country will be owned by the Taikakuji Bin . Finally, the North -North Koreans were unified. It was 1392 AD.[37] Of course, there were only a few lands of Koku fertilizers.
However, the emperor Koko Matsu ignored his original promise and broke his reconciliation as his second son, Ogura Nomiya Mihito, as a prince. As a result, the situation of Gokameyama was back to Yoshino for a while, but eventually reconciliation was established. At that time, South Korea's skills were already left, but the resistance was really persistent. In 1428, King Mihito, the Emperor Shoko died , and Emperor Johanno was crowned. This is called Hunamjo. In 1443, Hunamjo also caused the fault of the golden palace that takes grain and swords in the middle of the three schemes. At the end of 1457, the forces aimed at the revival of Mr. Akamatsu were killed by Jakcheon, his brother and his brother and Hunamjo, and King Chung Yi -dae, but Yoshino Hyangmin was able to recover the grain in 1458. Since then , the horns of Huamjo have been followed several times until 1470, and the West Army, who was the general manager of Yamana Sogen , took the royal family of the South Korea, and established it as the so -called 'Seojin Namje', but after Sogen died in 1473, Seojin Namje was completely lost and wandered around 1479 in 1479 The recording disappeared after the feed of arriving at any verse of Echizen. And the South Korean empress ended.
During the Meiji period, the legitimacy of the Southern Dynasty was recognized, but the legitimacy of later emperors from the Northern Dynasty was not denied. It was realistically difficult for Emperor Meiji himself to ignore the Northern Dynasty since the imperial family was also a direct descendant of the Northern Dynasty. In 1911 (Meiji 44), by order of Emperor Meiji , the second generation of the Southern Dynasty was recognized as orthodox emperors, and the previous 96th to 100th emperors were regarded as "Northern Dynasty" and excluded from orthodoxy, and the Southern Dynasty's Prince Noriyoshi and Hironari were excluded. Although the king was not emperor, he was considered to have ascended the throne and was revered as Emperor Komurakami and Emperor Gokameyama . In 1926 (Taisho 15), even after the Southern Dynasty was established as orthodox by the order of Emperor Taisho, Prince Yutanari, who had differing opinions on whether he should ascend the throne, was also given the posthumous title of Emperor Jokei .
However, because of this, people who claimed that they were descendants of the Southern Dynasty and had the right to succeed to the throne appeared one after another. If they were recognized as descendants of the Southern Dynasty, they would have been able to receive at least a high noble title of count or higher, so such people must have appeared. It was the atmosphere of the time when even descendants of “loyal subjects” who sacrificed their lives for the Southern Dynasty, such as Kusunoki Masashige and Nitta Yoshisada, were sought out and given noble titles. In total, about 50 people appeared. Some of them caused a great stir, but now it is assumed that all of them are groundless claims.[38]
The relationship between Shogun and the Emperor is often explained by the orthodoxy emperor of the orthodoxy, which is often symbolized by the hurray, but it is also a story of the Shogun , which is commissioned by power . Since the national era , the legitimacy of the power has already been recognized as the Shogun. In addition , if you came to the shogunate, the Shogun enacted the Geumjung -jonggajeje Law, which forced the Emperor to these provisions. Shogun was not directly emperor, but it was initially due to the symbolism of the emperor, but after that, the Emperor was really nothing. A person like Lee Duk -il said , "The emperor of the medieval Japan was not more than a priest role."[39] I said.
However, the emperor and the courtiers who formed the court were recognized as celebrities leading the Japanese upper class at the time, and even if they had no real political power, they could not be ignored at least in terms of culture. By marrying princesses, the successive shoguns regarded the entire imperial family as a symbol of the shogunate's authority. So during the Edo shogunate, throwing stones at the late emperor could result in one's head being cut off.
Then, after the mid-Edo period, when the Confucian ruling ideology represented by Ogyu Sorai and others spread among the ruling class, the perception that the emperor was superior to the shogun was revived. If we look at the personal letters exchanged between the emperor and the shogun, we can see that from this period, the emperor began to act as if he were a superior. Of course, it was only to the extent of calling them a "superior", and those who talked about overthrowing the shogunate and returning power to the "real" owner, the emperor, were mercilessly beheaded. Furthermore, since superiors did not have any real power, their financial resources were not that great, and they had to sell imperial treasures in the Kyoto market to make a living.[40] According to an article titled "Surveillance of Sea Bream" by Sato Koseki, an essayist active in the Meiji period of Japan until after the country's defeat, around the first year of Man'en, it was midsummer and all the fish served on the imperial table rotted and stank and were inedible, and when Emperor Komei held a banquet, the palace always had a shortage of sake, so they mixed water with the sake and drank it, and in the end, no matter how many glasses they drank, they couldn't get drunk, or when they saw a piece of salmon left at the banquet , they said, " Don't throw it away. Save it. I'll eat it for dinner." "There is an extremely miserable episode introduced that makes you wonder if this is really the monarch of a country. #[41]
Then, after the Meiji Restoration, it was established as the central point of Japan and absolute power, and when power was returned from the shogunate, it became a symbol of the ' Empire of Japan '. In the process of enhancing the authority of the Emperor, the forces promoting the Meiji Restoration used the authority of the Emperor as a shield, and succeeded in suppressing various oppositions that arose during the modernization process, leading to successful modernization.[42] In this process, its presence rose rapidly as it led to the introduction of compulsory education, local training, popularization of newspapers, and large-scale deification, and its status as sacrosanct and inviolable to many Japanese people was extremely high. However, after the defeat in World War II, the Emperor 's status was slightly lowered to the level of a 'descendant of God' due to the ' Human Declaration ' , which revealed that the Emperor was a human and not a god . During the Japanese Empire, the universal emperor system, which stipulated that the emperor should embrace Asia just as the Pope embraced Europe , was eventually abandoned, never appearing in politics or academia.[43]
Of course, we must carefully reflect on modern Japanese history to determine whether the emperor was an absolute monarch even at this time. Although it is said that the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, which was enacted in imitation of the Constitution of the German Empire , which granted very strong powers to the monarch , stipulated as Article 1 that " Japan shall be ruled by the Emperor of all ages and worlds ," the important thing during the Japanese Empire was that the Emperor was the emperor. This is because it was the central point with authority, the ‘image’ of being the successor to the divine kingdom that ruled Japan.[44] Emperor Meiji observed the opinions of those in power who led the Meiji Restoration.[45] They acted in accordance with their wishes. This is usually the case with people who were made monarchs by someone else.
In Japan just before the Meiji Restoration, the Emperor had a presence only in the Kansai region, but he was an unfamiliar entity to the majority of the general public, and in many cases, his existence was not known at all. In Japan, just before the Meiji Restoration, the emperor had the right to rule a long time ago, hundreds of years ago. In the center, the shogun , and in the provinces, the daimyō and samurai had the right to rule, and they were the ones who exercised real power. Also, because there was no compulsory education system and mass media was not developed, I had no choice but to know even more.[46] Even the concept of ‘Sage God (Arahitogami)’ did not fit well between the thoughts of the civilians and the thoughts of the ruling class. This point is clearly revealed in the early Meiji period when spies dispatched to the area where the emperor was to visit recorded the public sentiment in that area. 'When the Emperor came, he ordered the road to be cleared and the road was cleared. 'The Emperor's journey is truly a nuisance.' Moreover, when asked to make something for a party, there were often cases where it was done roughly and that was the end.
For example, in the early Meiji period, it was quite common to throw money at the imperial carriage that the Emperor rode in . This was a direct application of the folk Shinto tradition of offering money to a god and showing respect to the Emperor. In addition to money, some people also appeared who offered dances , songs , or food when the Emperor's procession passed by . This was the civilians trying to show respect and worship the Emperor, who they considered a god, in the folk Shinto way that they knew. However, the Japanese government , which tried to give the Emperor the same authority as an absolute monarch in the West , was horrified by this behavior and ended this tradition through prohibitions and suppression.[47] For the same reason, since there exists a wise god, the emperor, and it was considered blasphemous to claim to communicate with a god, the existing Shinto shamans were also oppressed, and 80,000 shrines throughout Japan were merged and disappeared. This has resulted in Shinto priests in Japan today having part-time jobs and priests becoming de facto shrine managers. Furthermore, Buddhism , which had been established as a folk religion among the Japanese people at the time, was hit particularly hard, and temples were destroyed all over the country and many monks were forcibly returned to secular life due to the abolition of Buddhism and the destruction of Buddhism (廢佛毁釋) accompanying the Shinto-Buddhist Separation Edict .
The Meiji government tried to give the emperor the same authority as the emperors of the West. In order to get this done as quickly as possible under the threat of imperialist powers, brainwashing of the entire nation was necessary, and naturally, violence, prohibition, and suppression were inevitable. The 'military police' of the early Japanese colonial period were nothing more than bringing what they had done in Japan to the colonies . In schools, they taught myths that were adapted to the Meiji government's taste as fact, and they made people worship the emperor by enshrining a portrait of the emperor. The anecdote of a teacher who jumped into a burning school to save the portrait and died was portrayed as a legendary tale, and during World War II , when the Taiho was hit and a fire broke out inside the ship, they tried to move the portrait of the emperor hanging on the ship to another destroyer, and many people died in the fire and explosion. Later, they forced everyone, including those in the colonies , to worship the palace . The failure and downfall of Taisho Democracy was already predicted here.
As a result, regardless of the actual power, the symbolism and sacredness of the Emperor in modern Japan were elevated to the level of inviolable sacrosanct that could not be touched lightly. Even in the houses where the Meiji Emperor briefly stayed, the objects and seats he had used were covered with transparent covers and treated like museum exhibits, and it is said that people lined up to get the well water that the Meiji Emperor drank and bathed in, saying that it was "water used by the gods, so it must be a divine panacea." Even in houses where the Emperor briefly stayed, special care was taken to select houses where he would stay, setting strict conditions such as the family having to be a prominent local family, having no dead family members, and having no misfortune in the household.
However, there are studies that say that Emperor Meiji had some power depending on the period. In fact, there are also stories that say that he seemed to have no real power because he was young and didn't know anything, or that he left everything to his subordinates according to the ideal Japanese leader type represented by Hikaru Genji . The leader enjoys life without thinking, and the actual work is done by his subordinates. Because of this culture, Japan had an unusually strong middle-class influence in the shogunate, clans, and military, even if it wasn't necessarily the emperor.[48]
As it appears in the Japanese Imperial Constitution, in reality, there was an area that could not be touched by the emperor of Japan, even if it was an emperor, even if it was an emperor.[49] As you can see in the Meiji 6 -year Jeongbyeon or the Pacific War , the Emperor's work was solved if there was no real answer. In the later years of the Meiji period, Ito Hirobumi was assassinated by Ahn Jung -geun and was not in the world , and some of his servants retired and retired, but he also worked as an age.
Emperor Showa, who was the emperor during World War II, was not just a face but a head of state who held enormous real power. There were only three cases in which Emperor Hirohito directly exercised influence. First, he reprimanded Prime Minister Kiichi Tanaka and forced him to step down; second, during the February 26 Incident, he showed a strong attitude to the point where he even said, 'Whatever the reason, those who moved my troops and started a rebellion without my permission are not my subjects' and 'If the generals remain silent, I will personally command the Guard Division to suppress the rebellion!' and thirdly, even during the end of the war, he showed a strong attitude. He has exerted considerable influence, such as issuing 'holy orders'. In addition to this, at the time of the war, Emperor Showa had the best understanding of the trends of the Japanese army and navy within Japan. Regarding the American general Douglas MacArthur , who did not punish Hirohito, there is also a secret saying that he was "very wrong in not punishing Hirohito properly."[50]
If you were to answer YES or NO regarding Emperor Showa's war responsibility, it would be YES, but if you go into detail, it is very complicated. For details, see the Showa Emperor/War Responsibility document.
8.
Currently, he is the only monarch called 'Emperor' among the monarchs in the world, but he has absolutely no authority over state affairs, either in reality or in name . Moreover, because the royal family is not a ‘citizen’ under the Constitution,[51] , even the basic rights that Japanese citizens naturally have are significantly restricted. Accordingly, the question of whether the Emperor and the Imperial Family have human rights is a topic of debate among Japanese legal scholars. A strict interpretation of the Constitution would mean that there are no human rights at all , but since this is too unreasonable, a compromise solution that guarantees them to some extent except for those related to politics or work is the prevailing trend.
The monarchs of most constitutional monarchy countries have legal and legal arguments , certification codes, and council dissolution . The king of Thai can intervene in state affairs by imposing sanctions or approval to certain forces in an emergency like a coup, and the British king also has a strong authority in theoretical, but it can be intervened in state affairs to some extent as needed in the Second World War .
However, the Emperor of Japan has no power at all, so much so that he is unrivaled even compared to constitutional monarchs in other countries. This is the product of the Allied Forces' process of reversing the Constitution of the former Empire of Japan, which was in fact nothing more than a codification of an absolute monarchy. Articles 1 to 8 of the Japanese Constitution stipulate the rights and duties of the Emperor. Article 1 already clearly states that sovereignty belongs to the people and that the Emperor is a symbol established by the people's consent. Article 3 stipulates that everything the emperor does must be approved by the cabinet, and other provisions only say 'do in accordance with ~', so there is literally nothing the emperor can judge and do on his own. Even living is subject to restrictions: the imperial family's money is state-owned property, and the emperor and the royal family cannot have jobs, making it almost impossible to accumulate wealth, so they must live strictly within their budget. with the king of sweden[52] He is a monarch whose authority has been completely emasculated, and even in any emergency, the Emperor can never intervene in national affairs as long as the current Constitution of Japan is maintained.
However, although there is no right to veto state affairs, there is no provision that requires unconditional approval. The government may say that it can somehow establish a regent, but there is an internal point that says, “But what if the regent is not approved?”, and there is no answer to this . Unless all members of the imperial family who are eligible to take office as emperor and regent go on strike because they do not want to do so, there is no possibility of something like this happening, but from a constitutional perspective, there is a limit. Although they adopt written legalism, the Japanese are more conservative than anyone else when it comes to customs, so they seem to feel that they do not want to place restrictions on the Emperor's every move.
The emperor does not have the following rights .
The monarchs of most constitutional monarchy countries have legal and legal arguments , certification codes, and council dissolution . The king of Thai can intervene in state affairs by imposing sanctions or approval to certain forces in an emergency like a coup, and the British king also has a strong authority in theoretical, but it can be intervened in state affairs to some extent as needed in the Second World War .
However, the Emperor of Japan has no power at all, so much so that he is unrivaled even compared to constitutional monarchs in other countries. This is the product of the Allied Forces' process of reversing the Constitution of the former Empire of Japan, which was in fact nothing more than a codification of an absolute monarchy. Articles 1 to 8 of the Japanese Constitution stipulate the rights and duties of the Emperor. Article 1 already clearly states that sovereignty belongs to the people and that the Emperor is a symbol established by the people's consent. Article 3 stipulates that everything the emperor does must be approved by the cabinet, and other provisions only say 'do in accordance with ~', so there is literally nothing the emperor can judge and do on his own. Even living is subject to restrictions: the imperial family's money is state-owned property, and the emperor and the royal family cannot have jobs, making it almost impossible to accumulate wealth, so they must live strictly within their budget. with the king of sweden[52] He is a monarch whose authority has been completely emasculated, and even in any emergency, the Emperor can never intervene in national affairs as long as the current Constitution of Japan is maintained.
Chapter 1 of the Constitution of Japan
Article 3
All actions of the Emperor regarding national affairs require the advice and approval of the Cabinet, and the Cabinet is responsible for this.[53]
Article 4
① The Emperor only acts on national affairs as prescribed by this Constitution and has no authority over state affairs.
② The Emperor may delegate actions related to state affairs as prescribed by law.
Article 5
When a regent is appointed in accordance with the provisions of the Imperial War Code, the regent acts in the name of the Emperor regarding national affairs. In this case, the provisions of Article 4, Paragraph 1 shall apply mutatis mutandis.
Article 8
In cases where property is transferred to the imperial family, or when the imperial family transfers or grants property, the resolution of the National Assembly must be followed.
Article 3
All actions of the Emperor regarding national affairs require the advice and approval of the Cabinet, and the Cabinet is responsible for this.[53]
Article 4
① The Emperor only acts on national affairs as prescribed by this Constitution and has no authority over state affairs.
② The Emperor may delegate actions related to state affairs as prescribed by law.
Article 5
When a regent is appointed in accordance with the provisions of the Imperial War Code, the regent acts in the name of the Emperor regarding national affairs. In this case, the provisions of Article 4, Paragraph 1 shall apply mutatis mutandis.
Article 8
In cases where property is transferred to the imperial family, or when the imperial family transfers or grants property, the resolution of the National Assembly must be followed.
However, although there is no right to veto state affairs, there is no provision that requires unconditional approval. The government may say that it can somehow establish a regent, but there is an internal point that says, “But what if the regent is not approved?”, and there is no answer to this . Unless all members of the imperial family who are eligible to take office as emperor and regent go on strike because they do not want to do so, there is no possibility of something like this happening, but from a constitutional perspective, there is a limit. Although they adopt written legalism, the Japanese are more conservative than anyone else when it comes to customs, so they seem to feel that they do not want to place restrictions on the Emperor's every move.
The emperor does not have the following rights .
- There is no right to issue orders . During the Japanese Empire, there was the right to issue imperial decrees, but now the authority over state affairs has disappeared, and the imperial decrees issued by the Emperor have been replaced by direct orders issued by the Prime Minister. Like the promulgation of laws, the promulgation of decrees is done by the emperor, leaving only traces, and like in the case of laws, there is no right of veto. The previous Prime Minister's orders were also absorbed into the Cabinet Order. However, royal decrees issued before the war but not repealed after the war are still valid and have the same effect as regular decrees.
- It has no authority over imperial affairs . The Imperial War Code, which was enacted by the Emperor himself during the Japanese Empire era , is currently enacted or revised by the National Assembly in the form of law, and those with the right to succeed to the throne are also determined by the Imperial War Code, and if the rank must be changed unavoidably, the Imperial Council chaired by the Prime Minister of the Cabinet is held . The decision is followed and the Emperor has no involvement in it. Even the era name, which symbolizes the emperor's own reign, can no longer be established by the emperor himself, but is established and announced by the Cabinet by decree.
- There is no nominal military rights . In the case of modern constitutional monarchy countries, the nominal and legal transportation rights are the monarch who is the head of the state , and the prime minister, the head of the government, is the head of the government . The Emperor, however, does not own the nominal rights of the Self -Defense Forces .[55]
- He does not even have the right to abdicate . The only case in which the Emperor abdicates without anyone's permission or consent is upon his death, and if he wishes to abdicate while alive, he must obtain permission from the Cabinet. Since expressing the intention to abdicate is also part of state affairs, the emperor does not even have the right to declare his intention to abdicate. For example, Emperor Akihito wanted to abdicate while he was alive, but had no way to do so. In August 2016, he made an announcement such as "I am over 80 years old, and I am worried that it will be difficult for me to carry out my duties as a symbol of the country," without using any direct sentences, but in a roundabout way, expressing his feelings and saying, "If you have said this, you will understand, so please allow me to abdicate." It was announced in an indirect way with an underlying meaning. The Japanese media reported this as an 'expression of feelings' by the Emperor, and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and the Cabinet enacted a special law that allowed Akihito to abdicate while he was still alive.
- There is no nominal personnel authority other than appointing the heads of the executive and judiciary branches. Usually, in the case of a constitutional monarchy or a republic with a parliamentary system, high-ranking public officials above a certain level in the executive branch and judiciary, diplomats dispatched to foreign countries, and certain other public officials in specific positions are nominally appointed or dismissed by the head of state (monarch or president) upon recommendation from other institutions such as the prime minister or cabinet, but the emperor is the head of the executive branch, the prime minister, and the judiciary. It is stipulated that only the Minister of the Supreme Court , who is the head, is appointed according to the nomination of the National Assembly or the Cabinet, and that other people are not even nominally allowed to have personnel authority. In particular, the monarchs of other countries can voluntarily appoint the heads of organizations such as the Privy Council or chamberlains that assist the monarch and the royal family, but the emperor cannot personally appoint the minister of the Imperial Household Agency or the chamberlains, and the cabinet appoints and dismisses them.
The Emperor only 'certifies' the appointment and dismissal of certain public officials prescribed by law, including the Constitution, including the Minister of the Imperial Household Agency and the Chamberlain. This 'certification' is one of the acts of state affairs stipulated in Article 7 of the Constitution of Japan , and is mentioned in Article 5 of the same Article. This is nothing more than an extremely formal act in which the Emperor certifies the fact that the appointment or dismissal has been made by the person with the authority to appoint or dismiss, as in the dictionary meaning of the word, and the Emperor personally signs and stamps the appointee's letter of appointment.[56] It is done in this way. For example, three-volume institutions[57] In the case of the Public Accounting and Inspection Service , which does not belong to any of the above and is independently responsible for inspection of national income and expenditure settlement and other accounting inspections prescribed by law , inspectors who are members of the Public Accounting and Inspection Service are appointed by the Cabinet with the consent of both houses of the National Assembly, the House of Representatives and the House of Councilors.[58] , the appointment and dismissal of inspectors are certified by the Emperor.[59] There is absolutely no room for the Emperor's subjectivity to intervene in these actions.
Compared to the status of the emperor during the era of the Imperial Constitution , the status of the emperor under the current constitution is considered to be in line with the status of the traditional emperor given its long history . (At a press conference commemorating the 50th anniversary of their marriage in April 2009) #
To put it mildly, even Akihito admits that the current status of the emperor is just right.
9. succession to the throne
According to the Imperial War Code , the throne can only be inherited by men of the male lineage. Currently, the first in line of succession to the throne is Emperor Fumihito , the second is Emperor Hisahito, the eldest son of Emperor Fumihito , and the third is Emperor Masahito, the second son of the Showa Emperor .
Concerned about the current situation of the imperial family, which until 2006 had only Crown Prince Naruhito and his only daughter, Aiko, the Emperor, led by then Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi, attempted to revise the Imperial Household Code to allow a female emperor to ascend the throne. However, the plan was canceled when Prince Fumihito and his wife revealed to the media that they were pregnant with their third child. According to one theory, King Fumihito and Queen Kiko confirmed several times whether it was their son. On September 6, 2006, Prince Hisahito was born. Unless Emperor Naruhito remarries and has a son, Prince Hisahito will succeed his uncle, Emperor Naruhito.
In July 2026, an amendment to the Imperial Household Code was passed and established at the plenary session of the House of Councilors , allowing the adoption of male lineage males over 15 years of age from the 11th royal family of the former imperial family , and allowing the son born from the adopted child to be eligible to succeed to the imperial throne . #
Concerned about the current situation of the imperial family, which until 2006 had only Crown Prince Naruhito and his only daughter, Aiko, the Emperor, led by then Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi, attempted to revise the Imperial Household Code to allow a female emperor to ascend the throne. However, the plan was canceled when Prince Fumihito and his wife revealed to the media that they were pregnant with their third child. According to one theory, King Fumihito and Queen Kiko confirmed several times whether it was their son. On September 6, 2006, Prince Hisahito was born. Unless Emperor Naruhito remarries and has a son, Prince Hisahito will succeed his uncle, Emperor Naruhito.
In July 2026, an amendment to the Imperial Household Code was passed and established at the plenary session of the House of Councilors , allowing the adoption of male lineage males over 15 years of age from the 11th royal family of the former imperial family , and allowing the son born from the adopted child to be eligible to succeed to the imperial throne . #
10. Phase
Regardless of whether he holds real power or not, the symbolism of the emperor in modern Japan is very great. Not only does he have no real power, but no one thinks of him as just an ordinary person, and he has a status and treatment that is equivalent to that of a head of state internationally. The Prime Minister attends pragmatic and diplomatically important meetings, and the Emperor attends events related to foreign royal families or symbolic competitions such as the Olympics. Even before the famous Kono Statement (1993) and Murayama Statement (1995), it has been pointed out that Akihito 's remark during President Roh Tae-woo 's visit in 1990 , "Thinking of the pain your people have suffered during the unfortunate times brought about by our country, I cannot help but feel sorrowful," played a major role in creating the atmosphere for such statements. To put it simply, if the Emperor had not said the phrase ‘Tongseok’s salt’, neither the Kono Statement nor the Murayama Statement would have been issued . This is enough to lend strength to the argument that the emperor still has a strong presence in Japan. #
For example, Articles 1 to 8 of the Japanese Constitution are provisions regarding the Emperor. Although it has no political power, it is still sacrosanct to the Japanese people. Most Japanese people consistently give the emperor the honorific title “Your Majesty,” and do not even dare to criticize him. Due to this atmosphere, the chrysanthemum taboo is widespread in Japanese society, with people reluctant to even mention the emperor or the imperial family . The media also does not treat the Emperor carelessly. Basically, for the sake of neutrality, they speak informally to all people, but they report the Emperor with derogatory titles and honorifics. Even the Asahi Shimbun, a fairly radical left-wing media outlet, is indifferent. It is rare to see anything featuring the imperial family in Japanese comics or animation , except for Mako Naechinwang . There is an animation made in 1990 to commemorate the marriage of Emperor Akihito 's second son, Emperor Fumihito , and Kawashima Kiko . This is clearly revealed in the death of Emperor Showa. Because the Emperor was seriously ill, all events in Japan were canceled and an atmosphere of self-reflection was created. Of course, at first, the fuss created a gloomy atmosphere, but as the year passed (1989), the steam was released, and on the day of Emperor Showa's death, it was quite quiet.
It is highly likely that the 125th emperor, Akihito , will be given the posthumous title "Emperor Heisei" (平成天皇) when he dies according to the principle of isse iwon. However, there is no legal basis under the current law for this to be the case, and it is more likely that it will be so based on custom. The reason why the currently living Akihito is not called Emperor Heisei is because the name "posthumous title" given to the deceased cannot be used for a person who is still alive. In other words, giving a posthumous title to a living monarch is the same as calling a living person "deceased." Japanese people call him "Kinjo" (今上) or "His Majesty the Emperor" (天皇陛下). Of course, this is done in the media and at official events, and ordinary people who are not particularly obsessed with the imperial system sometimes call him "Emperor-sama" (天皇さん) in private without much hesitation. There are even people who use terms that are considered outrageous by conservative standards, such as “Cheon-chan.”[60]
When preparing for Akihito's crowning ceremony, the entire Tokyo police police were mobilized to prevent terrorism , and all manhole lids in Tokyo were opened to confirm and be sealed. Japanese novelist Murakami Haruki described it as "I'm stupid."[61] At that time, the Japanese Prime Minister Town Town participated in the crowning ceremony.[62] The problem was raised about the congratulations and the livelihood of the Japanese prime minister, which was the representative of the Japanese people. In addition, even in Japan, even when about 40 billion yen was paid for the expense of the cost, even in Japan was raised. The civic group of Kanagawa prefecture filed a lawsuit called the Live Litigation, but after 14 years, he was dismissed by Prime Minister Koizumi Junichiro in 2004.
Hitoshi Motoshima (a member of the right -wing Liberal Democratic Party ), who was the mayor of Nagasaki at the time and was attending the city council during this time, was talking to a city council member elected from a left-wing political party. When asked persistent questions about responsibility for the war, he answered, "The emperor is also responsible for the war ." However, he received threats to his life, including threats and attacks on his personal emails on the Internet. The mayor had to live in the building under heavy security by Japanese police until the situation calmed down , and he could not even dare to go home. The situation calmed down a bit and he returned to work, but in 1990, while riding in his car, he was seriously injured after being shot in the back during a riot by right-wing forces. Even though he had always had right-wing tendencies, he almost lost his life when he spoke out loud once at the city council.
The terror attack on the Nagasaki mayor did not end with one incident. The mayor who was elected as his successor, Ito Itcho, had a political tendency closer to the center, unlike his predecessor, and usually raised his voice against the far-right politicians’ talk of Japan’s nuclear armament and the movement to revise the Peace Constitution. In 2007, he was shot and killed by a far-right yakuza resident. Nagasaki, which had been hit by a nuclear attack, tended to strongly oppose far-right tendencies, and for this reason, it became a target of political terrorism by far-right groups. It goes without saying that the Aum Shinrikyo cult, which attempted to assassinate the emperor with poison , ended up being decapitated in front of such a Japan.[63]
In 2013, Queen Hisako's appearance at the International Olympic Committee general meeting sparked controversy over political interference.
On October 31, 2013, Taro Yamamoto, a member of the House of Councilors, wrote a letter to the Emperor complaining about the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, which became a political issue and eventually forced him to apologize in the National Assembly. It is said that Emperor Akihito did not even read the letter. Even if the emperor had read the letter, it would have been meaningless because in the post-war system, the emperor could not really do anything regardless of what the cabinet did or how the people were governed. This could only raise suspicions that he was attempting to intervene in politics prohibited by law, and in this case, the Emperor himself could be in danger.
The Emperor did not read the letter itself, and the contents were simply appealing to the Fukushima nuclear accident. If the Emperor read it and the content was quite critical, it would have been worse. Representative Yamamoto received a threatening letter from the right -wing group for the ban on attending the imperial event. Emperor Akihito also seemed to have handed over to the aide without reading a letter to protect the lawmaker, and he was also concerned about the comfort of the lawmakers.
On December 23, 2014, a large-scale kibbutz event occurred on Twitter when a tweet saying "Emperor Kosokorai (天皇クソコラ祭り)" was spread to coincide with Akihito 's birthday.
On May 21, 2017, there was a controversy over the emperor of the Japanese conservative personnel. Among Prime Minister Shinzo Prime Minister Shinzo's advisory committee, who was created to discuss the retirement of Akihito , "The Emperor is meaningful in praying in the sacrifice, and what is the role of it? What is the role of it? If you continue the royal ritual, you don't have to retire." Can't you remember work? ” In view of the fact that the members of the advisory committee were aides of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe , you can see the view of the emperor in the Japanese leadership.
However, the Emperor was not an inviolable being in Japan from the beginning. Rather, it was achieved through the ruling class of the Japanese Empire steadily deifying the Emperor after the expulsion of the Edo shogunate through the Taisei Hokan and Boshin War and the Meiji Restoration . Before that, the Emperor's authority was only applicable to the ruling class such as the upper class of Kyoto, noble families, and the shogunate. Before the rise of national studies, the common people of the Japanese archipelago, who had never seen the ruling class in their lives, did not even know that there was an Emperor. Even that helped revive the symbolism and authority of the Emperor when Tokugawa Ieyasu founded the shogunate, but during the Warring States period , due to the shogun's long rule, even the symbolism was lost and all authority and symbolism was transferred to the shogun, so even the daimyo ignored it. Especially during the Muromachi shogunate , there was a time when the authority of the shogun surpassed that of the emperor, as the shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu was granted the title of King of Japan, and after Yoshimitsu's death, the imperial family even tried to bestow the title of Taijo-tenno on the shogun, who was a subject. Even in the early days of the Japanese Empire, the Japanese people questioned why they should worship an emperor they did not even know.
Therefore, the atmosphere of social pressure to worship the emperor like a god during the Japanese Empire, which was ruled by the military after the Meiji Restoration, and the pressure to worship the emperor within the Japanese military are not unrelated to this background. In effect, the authority and deification of the modern Japanese emperor overthrew the Edo Shogunate in the process of transforming the order within the Japanese archipelago, which had been a loose federation system in which numerous local daimyō-ruled domains and prefectures controlled by the real power of the shogunate into a country called Japan, overthrowing the Edo shogunate and taking real power, in the process of transforming the order within the Japanese archipelago, which had been a loose federation system in which the feudal lords and prefectures ruled by numerous local daimyos until the repatriation, were controlled by the real power of the shogunate. Naturally, the descendants of other daimyo, the commoners, and even the commoners of the Satsuma and Choshu domains had no basis or authority to serve them as rulers, even if the humble samurai of their own villages had seized power. At that time, all the daimyo ruled like kings of their own territories, and the commoners obeyed the daimyo and had no basis for serving as their masters the emperor whom they did not know existed, or the samurai of the island towns of Satsuma and Choshu whose names they did not know who enthroned him. Therefore, since they could no longer create their own authority, they began by reasserting themselves as the emperor, a god who had been an old man in the backroom during the Edo shogunate, but was nominally known to all the residents of the archipelago, in order to serve as a focal point to unite the common people across the archipelago, who had been divided and lived under the real power of their respective daimyo, as members of a common nation called Japan. In this way, the Japanese Empire was created with the Emperor as the nominal center again, and through the national Shinto religion , which was Japan's segmented traditional religion , the country was made into a living god, greater than the Daimyo and the Shogun, and a policy of constant idolization, deification, and granting of authority was implemented for decades, and the authority of the Showa Emperor was completed during World War II. Until the Meiji Restoration, when people living in the Japanese archipelago were asked where they were from, there was a deified Japanese emperor at the center of the national view who pushed carrots and sticks for several decades to people who did not agree with each other, such as Edo people, Kyoto people, Owari people, Tosa people, etc., and from then on made them call themselves Japanese, subjects of His Majesty the Emperor, citizens of a unified nation.
It is no exaggeration to say that modern Japan's emperor system is the 'Japanese version of the Confucian system.' And the idea was largely borrowed from Joseon Confucianism, especially Toegye Studies.[64] .
Masao Maruyama named this form of state ‘family state’ (『Thoughts and Actions in Modern Politics』, Hangilsa, p. 78). Fujita Shozo, who succeeded Masao Maruyama, also said, “(The Emperor) is the greatest and best ‘patriarch’ overflowing with warmth, immanent in the emotional world of human life, and reigns with everyday intimacy.”[65] .
According to Kizo Ogura, Nagazane Motoda, a Confucian scholar during the Meiji period and a lecturer to Emperor Meiji, tried to create a “Confucian state centered on the emperor,” saying, “The source of all morals of the people lies in serving the emperor.”[66] . And according to Taichiro Mitani, Inoue Kowashi (井上毅), who created the prototype of the “Regal Edict of Education”, also excluded the religious and philosophical foundations of morality and found its origins in the Emperor Emperor Sect.[67] . This moral concept is neither Confucian nor Western morality. To use Ogura Gizo's expression, it can be said to be 'God-Confucian unity morality'.[68] .
As a result, after the defeat in the Pacific War, the emperor's status fell to the ground again. Before the Okum Broadcast, many residents of the Japanese archipelago did not know much about the specific circumstances of the outside world, but after the Meiji Restoration, those who put the emperor at the forefront worked hard and it became easier to live for a while rather than being exploited by the daimyos of the Edo period, and they began to have a slight national view that following the emperor was something good and that they were Japanese people who followed the emperor. However, as the war situation became more and more unfavorable, exploitation worsened and eventually Japan was defeated in the war in 1945 and placed under the occupation of the United States. Seeing the entire country in ruins due to air raids on the Japanese mainland , the Japanese people resented the emperor and tried to place the blame for the defeat on him. And even at that moment, the Soviet army was trying to take control of the northern part of the Korean Peninsula and project influence from Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands to the Japanese archipelago. It was easy for communism to infiltrate a society devastated by war and where order had collapsed, which was the case all over the world at that time.
Here, Douglas MacArthur of GHQ was extremely fearful that if the Japanese people were left in such a state of material and emotional panic, they would resist GHQ in an uncontrollable state and then communism would rise when the Soviet Union came in. He felt the need to re-establish the Japanese national view in order to somehow unite again and make it a defensive line to fight against Soviet communism, which was just around the corner, and ultimately chose the continuation of the emperor system. And after Hirohito's human declaration , Hirohito toured the country, met with Japanese people who were working on post-war recovery, and comforted them. He won the hearts of the Japanese people with his humane appearance and actions that showed a sense of responsibility. He succeeded in mentally uniting the Japanese people by making people who thought of themselves Japanese feel that Hirohito was a sufficiently exemplary and ideal Japanese person. And through the outbreak of the Korean War, the foundation for Japan's reconstruction was laid.
In this way, the symbolism of the Japanese emperor as a gentleman, peace-loving, and exemplary human being (as viewed by the residents of the Japanese archipelago) was passed down to Hirohito's son Akihito, and even left-wing forces such as the Communist Party of Japan, which claimed Hirohito's responsibility for the war, changed the situation in Japanese politics, which was moving toward the right through the decline of the Japanese Communist Party since the 1970s. As he was a minor before 1945, he was morally not responsible for the war and became an adult. Akihito, who continued the direction pursued by Hirohito even after his accession to the emperor, brought about a political shift in which the emperor needed to be recognized in order to check the Japanese conservative political group , which had turned to the right. This led to a unique situation in which rational leftists, such as the Socialist Party, excluding extreme leftists such as the Communist Party, actually supported the emperor system.[69]
In that respect, unlike the national view of Japan, such as in Korea or China, where existing collectivism was cleverly mixed with the systems of Western nation-states, the Japanese emperor system played a role in creating Japanese identity in a unique way of forming a national view by projecting the moral and ideal human image of the current residents living in the Japanese archipelago onto the head of a family called the emperor, who used to be a god but is now human.
For example, Articles 1 to 8 of the Japanese Constitution are provisions regarding the Emperor. Although it has no political power, it is still sacrosanct to the Japanese people. Most Japanese people consistently give the emperor the honorific title “Your Majesty,” and do not even dare to criticize him. Due to this atmosphere, the chrysanthemum taboo is widespread in Japanese society, with people reluctant to even mention the emperor or the imperial family . The media also does not treat the Emperor carelessly. Basically, for the sake of neutrality, they speak informally to all people, but they report the Emperor with derogatory titles and honorifics. Even the Asahi Shimbun, a fairly radical left-wing media outlet, is indifferent. It is rare to see anything featuring the imperial family in Japanese comics or animation , except for Mako Naechinwang . There is an animation made in 1990 to commemorate the marriage of Emperor Akihito 's second son, Emperor Fumihito , and Kawashima Kiko . This is clearly revealed in the death of Emperor Showa. Because the Emperor was seriously ill, all events in Japan were canceled and an atmosphere of self-reflection was created. Of course, at first, the fuss created a gloomy atmosphere, but as the year passed (1989), the steam was released, and on the day of Emperor Showa's death, it was quite quiet.
It is highly likely that the 125th emperor, Akihito , will be given the posthumous title "Emperor Heisei" (平成天皇) when he dies according to the principle of isse iwon. However, there is no legal basis under the current law for this to be the case, and it is more likely that it will be so based on custom. The reason why the currently living Akihito is not called Emperor Heisei is because the name "posthumous title" given to the deceased cannot be used for a person who is still alive. In other words, giving a posthumous title to a living monarch is the same as calling a living person "deceased." Japanese people call him "Kinjo" (今上) or "His Majesty the Emperor" (天皇陛下). Of course, this is done in the media and at official events, and ordinary people who are not particularly obsessed with the imperial system sometimes call him "Emperor-sama" (天皇さん) in private without much hesitation. There are even people who use terms that are considered outrageous by conservative standards, such as “Cheon-chan.”[60]
When preparing for Akihito's crowning ceremony, the entire Tokyo police police were mobilized to prevent terrorism , and all manhole lids in Tokyo were opened to confirm and be sealed. Japanese novelist Murakami Haruki described it as "I'm stupid."[61] At that time, the Japanese Prime Minister Town Town participated in the crowning ceremony.[62] The problem was raised about the congratulations and the livelihood of the Japanese prime minister, which was the representative of the Japanese people. In addition, even in Japan, even when about 40 billion yen was paid for the expense of the cost, even in Japan was raised. The civic group of Kanagawa prefecture filed a lawsuit called the Live Litigation, but after 14 years, he was dismissed by Prime Minister Koizumi Junichiro in 2004.
Hitoshi Motoshima (a member of the right -wing Liberal Democratic Party ), who was the mayor of Nagasaki at the time and was attending the city council during this time, was talking to a city council member elected from a left-wing political party. When asked persistent questions about responsibility for the war, he answered, "The emperor is also responsible for the war ." However, he received threats to his life, including threats and attacks on his personal emails on the Internet. The mayor had to live in the building under heavy security by Japanese police until the situation calmed down , and he could not even dare to go home. The situation calmed down a bit and he returned to work, but in 1990, while riding in his car, he was seriously injured after being shot in the back during a riot by right-wing forces. Even though he had always had right-wing tendencies, he almost lost his life when he spoke out loud once at the city council.
The terror attack on the Nagasaki mayor did not end with one incident. The mayor who was elected as his successor, Ito Itcho, had a political tendency closer to the center, unlike his predecessor, and usually raised his voice against the far-right politicians’ talk of Japan’s nuclear armament and the movement to revise the Peace Constitution. In 2007, he was shot and killed by a far-right yakuza resident. Nagasaki, which had been hit by a nuclear attack, tended to strongly oppose far-right tendencies, and for this reason, it became a target of political terrorism by far-right groups. It goes without saying that the Aum Shinrikyo cult, which attempted to assassinate the emperor with poison , ended up being decapitated in front of such a Japan.[63]
In 2013, Queen Hisako's appearance at the International Olympic Committee general meeting sparked controversy over political interference.
On October 31, 2013, Taro Yamamoto, a member of the House of Councilors, wrote a letter to the Emperor complaining about the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, which became a political issue and eventually forced him to apologize in the National Assembly. It is said that Emperor Akihito did not even read the letter. Even if the emperor had read the letter, it would have been meaningless because in the post-war system, the emperor could not really do anything regardless of what the cabinet did or how the people were governed. This could only raise suspicions that he was attempting to intervene in politics prohibited by law, and in this case, the Emperor himself could be in danger.
The Emperor did not read the letter itself, and the contents were simply appealing to the Fukushima nuclear accident. If the Emperor read it and the content was quite critical, it would have been worse. Representative Yamamoto received a threatening letter from the right -wing group for the ban on attending the imperial event. Emperor Akihito also seemed to have handed over to the aide without reading a letter to protect the lawmaker, and he was also concerned about the comfort of the lawmakers.
On December 23, 2014, a large-scale kibbutz event occurred on Twitter when a tweet saying "Emperor Kosokorai (天皇クソコラ祭り)" was spread to coincide with Akihito 's birthday.
On May 21, 2017, there was a controversy over the emperor of the Japanese conservative personnel. Among Prime Minister Shinzo Prime Minister Shinzo's advisory committee, who was created to discuss the retirement of Akihito , "The Emperor is meaningful in praying in the sacrifice, and what is the role of it? What is the role of it? If you continue the royal ritual, you don't have to retire." Can't you remember work? ” In view of the fact that the members of the advisory committee were aides of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe , you can see the view of the emperor in the Japanese leadership.
However, the Emperor was not an inviolable being in Japan from the beginning. Rather, it was achieved through the ruling class of the Japanese Empire steadily deifying the Emperor after the expulsion of the Edo shogunate through the Taisei Hokan and Boshin War and the Meiji Restoration . Before that, the Emperor's authority was only applicable to the ruling class such as the upper class of Kyoto, noble families, and the shogunate. Before the rise of national studies, the common people of the Japanese archipelago, who had never seen the ruling class in their lives, did not even know that there was an Emperor. Even that helped revive the symbolism and authority of the Emperor when Tokugawa Ieyasu founded the shogunate, but during the Warring States period , due to the shogun's long rule, even the symbolism was lost and all authority and symbolism was transferred to the shogun, so even the daimyo ignored it. Especially during the Muromachi shogunate , there was a time when the authority of the shogun surpassed that of the emperor, as the shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu was granted the title of King of Japan, and after Yoshimitsu's death, the imperial family even tried to bestow the title of Taijo-tenno on the shogun, who was a subject. Even in the early days of the Japanese Empire, the Japanese people questioned why they should worship an emperor they did not even know.
Therefore, the atmosphere of social pressure to worship the emperor like a god during the Japanese Empire, which was ruled by the military after the Meiji Restoration, and the pressure to worship the emperor within the Japanese military are not unrelated to this background. In effect, the authority and deification of the modern Japanese emperor overthrew the Edo Shogunate in the process of transforming the order within the Japanese archipelago, which had been a loose federation system in which numerous local daimyō-ruled domains and prefectures controlled by the real power of the shogunate into a country called Japan, overthrowing the Edo shogunate and taking real power, in the process of transforming the order within the Japanese archipelago, which had been a loose federation system in which the feudal lords and prefectures ruled by numerous local daimyos until the repatriation, were controlled by the real power of the shogunate. Naturally, the descendants of other daimyo, the commoners, and even the commoners of the Satsuma and Choshu domains had no basis or authority to serve them as rulers, even if the humble samurai of their own villages had seized power. At that time, all the daimyo ruled like kings of their own territories, and the commoners obeyed the daimyo and had no basis for serving as their masters the emperor whom they did not know existed, or the samurai of the island towns of Satsuma and Choshu whose names they did not know who enthroned him. Therefore, since they could no longer create their own authority, they began by reasserting themselves as the emperor, a god who had been an old man in the backroom during the Edo shogunate, but was nominally known to all the residents of the archipelago, in order to serve as a focal point to unite the common people across the archipelago, who had been divided and lived under the real power of their respective daimyo, as members of a common nation called Japan. In this way, the Japanese Empire was created with the Emperor as the nominal center again, and through the national Shinto religion , which was Japan's segmented traditional religion , the country was made into a living god, greater than the Daimyo and the Shogun, and a policy of constant idolization, deification, and granting of authority was implemented for decades, and the authority of the Showa Emperor was completed during World War II. Until the Meiji Restoration, when people living in the Japanese archipelago were asked where they were from, there was a deified Japanese emperor at the center of the national view who pushed carrots and sticks for several decades to people who did not agree with each other, such as Edo people, Kyoto people, Owari people, Tosa people, etc., and from then on made them call themselves Japanese, subjects of His Majesty the Emperor, citizens of a unified nation.
It is no exaggeration to say that modern Japan's emperor system is the 'Japanese version of the Confucian system.' And the idea was largely borrowed from Joseon Confucianism, especially Toegye Studies.[64] .
Masao Maruyama named this form of state ‘family state’ (『Thoughts and Actions in Modern Politics』, Hangilsa, p. 78). Fujita Shozo, who succeeded Masao Maruyama, also said, “(The Emperor) is the greatest and best ‘patriarch’ overflowing with warmth, immanent in the emotional world of human life, and reigns with everyday intimacy.”[65] .
According to Kizo Ogura, Nagazane Motoda, a Confucian scholar during the Meiji period and a lecturer to Emperor Meiji, tried to create a “Confucian state centered on the emperor,” saying, “The source of all morals of the people lies in serving the emperor.”[66] . And according to Taichiro Mitani, Inoue Kowashi (井上毅), who created the prototype of the “Regal Edict of Education”, also excluded the religious and philosophical foundations of morality and found its origins in the Emperor Emperor Sect.[67] . This moral concept is neither Confucian nor Western morality. To use Ogura Gizo's expression, it can be said to be 'God-Confucian unity morality'.[68] .
As a result, after the defeat in the Pacific War, the emperor's status fell to the ground again. Before the Okum Broadcast, many residents of the Japanese archipelago did not know much about the specific circumstances of the outside world, but after the Meiji Restoration, those who put the emperor at the forefront worked hard and it became easier to live for a while rather than being exploited by the daimyos of the Edo period, and they began to have a slight national view that following the emperor was something good and that they were Japanese people who followed the emperor. However, as the war situation became more and more unfavorable, exploitation worsened and eventually Japan was defeated in the war in 1945 and placed under the occupation of the United States. Seeing the entire country in ruins due to air raids on the Japanese mainland , the Japanese people resented the emperor and tried to place the blame for the defeat on him. And even at that moment, the Soviet army was trying to take control of the northern part of the Korean Peninsula and project influence from Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands to the Japanese archipelago. It was easy for communism to infiltrate a society devastated by war and where order had collapsed, which was the case all over the world at that time.
Here, Douglas MacArthur of GHQ was extremely fearful that if the Japanese people were left in such a state of material and emotional panic, they would resist GHQ in an uncontrollable state and then communism would rise when the Soviet Union came in. He felt the need to re-establish the Japanese national view in order to somehow unite again and make it a defensive line to fight against Soviet communism, which was just around the corner, and ultimately chose the continuation of the emperor system. And after Hirohito's human declaration , Hirohito toured the country, met with Japanese people who were working on post-war recovery, and comforted them. He won the hearts of the Japanese people with his humane appearance and actions that showed a sense of responsibility. He succeeded in mentally uniting the Japanese people by making people who thought of themselves Japanese feel that Hirohito was a sufficiently exemplary and ideal Japanese person. And through the outbreak of the Korean War, the foundation for Japan's reconstruction was laid.
In this way, the symbolism of the Japanese emperor as a gentleman, peace-loving, and exemplary human being (as viewed by the residents of the Japanese archipelago) was passed down to Hirohito's son Akihito, and even left-wing forces such as the Communist Party of Japan, which claimed Hirohito's responsibility for the war, changed the situation in Japanese politics, which was moving toward the right through the decline of the Japanese Communist Party since the 1970s. As he was a minor before 1945, he was morally not responsible for the war and became an adult. Akihito, who continued the direction pursued by Hirohito even after his accession to the emperor, brought about a political shift in which the emperor needed to be recognized in order to check the Japanese conservative political group , which had turned to the right. This led to a unique situation in which rational leftists, such as the Socialist Party, excluding extreme leftists such as the Communist Party, actually supported the emperor system.[69]
In that respect, unlike the national view of Japan, such as in Korea or China, where existing collectivism was cleverly mixed with the systems of Western nation-states, the Japanese emperor system played a role in creating Japanese identity in a unique way of forming a national view by projecting the moral and ideal human image of the current residents living in the Japanese archipelago onto the head of a family called the emperor, who used to be a god but is now human.
10.1. The symbolic emperor system and the head of state
The meaning of empire can be interpreted in two ways.
- It may refer to a country whose monarch is the emperor,
- It can also refer to a country that extends its sovereignty to areas and members that are culturally and ethnically different.
1 and 2 may match, but there are also cases where they do not. For example, the French Third Republic is often described as the French colonial empire, even though it is a democracy-based republic.
Normally, monarchies use the title of the monarch in their national titles, such as a kingdom if the monarch is a king, a duchy if the monarch is a duke, etc. That is why Japan also used the title of the country, "Empire of Japan." However, since the enactment of the Constitution of Japan in 1947 , the title of the country, "Japan," has been used to this day.[70]
After the war, Emperor Showa chose the path of giving up even the minimum authority of a constitutional monarch (in other words, a symbolic emperor system) by saying, "I will no longer be involved in politics." From then on, the emperor, the monarch of Japan, was not even a simple constitutional monarch, but was like the emperor before the Meiji Restoration.[71] It has become a 'symbol of Japan' and a 'symbol of the unity of the Japanese people.' Usually, constitutional monarchies state in their constitutions that the monarch is the head of the country, but the Japanese constitution only describes the emperor as a symbol of Japan and does not call him the 'head of state.' In short, it is a position that is somewhere in between a constitutional monarchy's monarch and a non-sovereign monarch .
The Japanese conservative cabinet is pushing to go beyond making the Emperor the head of state and revive a clause that directly states that the Emperor is the head of state through a constitutional amendment. Their argument is that since the Emperor is already treated as the head of state both within Japan and when on overseas trips, the basis for this should be clearly stated in the law.
Normally, monarchies use the title of the monarch in their national titles, such as a kingdom if the monarch is a king, a duchy if the monarch is a duke, etc. That is why Japan also used the title of the country, "Empire of Japan." However, since the enactment of the Constitution of Japan in 1947 , the title of the country, "Japan," has been used to this day.[70]
After the war, Emperor Showa chose the path of giving up even the minimum authority of a constitutional monarch (in other words, a symbolic emperor system) by saying, "I will no longer be involved in politics." From then on, the emperor, the monarch of Japan, was not even a simple constitutional monarch, but was like the emperor before the Meiji Restoration.[71] It has become a 'symbol of Japan' and a 'symbol of the unity of the Japanese people.' Usually, constitutional monarchies state in their constitutions that the monarch is the head of the country, but the Japanese constitution only describes the emperor as a symbol of Japan and does not call him the 'head of state.' In short, it is a position that is somewhere in between a constitutional monarchy's monarch and a non-sovereign monarch .
The Japanese conservative cabinet is pushing to go beyond making the Emperor the head of state and revive a clause that directly states that the Emperor is the head of state through a constitutional amendment. Their argument is that since the Emperor is already treated as the head of state both within Japan and when on overseas trips, the basis for this should be clearly stated in the law.
11. relationship
11.1. Relations with Korea
In Korean history, the first clear record of Japan as a negotiating agent or emperor was in the Samguk Sagi (History of the Three Kingdoms) , Silla Bonki. In the 20th year of the reign of Adala Isageum, the 8th monarch of Silla (173), it is written, “Queen of Japan, Bimiho , sent an envoy to pay a courtesy call.” Adala moving money It tells about exchanges with Japan at that time. In particular, Bimiho, the queen of the Japanese kingdom , appears to be the same person as Himiko (Bimiho, 卑彌呼) who appears in Romance of the Three Kingdoms . According to the records of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Himiko was crowned queen during a chaotic time when small states in Japan were fighting among themselves, and in the second year of Gyeongchao (238) and the fourth year of Jeongshi (243), she ruled the Wei Dynasty of China. They also sent envoys to exchange.
However, the knight's appearance in 173 is a time difference from the years 238 and 243 in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms , so there are differences of opinion as to the authenticity of the incident. The position that denies this article takes issue with the fact that if Bimiho, who appears in the Samguk Sagi, is recognized as a historical entity, its lifespan becomes excessively long, and understands it as a manipulation of the early records of the Samguk Sagi based on Chinese historical records. On the other hand, those who acknowledge the Bimiho article in the Samguk Sagi From her perspective, she was elevated to the throne as the king of Yamatai before she was crowned the king of Japan , and the date of her enthronement is recorded in Silla 's Gogirok or the Old History of the Three Kingdoms (刊). It is also presumed that it was recorded in Samguksa (History of the Three States). Meanwhile, the eclectic theory acknowledges the article itself, but argues that the early date of the Samguk Sagi is distorted.
However, the problem here is the period of Himiko 's birth and death. According to the records of the Records of the Three Kingdoms, the year of Himiko's death is around 247, so if she ascended to the throne as queen of Yamatai in 173, she would have reigned for at least 75 years. There is no way to confirm Bimiho's age at the time of her ascension, but even if we assume that she ascended to the throne at the age of 10, she would have lived at least 85 years. If this period of birth and death is possible, it would make it possible to understand the article about Bimiho that appears in the record of the 20th year of the reign of King Adalla (173) of Silla Chronicles in the Samguk Sagi . Before Himiko was appointed as a representative of Wa, she was already reigning as the queen of Yamatai, and in the early years of her reign, she notified Silla of her ascension and attempted to establish friendly relations by sending a messenger. If so, the above record is important data suggesting exchanges between Silla and Yamatai that are not recorded in Chinese literature.
However, the knight's appearance in 173 is a time difference from the years 238 and 243 in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms , so there are differences of opinion as to the authenticity of the incident. The position that denies this article takes issue with the fact that if Bimiho, who appears in the Samguk Sagi, is recognized as a historical entity, its lifespan becomes excessively long, and understands it as a manipulation of the early records of the Samguk Sagi based on Chinese historical records. On the other hand, those who acknowledge the Bimiho article in the Samguk Sagi From her perspective, she was elevated to the throne as the king of Yamatai before she was crowned the king of Japan , and the date of her enthronement is recorded in Silla 's Gogirok or the Old History of the Three Kingdoms (刊). It is also presumed that it was recorded in Samguksa (History of the Three States). Meanwhile, the eclectic theory acknowledges the article itself, but argues that the early date of the Samguk Sagi is distorted.
However, the problem here is the period of Himiko 's birth and death. According to the records of the Records of the Three Kingdoms, the year of Himiko's death is around 247, so if she ascended to the throne as queen of Yamatai in 173, she would have reigned for at least 75 years. There is no way to confirm Bimiho's age at the time of her ascension, but even if we assume that she ascended to the throne at the age of 10, she would have lived at least 85 years. If this period of birth and death is possible, it would make it possible to understand the article about Bimiho that appears in the record of the 20th year of the reign of King Adalla (173) of Silla Chronicles in the Samguk Sagi . Before Himiko was appointed as a representative of Wa, she was already reigning as the queen of Yamatai, and in the early years of her reign, she notified Silla of her ascension and attempted to establish friendly relations by sending a messenger. If so, the above record is important data suggesting exchanges between Silla and Yamatai that are not recorded in Chinese literature.
八年, 夏四月, 日夲國王遣使, 進黄金三百兩·明珠一十箇.
In the summer of the 8th year (882), in April, the Japanese king sent an envoy and offered 300 nyang of gold and 10 silk pieces.Samguk Sagi Volume 11 Silla Annals Volume 11 King Heon-gang Year 8
大曆十四年己未, 受命聘日夲國, 其國王知其賢, 欲勒留之. 㑹大唐使臣髙䳽林來, 相見甚懽, 倭人認巖爲大國所知, 故不敢留乃還.
Year 14 of the Great Calendar, Gimi (779)[72] He was ordered to visit Japan, and the king of that country, recognizing his wisdom, tried to hold him forcibly. Just then, the Tang envoy Go Hak-rim arrived and the two met and were very happy, so the Japanese learned that Kim Am was well-known even in the great country, and so they did not dare to hold him, and so he returned.Samguk Sagi Volume 43, Biography 3, Kim Yu-sin, Part 2, Kim Am
In Volume 2 of the Samgukyusa Volume 2, during the 2nd Wonseong Dynasty, it is said that in the 2nd year of Tang Jeongwon (貞元), Byeongin, i.e. on October 11, 786, a person named Mungyeong (日本王文慶) of Japan appeared and sent an envoy to Silla to request King Wonseong for Silla's treasure Manpasikjeok . Here, Ilyeon attempted to conduct historical research by dragging and contrasting documents called 《Japanese Records》 to find out whether the person named ‘King Mungyeong of Japan’ was a monarch who actually existed in Japan, and if so, which monarch he was referring to. In this book, which is not currently available, it was said that the 55th king of Japan was 'King Mundeok (King Mundeok)', and in fact, the 55th emperor in the Six Kingdoms History, including Nihon Shoki , was Emperor Montoku (reigned 850.5.31 - 858.10.7), which is recorded in a document called 《Nippon Seiki》. It fits. Emperor Montoku was a person who was chronologically close to the 'King Mungyeong of Japan' who appears in 《Nihon Seigi》 that Ilyeon saw, but the name Mungyeong itself could not be examined in 《Nihon Seigi》, so Ilyeon raised questions about whether the character 'King Mungyeong of Japan' existed. It is possible to consider the possibility that this Japanese king, Mungyeong, who demanded that Manpasikjeok be handed over to Silla, was also a noble family in Japan who sent a guard impersonating the 'King of Japan', but this is also not certain.
During the Joseon Dynasty, the Japanese power of Japan was Shogun ( the top sovereign of the shogunate ), and the Emperor was a symbol of no real power. This is because Shin Suk -ju has already revealed the world of Japanese imperial world in the Haedong Empire . Since the power has passed in the shogunate, the Emperor has no real power until the Meiji Restoration, and it was a Japanese facial madam. In the case of Yongjae, it is mentioned that there was a saying that there was a saying, "Why are you?" It means that you knew it without being there. The Japanese diplomatic subjects were Shogun, and Shogun refers to China or Joseon was the Japanese King ( Muromachi Shogunate ) and the Japanese Grand Army ( Edo Shogunate ). This was revised for a while .[73] Since then, the literature can be confirmed in Joseon.
Then, after the Meiji Restoration , which brought about the overthrow of the shogunate at the end of the 19th century , the restoration of the throne and restoration of the monarchy (1876), and the beginning of reforms ( abolition of the feudal lords , modernization, and abolition of samurai ) , Japan 's envoys openly declared that "the Japanese emperor has a higher ceremonial rank than the king of Joseon." “It’s high,” he claimed. This view has already existed since the late Edo period . First of all, 'Emperor' was one of the titles of the emperor, and the King of Joseon was nominally a subject of the Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, so the logic was 'Emperor = Emperor > King of Joseon .'
In Japan, the shogunate was in charge of diplomacy until the shogunate existed, and this was the same even during the Kurofune incident . For example, Consul General Harris regarded the shogun as Japan's de facto head of state (in the document, emperor) and handed Tokugawa Iesada a personal letter from U.S. President Franklin Pierce . In addition, the person who ultimately signed various unequal treaties, such as the U.S.-Japan Peace Treaty and the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty, as Japan's representative was Tokugawa Iesada (shogun of the Edo Shogunate at the time ). The American and British governments were no different from the Joseon government in that they also targeted the shogunate, not the Japanese government, as the object of negotiation.
From Joseon's perspective, it was appropriate to make peace with Japan on equal terms. In fact, at the time, Joseon, which fell into the ideology of small and medium-sized countries, elevated itself by calling itself 'the world' and at the same time regarded Japan as an uncivilized group outside the world and did not like the idea of them thinking of each other as equals. In the end, the Joseon side said that Japan wanted to make peace, so they gave up and went in. Afterwards, as Joseon became an independent country, the king's title was upgraded to ' Overlord ' (the overlord's honorific title was 'Your Majesty') and the national structure was converted to the Korean Empire , and the ' Emperor of the Korean Empire ' became at least nominally equal to the 'Emperor of the Empire of Japan', thereby completely solving this problem. However, after the annexation of Korea and Japan (August 29, 1910, the loss of national sovereignty of the Korean Empire), the emperor of the Korean Empire was downgraded to the Yiwangga , called a family name of the royal family, and was placed lower in ceremonial rank than the emperor and higher than the Hwa family , the Japanese nobility .
The Qing Dynasty signed a treaty of protection between Japan and Qing in 1871, but this did not strictly establish diplomatic relations as an equal relationship between the ‘Emperor of the Empire of Japan’ and the ‘Emperor of the Great Qing’. After the founding of the Qing Dynasty , there was no tribute-installment relationship with the Edo Shogunate that was ruling Japan at the time .[74] The Qing dynasty could not tolerate Japan daring to call its monarch emperor and try to rival the Qing emperor, and when Japan demanded Western-style 'equal' diplomacy rather than the existing tributary-installment relationship, the Qing dynasty focused on its own country. There were many voices opposing it for fear that it would destroy the existing order of tribute and succession system. At this time, Lee Hong-jang came forward and argued for the establishment of diplomatic relations with Japan, citing the fact that “Unlike Joseon or Vietnam, Japan was not part of the tribute-installation system,” and that if Japan did not establish diplomatic relations with Japan, Japan might become attached to the European and American powers. , the ‘Qing-Japanese Protection Agreement (淸日修好條規)’ signed in July 1871 The 'Long March for Trade' was concluded not by the Emperor of the Qing Dynasty and the Emperor of Japan, but by Li Hongzhang, Minister Plenipotentiary of the Qing Dynasty, and Date Munenari, Ambassador Plenipotentiary of Japan . The fact that the name is Jogyu rather than a treaty is also a result of Lee Hong-jang's intention to reveal that the protection of Qing and Japan was achieved with special consideration from the Qing emperor. # Formally, it is a kind of expedient to consider the diplomatic relationship between the Chinese emperor and the Japanese emperor as equal diplomatic relations, not between ministers appointed and sent by each.
Since the Emperor once had the inherent authority to appoint the Governor-General of the foreign territories in colonial Korea and Taiwan , there is also an argument that the Emperor should be directly responsible for the colonial rule in Asia even if he is exempted from war responsibility. Since the Emperor was the direct superior of the Governor-General, the position of the Governor-General was effectively similar to that of the Prime Minister. In reality, the Prime Minister, who was the head of the cabinet in the home country, would have had greater political influence. Of course, after the defeat in 1945, when all of the colonies were lost, the Governor-General himself disappeared and the appointment authority was also abolished.
Emperor Showa once said, although not officially, that the customs of the imperial family were similar to those of Joseon.[75] It is said that when Emperor Akihito himself said that 'the blood of the Baekje people is mixed in the imperial family of Japan ' , there was a lot of interest in the so-called private history circles in Korea , but since the basis for this was a phrase in the Kojiki that said that King Muryeong and Emperor Kanmu were distantly related in the maternal direction, it is necessary to refrain from extensive interpretation. It may be true, but it may not be true. Just as the Jurchen-Silla theory does not have much academic significance, this distant blood relationship separated by about 300 years may show to some extent the close relationship between ancient Baekje and Japan, but it is difficult to provide a basis for believing that it had a significant influence on the lineage of the Japanese imperial family . There was an opinion that the current Emperor Akihito was merely using diplomatic rhetoric, and that he could have misused those remarks to claim justification for the annexation of the Korean Empire , and that the Empire of Japan 's infamous internal system was a by-product of that claim, but in fact, from a global perspective, it is difficult to attach much significance to this because it is a very common phenomenon for the royal family of one country to mix with the blood of another country. Just look at Europe in the early 20th century. We are currently living in an era where a monarch can annex another country just because they had some blood in the past. In the first place, the Republic of Korea is a democratic republic , so this is a completely meaningless claim.
According to the Japanese government and the Imperial Household Agency , on October 7, 1998, during the state visit of South Korean President Kim Dae -jung to Japan, at a dinner with then-Emperor Akihito and President Kim Dae-jung, Emperor Akihito mentioned the words ' pain ' and ' apology ' for the Korean Peninsula for the first time, showing a different side of Japan from the past. Remarks by Japanese Emperor Akihito Apologizing for Korea's Pain at a Dinner Invited by President Kim
On February 8, 2019, Moon Hee -sang, the chairman of the National Assembly, made an apology from the Emperor in an interview with the foreign media, and strongly opposed the Japanese politics and the media. #
The last meeting with the current President of the Republic of Korea was in 2008, when Lee Myung-bak and Akihito met.
During the Joseon Dynasty, the Japanese power of Japan was Shogun ( the top sovereign of the shogunate ), and the Emperor was a symbol of no real power. This is because Shin Suk -ju has already revealed the world of Japanese imperial world in the Haedong Empire . Since the power has passed in the shogunate, the Emperor has no real power until the Meiji Restoration, and it was a Japanese facial madam. In the case of Yongjae, it is mentioned that there was a saying that there was a saying, "Why are you?" It means that you knew it without being there. The Japanese diplomatic subjects were Shogun, and Shogun refers to China or Joseon was the Japanese King ( Muromachi Shogunate ) and the Japanese Grand Army ( Edo Shogunate ). This was revised for a while .[73] Since then, the literature can be confirmed in Joseon.
Then, after the Meiji Restoration , which brought about the overthrow of the shogunate at the end of the 19th century , the restoration of the throne and restoration of the monarchy (1876), and the beginning of reforms ( abolition of the feudal lords , modernization, and abolition of samurai ) , Japan 's envoys openly declared that "the Japanese emperor has a higher ceremonial rank than the king of Joseon." “It’s high,” he claimed. This view has already existed since the late Edo period . First of all, 'Emperor' was one of the titles of the emperor, and the King of Joseon was nominally a subject of the Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, so the logic was 'Emperor = Emperor > King of Joseon .'
In Japan, the shogunate was in charge of diplomacy until the shogunate existed, and this was the same even during the Kurofune incident . For example, Consul General Harris regarded the shogun as Japan's de facto head of state (in the document, emperor) and handed Tokugawa Iesada a personal letter from U.S. President Franklin Pierce . In addition, the person who ultimately signed various unequal treaties, such as the U.S.-Japan Peace Treaty and the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty, as Japan's representative was Tokugawa Iesada (shogun of the Edo Shogunate at the time ). The American and British governments were no different from the Joseon government in that they also targeted the shogunate, not the Japanese government, as the object of negotiation.
From Joseon's perspective, it was appropriate to make peace with Japan on equal terms. In fact, at the time, Joseon, which fell into the ideology of small and medium-sized countries, elevated itself by calling itself 'the world' and at the same time regarded Japan as an uncivilized group outside the world and did not like the idea of them thinking of each other as equals. In the end, the Joseon side said that Japan wanted to make peace, so they gave up and went in. Afterwards, as Joseon became an independent country, the king's title was upgraded to ' Overlord ' (the overlord's honorific title was 'Your Majesty') and the national structure was converted to the Korean Empire , and the ' Emperor of the Korean Empire ' became at least nominally equal to the 'Emperor of the Empire of Japan', thereby completely solving this problem. However, after the annexation of Korea and Japan (August 29, 1910, the loss of national sovereignty of the Korean Empire), the emperor of the Korean Empire was downgraded to the Yiwangga , called a family name of the royal family, and was placed lower in ceremonial rank than the emperor and higher than the Hwa family , the Japanese nobility .
The Qing Dynasty signed a treaty of protection between Japan and Qing in 1871, but this did not strictly establish diplomatic relations as an equal relationship between the ‘Emperor of the Empire of Japan’ and the ‘Emperor of the Great Qing’. After the founding of the Qing Dynasty , there was no tribute-installment relationship with the Edo Shogunate that was ruling Japan at the time .[74] The Qing dynasty could not tolerate Japan daring to call its monarch emperor and try to rival the Qing emperor, and when Japan demanded Western-style 'equal' diplomacy rather than the existing tributary-installment relationship, the Qing dynasty focused on its own country. There were many voices opposing it for fear that it would destroy the existing order of tribute and succession system. At this time, Lee Hong-jang came forward and argued for the establishment of diplomatic relations with Japan, citing the fact that “Unlike Joseon or Vietnam, Japan was not part of the tribute-installation system,” and that if Japan did not establish diplomatic relations with Japan, Japan might become attached to the European and American powers. , the ‘Qing-Japanese Protection Agreement (淸日修好條規)’ signed in July 1871 The 'Long March for Trade' was concluded not by the Emperor of the Qing Dynasty and the Emperor of Japan, but by Li Hongzhang, Minister Plenipotentiary of the Qing Dynasty, and Date Munenari, Ambassador Plenipotentiary of Japan . The fact that the name is Jogyu rather than a treaty is also a result of Lee Hong-jang's intention to reveal that the protection of Qing and Japan was achieved with special consideration from the Qing emperor. # Formally, it is a kind of expedient to consider the diplomatic relationship between the Chinese emperor and the Japanese emperor as equal diplomatic relations, not between ministers appointed and sent by each.
Since the Emperor once had the inherent authority to appoint the Governor-General of the foreign territories in colonial Korea and Taiwan , there is also an argument that the Emperor should be directly responsible for the colonial rule in Asia even if he is exempted from war responsibility. Since the Emperor was the direct superior of the Governor-General, the position of the Governor-General was effectively similar to that of the Prime Minister. In reality, the Prime Minister, who was the head of the cabinet in the home country, would have had greater political influence. Of course, after the defeat in 1945, when all of the colonies were lost, the Governor-General himself disappeared and the appointment authority was also abolished.
Emperor Showa once said, although not officially, that the customs of the imperial family were similar to those of Joseon.[75] It is said that when Emperor Akihito himself said that 'the blood of the Baekje people is mixed in the imperial family of Japan ' , there was a lot of interest in the so-called private history circles in Korea , but since the basis for this was a phrase in the Kojiki that said that King Muryeong and Emperor Kanmu were distantly related in the maternal direction, it is necessary to refrain from extensive interpretation. It may be true, but it may not be true. Just as the Jurchen-Silla theory does not have much academic significance, this distant blood relationship separated by about 300 years may show to some extent the close relationship between ancient Baekje and Japan, but it is difficult to provide a basis for believing that it had a significant influence on the lineage of the Japanese imperial family . There was an opinion that the current Emperor Akihito was merely using diplomatic rhetoric, and that he could have misused those remarks to claim justification for the annexation of the Korean Empire , and that the Empire of Japan 's infamous internal system was a by-product of that claim, but in fact, from a global perspective, it is difficult to attach much significance to this because it is a very common phenomenon for the royal family of one country to mix with the blood of another country. Just look at Europe in the early 20th century. We are currently living in an era where a monarch can annex another country just because they had some blood in the past. In the first place, the Republic of Korea is a democratic republic , so this is a completely meaningless claim.
According to the Japanese government and the Imperial Household Agency , on October 7, 1998, during the state visit of South Korean President Kim Dae -jung to Japan, at a dinner with then-Emperor Akihito and President Kim Dae-jung, Emperor Akihito mentioned the words ' pain ' and ' apology ' for the Korean Peninsula for the first time, showing a different side of Japan from the past. Remarks by Japanese Emperor Akihito Apologizing for Korea's Pain at a Dinner Invited by President Kim
On February 8, 2019, Moon Hee -sang, the chairman of the National Assembly, made an apology from the Emperor in an interview with the foreign media, and strongly opposed the Japanese politics and the media. #
The last meeting with the current President of the Republic of Korea was in 2008, when Lee Myung-bak and Akihito met.
11.1.1. Whether to visit Korea
Although Korea is a neighboring country that is very close to Japan, it is not only a very historically exchanged relationship, but in history, the emperor of Japan has never visited the Korean peninsula. Emperor Daisho visited in 1907, but it was a prince that was not a visit to the Emperor.
In other Asian countries , Emperor Showa visited Taiwan , which was a Japanese colony like Korea, and Emperor Akihito also visited Thailand , Malaysia , Indonesia , China , and Vietnam in 1991, 1992, and 2017. However, it is quite unusual that no emperor has ever visited Korea, even though it is closer than the countries above.[76]
However, in the case of the royal family, Prince Norihito Takamado and his wife Queen Hisako visited Korea during the 2002 Korea-Japan World Cup , and personally, at the funeral of King Yeongchin in 1970 and Lady Bangja Lee in 1989, the aforementioned King Norihito Takamadonomiya visited Korea. His father , King Takahito Mikasanomiya, and his wife , Queen Yuriko, once paid condolences. This is because Mrs. Lee Bang-ja is from the royal Nashimotonomiya family and is a member of the collateral imperial family of Japan.
In 2009, the media reports that President Lee Myung -bak will pursue the visit to the Emperor, as well as the people, the national and patriotic groups and independence groups, and the grandmothers of the Japanese comfort women victims and anti -Japanese groups strongly protested or condemned, and most of the Korean people are the emperor of the emperor. We actively opposed the visit. Eventually, the Korean government urgently announced that "there is virtually no visit to the Emperor's visit," and the atmosphere softened. In 2012, President Lee Myung -bak made a remarks from the Emperor to apologize and explained when he was concerned.
In fact, the presidents of the Republic of Korea, such as Roh Tae -woo , Kim Young -sam , and Kim Dae -jung , were also known to have tried to promote or promote the emperor's visit, but they failed or failed due to the solving of past issues, national sentiment, and opposition from various groups.[77] In addition, Roh Moo -hyun , Park Geun -hye and Moon Jae -in did not mention and promote the visit to Korea during the presidential diplomacy.[78] The situation in Japan is similar, so the emperor's going to Korea is very difficult to see that the Emperor may be embarrassed, such as the Emperor's Emperor in Korea, such as the Japanese colonial period and the Japanese comfort women . As described above, the Japanese emperor is strongly controlled by the Japanese government.
Of course , there is also the view that Japan could visit Korea someday, as Emperor Akihito did in 1992, even though China has a worse relationship with Japan than with Korea. However, even in China, until the 1970s and 1980s when Emperor Showa was alive , an emperor’s visit to China was politically taboo even in China, and no emperor visited China until 1989, when Emperor Showa died and his successor, Akihito , took office.
If this comes to fruition, the exchange of the Order of Mugunghwa and the Order of Chrysanthemum , which are commemorative medals awarded to heads of state visiting South Korea , may also take place with the Emperor.
On September 23, 2017, Prime Minister Lee Nak-yeon made a remark in an interview with Japan's Asahi Shimbun , suggesting that Emperor Akihito visit Korea before he abdicates. # New Ambassador to Japan Lee Soo-hoon also made a remark alluding to the Japanese emperor's visit to Korea, saying, "Isn't Emperor Akihito's visit to Korea going to make a big contribution to thawing Korea-Japan relations ?" # Minister of Foreign Affairs Kang Kyung-wha also mentioned the Emperor's visit to Korea, saying, "I believe Korea-Japan relations will improve if the Emperor visits Korea ." # A survey showed that more than 70% of Koreans and Japanese citizens are in favor of Emperor Akihito's visit to Korea, despite his decision to abdicate during his lifetime. #
However, as the Korea-Japan trade dispute and the boycott of Japanese products broke out in 2019 , relations between the two countries rapidly cooled, and the visit to Korea did not materialize.
Later, in 2022, after the weakness of the Abe Creed, the far -right force was weakened, and the relationship between Korea and Japan was to some extent, and Japan's women's weekly magazine, Jo Se -shin, quoted the remarks of former Palace officials on July 13, 2023, "2025 is the 60th anniversary of the normalization of Korea and Japan. The movement to make a success "reported that it is in the Japanese government. Josejisin said in the remarks of the officials of the prime minister, "I think that the prime minister is intended to realize the visit of the Emperor's Couple in Korea for the overall finishing of the Korea -Japan relations." Prime Minister Kishida, who wants to leave a legacy, is also intertwined. #
However, due to a decline in approval ratings, Kishida did not run in the 2024 Japanese Liberal Democratic Party presidential election , and the Prime Minister was replaced by Shigeru Ishiba. Soon after, the ruling Liberal Democratic Party suffered a crushing defeat in the 50th general election for members of the Japanese House of Representatives, and the Liberal Democratic Party government barely survived with a minority cabinet for the first time since the 55-year regime. The domestic political atmosphere in Japan is turbulent, and in Korea , the administration is in trouble due to the December 3 civil war and the impeachment trial of President Yoon Seok- yeol . The legislative and judicial branches were all paralyzed, and Emperor Naruhito's visit to Korea in 2024 ultimately fell through. While the 21st presidential election was held and Korea was trying to normalize the executive branch and diplomacy, Japan's Liberal Democratic Party suffered a crushing defeat in the 27th Japanese House of Councilors general election , and the issue of Prime Minister Ishiba's resignation emerged as a hot potato and the political situation has still not been resolved. As a result, the emperor's visit to Korea in 2025 is uncertain. It's a situation.
Still, as of 2025, changes that will be positive for Korea-Japan relations are expected to occur in series, making it easy for the Emperor to visit Korea if he wants to. Public sentiment in both Korea and Japan has softened with the large-scale voluntary expansion of cultural exchanges centered on the youth, and the Lee Jae-myung government is active in improving Korea-Japan relations, holding frequent summit meetings throughout the second half of 2025 with not only Shigeru Ishiba , a Korean moderate, but also Sanae Takaichi, whose views are completely opposite to those of his predecessor . Takaichi's side is also creating a friendly atmosphere at the summit with Lee Jae-myung, but as uncertainty has increased not only in the long-standing pressure from China but also in the United States due to the unpredictable actions of the Donald Trump administration, both Korea and Japan have been forced into a situation where they have no choice but to seek mutual solidarity. Therefore, it can be said that there is a high possibility that favorable conditions will be created in Japan to promote the Emperor's visit to Korea in 2026 after the political situation in Japan becomes stable due to the 51st general election of members of the Japanese House of Representatives.
In other Asian countries , Emperor Showa visited Taiwan , which was a Japanese colony like Korea, and Emperor Akihito also visited Thailand , Malaysia , Indonesia , China , and Vietnam in 1991, 1992, and 2017. However, it is quite unusual that no emperor has ever visited Korea, even though it is closer than the countries above.[76]
However, in the case of the royal family, Prince Norihito Takamado and his wife Queen Hisako visited Korea during the 2002 Korea-Japan World Cup , and personally, at the funeral of King Yeongchin in 1970 and Lady Bangja Lee in 1989, the aforementioned King Norihito Takamadonomiya visited Korea. His father , King Takahito Mikasanomiya, and his wife , Queen Yuriko, once paid condolences. This is because Mrs. Lee Bang-ja is from the royal Nashimotonomiya family and is a member of the collateral imperial family of Japan.
In 2009, the media reports that President Lee Myung -bak will pursue the visit to the Emperor, as well as the people, the national and patriotic groups and independence groups, and the grandmothers of the Japanese comfort women victims and anti -Japanese groups strongly protested or condemned, and most of the Korean people are the emperor of the emperor. We actively opposed the visit. Eventually, the Korean government urgently announced that "there is virtually no visit to the Emperor's visit," and the atmosphere softened. In 2012, President Lee Myung -bak made a remarks from the Emperor to apologize and explained when he was concerned.
In fact, the presidents of the Republic of Korea, such as Roh Tae -woo , Kim Young -sam , and Kim Dae -jung , were also known to have tried to promote or promote the emperor's visit, but they failed or failed due to the solving of past issues, national sentiment, and opposition from various groups.[77] In addition, Roh Moo -hyun , Park Geun -hye and Moon Jae -in did not mention and promote the visit to Korea during the presidential diplomacy.[78] The situation in Japan is similar, so the emperor's going to Korea is very difficult to see that the Emperor may be embarrassed, such as the Emperor's Emperor in Korea, such as the Japanese colonial period and the Japanese comfort women . As described above, the Japanese emperor is strongly controlled by the Japanese government.
Of course , there is also the view that Japan could visit Korea someday, as Emperor Akihito did in 1992, even though China has a worse relationship with Japan than with Korea. However, even in China, until the 1970s and 1980s when Emperor Showa was alive , an emperor’s visit to China was politically taboo even in China, and no emperor visited China until 1989, when Emperor Showa died and his successor, Akihito , took office.
If this comes to fruition, the exchange of the Order of Mugunghwa and the Order of Chrysanthemum , which are commemorative medals awarded to heads of state visiting South Korea , may also take place with the Emperor.
On September 23, 2017, Prime Minister Lee Nak-yeon made a remark in an interview with Japan's Asahi Shimbun , suggesting that Emperor Akihito visit Korea before he abdicates. # New Ambassador to Japan Lee Soo-hoon also made a remark alluding to the Japanese emperor's visit to Korea, saying, "Isn't Emperor Akihito's visit to Korea going to make a big contribution to thawing Korea-Japan relations ?" # Minister of Foreign Affairs Kang Kyung-wha also mentioned the Emperor's visit to Korea, saying, "I believe Korea-Japan relations will improve if the Emperor visits Korea ." # A survey showed that more than 70% of Koreans and Japanese citizens are in favor of Emperor Akihito's visit to Korea, despite his decision to abdicate during his lifetime. #
However, as the Korea-Japan trade dispute and the boycott of Japanese products broke out in 2019 , relations between the two countries rapidly cooled, and the visit to Korea did not materialize.
Later, in 2022, after the weakness of the Abe Creed, the far -right force was weakened, and the relationship between Korea and Japan was to some extent, and Japan's women's weekly magazine, Jo Se -shin, quoted the remarks of former Palace officials on July 13, 2023, "2025 is the 60th anniversary of the normalization of Korea and Japan. The movement to make a success "reported that it is in the Japanese government. Josejisin said in the remarks of the officials of the prime minister, "I think that the prime minister is intended to realize the visit of the Emperor's Couple in Korea for the overall finishing of the Korea -Japan relations." Prime Minister Kishida, who wants to leave a legacy, is also intertwined. #
However, due to a decline in approval ratings, Kishida did not run in the 2024 Japanese Liberal Democratic Party presidential election , and the Prime Minister was replaced by Shigeru Ishiba. Soon after, the ruling Liberal Democratic Party suffered a crushing defeat in the 50th general election for members of the Japanese House of Representatives, and the Liberal Democratic Party government barely survived with a minority cabinet for the first time since the 55-year regime. The domestic political atmosphere in Japan is turbulent, and in Korea , the administration is in trouble due to the December 3 civil war and the impeachment trial of President Yoon Seok- yeol . The legislative and judicial branches were all paralyzed, and Emperor Naruhito's visit to Korea in 2024 ultimately fell through. While the 21st presidential election was held and Korea was trying to normalize the executive branch and diplomacy, Japan's Liberal Democratic Party suffered a crushing defeat in the 27th Japanese House of Councilors general election , and the issue of Prime Minister Ishiba's resignation emerged as a hot potato and the political situation has still not been resolved. As a result, the emperor's visit to Korea in 2025 is uncertain. It's a situation.
Still, as of 2025, changes that will be positive for Korea-Japan relations are expected to occur in series, making it easy for the Emperor to visit Korea if he wants to. Public sentiment in both Korea and Japan has softened with the large-scale voluntary expansion of cultural exchanges centered on the youth, and the Lee Jae-myung government is active in improving Korea-Japan relations, holding frequent summit meetings throughout the second half of 2025 with not only Shigeru Ishiba , a Korean moderate, but also Sanae Takaichi, whose views are completely opposite to those of his predecessor . Takaichi's side is also creating a friendly atmosphere at the summit with Lee Jae-myung, but as uncertainty has increased not only in the long-standing pressure from China but also in the United States due to the unpredictable actions of the Donald Trump administration, both Korea and Japan have been forced into a situation where they have no choice but to seek mutual solidarity. Therefore, it can be said that there is a high possibility that favorable conditions will be created in Japan to promote the Emperor's visit to Korea in 2026 after the political situation in Japan becomes stable due to the 51st general election of members of the Japanese House of Representatives.
11.2. relations with other countries
The English title according to diplomatic protocol is His Imperial Majesty . The official English title is Emperor of Japan , and is commonly used in English-speaking countries.
In Japan, each emperor is given a title like other monarchs ( Emperor Jinmu , Emperor Tenmu ), and modern emperors, under the establishment of the one and only emperor system, are referred to by their era names , such as Emperor Meiji or Emperor Showa, like Emperor Hongwu and Emperor Yōle . Also, the death of an emperor is called "bungō" (崩御).[79]
In the case of China , it seems that they did not feel the need to create a new name and simply use the title Emperor (pronounced 'Tian Huang' in Chinese), and researchers of the Nanjing Massacre also use the title Emperor when criticizing the Showa Emperor . #
In Japan, each emperor is given a title like other monarchs ( Emperor Jinmu , Emperor Tenmu ), and modern emperors, under the establishment of the one and only emperor system, are referred to by their era names , such as Emperor Meiji or Emperor Showa, like Emperor Hongwu and Emperor Yōle . Also, the death of an emperor is called "bungō" (崩御).[79]
In the case of China , it seems that they did not feel the need to create a new name and simply use the title Emperor (pronounced 'Tian Huang' in Chinese), and researchers of the Nanjing Massacre also use the title Emperor when criticizing the Showa Emperor . #
11.3. Views of the Communist Party of Japan
The Communist Party of Japan did not attend the opening ceremony of the National Assembly attended by the emperor in the past, as well as the coronation ceremony of Emperor Akihito in 1990, and opposed the resolution of the congratulatory address .
The 'Theses on the Situation in Japan and the Mission of the Communist Party of Japan' decided by the Comintern in May 1932 defined the Japanese ruling system as having three axes: absolutist imperial system, landlord land ownership, and monopoly capitalism . The existence of the Emperor system as an absolutist political system was confirmed.
Thus, the Emperor Revolutioned the Emperor's Democratic Revolution, and soon turned out to transform Japan into a socialist state through the Proletarian People's Revolution. In 1946, he also planned a plan for the Japanese Civil Republic .
However, as of 2003, due to Emperor Akihito 's repeated pacifist actions and public opinion calling for a female emperor to be accepted , the government changed its course to reluctantly recognize the emperor system, which is merely a symbol. It is said that this was an inevitable choice to make a leap forward as a mass party, but after the change in line, it received indescribable criticism from the international faction within the Japanese Communist Party. However, this does not mean that I have an unfavorable view of the Emperor . The article does not call for an immediate abolition of the emperor system, as the protesters did, but points out that the coronation ceremony violates the separation of church and state .
However, this recognizes the Emperor as a symbol of the unity of Japan and the Japanese people as stipulated in the Constitution of Japan , and does not recognize the Emperor's authority or authority over state affairs at all. Kazuo Shii, Chairman of the Communist Party of Japan, once made a remark to the point that “the Emperor has no political authority, so he is not even qualified to apologize for past events.” This seems to be related to the irony that the Communist Party belongs to the constitutionalist faction to prevent revision of the peace constitution, but the emperor system is actually specified in the first article of the Japanese constitution (peace constitution). If the Communist Party becomes the ruling party and achieves the revolution of its dreams, it may hold a public opinion poll or referendum asking the people whether the Emperor system should continue. This is because they are currently taking an ambiguous position, neither actively opposing nor actively supporting the emperor system. Even so, the Japanese Communist Party's platform states, "The emperor's system is a constitutional system, and its existence or abolition must be resolved by the consensus of the people when the future situation is ripe." It will be. “It’s okay to grow up, let’s meet the people’s intentions,” he said. It is argued that the consensus of the people is important.
The 'Theses on the Situation in Japan and the Mission of the Communist Party of Japan' decided by the Comintern in May 1932 defined the Japanese ruling system as having three axes: absolutist imperial system, landlord land ownership, and monopoly capitalism . The existence of the Emperor system as an absolutist political system was confirmed.
Thus, the Emperor Revolutioned the Emperor's Democratic Revolution, and soon turned out to transform Japan into a socialist state through the Proletarian People's Revolution. In 1946, he also planned a plan for the Japanese Civil Republic .
However, as of 2003, due to Emperor Akihito 's repeated pacifist actions and public opinion calling for a female emperor to be accepted , the government changed its course to reluctantly recognize the emperor system, which is merely a symbol. It is said that this was an inevitable choice to make a leap forward as a mass party, but after the change in line, it received indescribable criticism from the international faction within the Japanese Communist Party. However, this does not mean that I have an unfavorable view of the Emperor . The article does not call for an immediate abolition of the emperor system, as the protesters did, but points out that the coronation ceremony violates the separation of church and state .
However, this recognizes the Emperor as a symbol of the unity of Japan and the Japanese people as stipulated in the Constitution of Japan , and does not recognize the Emperor's authority or authority over state affairs at all. Kazuo Shii, Chairman of the Communist Party of Japan, once made a remark to the point that “the Emperor has no political authority, so he is not even qualified to apologize for past events.” This seems to be related to the irony that the Communist Party belongs to the constitutionalist faction to prevent revision of the peace constitution, but the emperor system is actually specified in the first article of the Japanese constitution (peace constitution). If the Communist Party becomes the ruling party and achieves the revolution of its dreams, it may hold a public opinion poll or referendum asking the people whether the Emperor system should continue. This is because they are currently taking an ambiguous position, neither actively opposing nor actively supporting the emperor system. Even so, the Japanese Communist Party's platform states, "The emperor's system is a constitutional system, and its existence or abolition must be resolved by the consensus of the people when the future situation is ripe." It will be. “It’s okay to grow up, let’s meet the people’s intentions,” he said. It is argued that the consensus of the people is important.
12. digression
In particular, in Korea, the monarchy was abolished a long time ago, and many people think that the monarch of a constitutional monarchy will be leisurely because he has no real power, but the emperor has a really busy and hard work . The amount of time you can enjoy your personal time is more limited than you might think. Even a monarch without real power has a huge number of national affairs that require the Emperor's approval or approval according to the Constitution, so even if it is related to matters already decided by the Cabinet, he must seal and finalize many documents every single day without missing a day. He must carry out formal acts of national affairs, such as appointing high-ranking government officials such as the Minister of State, and he is called to various events and even touring foreign countries even when he is over 80, and always maintains a straight appearance and facial expression. must be maintained Also, it is not easy to take a day of sick leave and rest due to health problems. It is not for nothing that Emperor Akihito said in his abdication speech that it would be difficult for him to fulfill his duty as a national symbol because he is now over 80 years old. Emperor Naruhito also assigns some of the imperial duties to his Imperial Majesty Prince Fumihito.
Not only the emperor himself, but also most of the imperial family, including the empress, the king (male), and the queen mother (female), are required to attend events according to a set schedule, show their faces, and smile in front of the cameras, and this is the public behavior of the royal family. In Japan, it is called ‘public service’. Some people say that if you can't do this because you're sick, you're not qualified, and in fact, Empress Masako was criticized for this when she was the crown princess.
The Japanese imperial family , including the Emperor, does not have a surname . Hirohito (裕仁), Akihito (明仁), and Naruhito (徳仁) all have personal names only. Empresses and queens who had surnames before marriage also lose their surnames when they marry into the imperial family. Only humans have surnames, but according to the structure of Japanese mythology, the emperor is not an 'ordinary human' but is said to have descended directly from the lineage of gods.[80] In reality, the Yamato Dynasty was a dynasty that was formed before the concept of surnames was accepted in Japan, so rather than borrowing and embellishing surnames in later generations, they went without them. In fact, the dynasties formed around the same time, Silla's Park Seok-kim, Baekje's Buyeo clan, and Goguryeo's Go clan accepted the concept of surnames and then borrowed and embellished them, and there are no traces of surnames in epigraphs from the early dynasty.[81]
After the defeat in World War II, Emperor Showa declared himself human , and in the 21st century, there are few people in Japan who do not know that the emperor is in fact human, but the practice of not having a surname continues to this day. However, collateral imperial family members have something called Miyago (palace name), which is different from a surname, but is used similar to a surname when attending school or engaging in social activities, etc.
The pro -King can be seen in the past and China in the past , but it is unique to Japan to seal the princess as a king. The pro -kings and kings can maintain their status even if they are married to the commoner, but the king and the queen are relegated to the common people when they marry the commoner man. Sayako Nae , Noriko Nae , and Ayako Nae -myeon became commoners. Because of this , there was a short time to revise the imperial war criminals to maintain the royal family in the future, with concerns about the lack of male royal family these days . However, this discussion was obvious when King Hisahito was born. In addition, in the Japanese imperial family , the atmosphere of the male expenses continues, and no matter how much the daughter of the emperor, the king, is not allowed to walk ahead before her husband. See Sayako Documents for more information .
In addition to the Japanese otakus of the 21st century, who unhesitatingly turn insults to Japan into moe, such as small Japan (小日本), Japanese ghost (日本鬼子), etc., otaku (倭奴) in Japan[82] It is also a being that is never touched by moesun .[83] This is because the emperor is treated as a symbol of Japan, so turning him into a moe can be criticized in itself. To be precise, the only thing that is necessary is not to mock the actual royal family or use the term ‘emperor’. The name Mikadoni makes the character in a similar position to the Emperor.
Except for the first Emperor Jimmu , the female emperors , the modern emperors (Meiji, Taisho, Showa, and Akihito), and those whose portraits were painted before the modern era, all of them have similar portraits. This is, of course, because the portraits of emperors are mostly imagined paintings of later generations rather than contemporary ones. On YouTube, if you look at the 125th Japanese emperor of all time, Emperor Jimmu~Emperor Heisei (歷代の日本天皇125代[神武天皇~平成天皇]), you'll see a picture of the emperors, but it's so unnatural. Especially in the case of the 2nd to 49th emperors, the portraits are colorless and monotonous. And among the 75th to 93rd emperors, except for the 81st Emperor Antoku, the faces in the portraits are similar.
On the other hand, there are emperors who do not have portraits, and Emperor Kofun is a representative example. This is because he was not recognized as emperor for over a thousand years from his birth to his death.
In 2011, when Emperor Akihito spoke to the public in Tokyo about the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, TV Tokyo did the brave thing of broadcasting a regular broadcast instead of broadcasting the public address. To find out why, see the TV Tokyo article.
There is a YouTuber who created a song with the names of Japan's past emperors as lyrics using generative AI (...). #[84]
Not only the emperor himself, but also most of the imperial family, including the empress, the king (male), and the queen mother (female), are required to attend events according to a set schedule, show their faces, and smile in front of the cameras, and this is the public behavior of the royal family. In Japan, it is called ‘public service’. Some people say that if you can't do this because you're sick, you're not qualified, and in fact, Empress Masako was criticized for this when she was the crown princess.
The Japanese imperial family , including the Emperor, does not have a surname . Hirohito (裕仁), Akihito (明仁), and Naruhito (徳仁) all have personal names only. Empresses and queens who had surnames before marriage also lose their surnames when they marry into the imperial family. Only humans have surnames, but according to the structure of Japanese mythology, the emperor is not an 'ordinary human' but is said to have descended directly from the lineage of gods.[80] In reality, the Yamato Dynasty was a dynasty that was formed before the concept of surnames was accepted in Japan, so rather than borrowing and embellishing surnames in later generations, they went without them. In fact, the dynasties formed around the same time, Silla's Park Seok-kim, Baekje's Buyeo clan, and Goguryeo's Go clan accepted the concept of surnames and then borrowed and embellished them, and there are no traces of surnames in epigraphs from the early dynasty.[81]
After the defeat in World War II, Emperor Showa declared himself human , and in the 21st century, there are few people in Japan who do not know that the emperor is in fact human, but the practice of not having a surname continues to this day. However, collateral imperial family members have something called Miyago (palace name), which is different from a surname, but is used similar to a surname when attending school or engaging in social activities, etc.
The pro -King can be seen in the past and China in the past , but it is unique to Japan to seal the princess as a king. The pro -kings and kings can maintain their status even if they are married to the commoner, but the king and the queen are relegated to the common people when they marry the commoner man. Sayako Nae , Noriko Nae , and Ayako Nae -myeon became commoners. Because of this , there was a short time to revise the imperial war criminals to maintain the royal family in the future, with concerns about the lack of male royal family these days . However, this discussion was obvious when King Hisahito was born. In addition, in the Japanese imperial family , the atmosphere of the male expenses continues, and no matter how much the daughter of the emperor, the king, is not allowed to walk ahead before her husband. See Sayako Documents for more information .
In addition to the Japanese otakus of the 21st century, who unhesitatingly turn insults to Japan into moe, such as small Japan (小日本), Japanese ghost (日本鬼子), etc., otaku (倭奴) in Japan[82] It is also a being that is never touched by moesun .[83] This is because the emperor is treated as a symbol of Japan, so turning him into a moe can be criticized in itself. To be precise, the only thing that is necessary is not to mock the actual royal family or use the term ‘emperor’. The name Mikadoni makes the character in a similar position to the Emperor.
Except for the first Emperor Jimmu , the female emperors , the modern emperors (Meiji, Taisho, Showa, and Akihito), and those whose portraits were painted before the modern era, all of them have similar portraits. This is, of course, because the portraits of emperors are mostly imagined paintings of later generations rather than contemporary ones. On YouTube, if you look at the 125th Japanese emperor of all time, Emperor Jimmu~Emperor Heisei (歷代の日本天皇125代[神武天皇~平成天皇]), you'll see a picture of the emperors, but it's so unnatural. Especially in the case of the 2nd to 49th emperors, the portraits are colorless and monotonous. And among the 75th to 93rd emperors, except for the 81st Emperor Antoku, the faces in the portraits are similar.
On the other hand, there are emperors who do not have portraits, and Emperor Kofun is a representative example. This is because he was not recognized as emperor for over a thousand years from his birth to his death.
In 2011, when Emperor Akihito spoke to the public in Tokyo about the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, TV Tokyo did the brave thing of broadcasting a regular broadcast instead of broadcasting the public address. To find out why, see the TV Tokyo article.
There is a YouTuber who created a song with the names of Japan's past emperors as lyrics using generative AI (...). #[84]
13. look around
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[1] The pattern in the center is the seal of the Japanese imperial family with a golden chrysanthemum pattern , and is also the national emblem of Japan under customary law.[2] Most of the Republic is in Chapter 1 in Chapter 1 (e.g., the Republic of Korea is a democratic republic -the Constitution of the Republic of Korea ) or the reason for the existence of state power (e.g., human dignity is not infringed. All state power is obliged to respect and protect this dignity -German Basic Law) It indicates that beings are important. However, in Article 1 of the Japanese Constitution, the Japanese people have sovereignty, and the basis of the emperor status is based on the intentions of the people. Although this does not mean that the Japanese people directly identify the doctor and elect the emperor through modern voting. In Kariya Tetsu 's " Japanese and Emperor ", the “emperor election is impossible”, and the expression 'symbol' is very ambiguous, and it is pointed out that it does not indicate how the emperor of the Japanese people with sovereignty is connected.[3] Article 3 of the Constitution of Japan states that “all actions of the Emperor regarding ‘national affairs’ require the advice and approval of the Cabinet, and the Cabinet is responsible for them.” It is lost. In "言と承認を必要とし、内閣が、その責任を負ふ。)" It is a name taken from[4] During the constitutional period of the Empire of Japan, the Emperor's orders were imperial ordinances, and the Prime Minister's orders were cabinet ordinances, which was different from the present day. In the present day, the Emperor's right to issue imperial ordinances has been abolished, and the Prime Minister issues cabinet ordinances. However, since new imperial ordinances cannot be issued, imperial ordinances that have not yet been abolished, such as hierarchical ordinances, have the same effect as cabinet ordinances.[5] If you read the Chinese characters separately, Ten and お う (ō), but when you read it, N is added because of the phenomenon of softness.[6] As recently as the 1970s, there were other monarchs who held the title of emperor, including those of the Ethiopian Empire , the Iranian Empire , and the Central African Empire, but all of them abdicated in revolution. Meanwhile, in the case of names in Chinese culture, it is the only title along with Pope . In the West, the Pope was originally called 'Papa' (English: Pope), which does not have the meaning of 'emperor' or 'monarch'. However, regardless of its meaning, it actually corresponds to the emperor in terms of protocol.[7] Nihon Shoki : 「日出處天子致書日沒處天子無恙云云」, Suseo : 「Opening Emperor’s Second Year，倭王姓阿每，字多利思北孤，號阿輩雞彌，遣使詣闕。上令所司訪其風俗。使者言倭王以天為兄，以日為弟，天Early morning travel policy, travel policy, daily departure policy, clouds, foreign policy, etc.之。」[8] In 425, Baekje was given the title of 'Daejanggun Jindong (鎭東大將軍)'.[9] The issue of mentioning the word 'Emperor' is clearly contradictory between Chinese and Japanese sources. The Chinese side claims that it was used in China during the Wei-Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties, while Japan believes that it originated in a diplomatic letter sent by Prince Shotoku . In this regard, academics believe that the Chinese sources are more credible than the Japanese sources.[10] Huryeon Kim, “Ancient Japan's Recognition of Others in East Asia”, 『History and Culture Studies』21, 2004[11] Qin Shi Huang , who unified China, was suggested by his ministers to be called Taihuang (泰皇), the middle of all emperors, but created a new title, Emperor .[12] The monarch on earth can also be compared to this: the monarch sits in the north and faces south, his subjects sit in the south and face north, and the palace also faces south from the north and has a large main road to the south.[13] This point is also reflected in the drama Biography of Wu Mi-rang, which covers the period from the end of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty to the end of Wu Zhou , and the movie The Secret of Zetian Empress, who refers to Empress Zetian as 'Queen of Heaven'.[14] The oldest relic in existence where the notation 'Emperor' can be confirmed is the '天皇聚露忽謹' on a 677 wooden tablet unearthed at the Asukanoike ruins. In all cases before that, they were relics that were not handed down in person but only as quotations or whose authenticity was questionable.[15] Translated into Korean, it is 'Palace'.[16] It was just a Japanese reading of the Chinese character for 'Thousand'.[17] 'It means that he became king through the merits of keeping the Ten Precepts. The ten precepts are: ① not killing, ② not stealing, ③ not committing adultery, ④ not using profanity, ⑤ not saying flashy things, ⑥ not gossiping, ⑦ not causing strife. , ⑧ not being greedy, ⑨ not getting angry, ⑩ not having wrong views, etc.[18] According to the records, he is said to be Susano's son/6th generation/7th generation, and he married Susanoo's daughter, Suserihime, and became Susanoo's son-in-law.[19] Okuni Nushi continued to make a country and land that Izanagi and Izanami could not do.[20] The clothes worn by the men in the picture are sokutai , the crown on their heads is called suieinokan , and the clothes worn by the women are called junihitoe .[21] Of course, there was a hostile relationship with Silla, and at that time, Silla had friendly relations with the indigenous forces of Northern Kyushu. Baekje actively opposed the Naje alliance with Silla.[22] The fact that Taira no Masakado declared himself emperor was an important factor in that he was the fourth-generation descendant of the 50th Emperor Kanmu , but at the same time, in a letter he sent to Fujiwara no Tadahira, he also revealed a rather hegemonic reason: " If you look at history, it is very common for a powerful person to take over a country. Didn't the Khitan destroy Balhae and take over its land not long ago? " He also revealed a kind of Chinese-style heavenly ideology in his statement: " This power that I possess is also power that was given to me by Heaven, so there is nothing wrong with me taking over half of Japan ," referring to himself as having already lost the right to be an emperor and thus had no legitimacy from a traditional Japanese perspective .[23] Even this was not suppressed by a force sent from the center, but rather by a force led by local nobles such as Taira no Sadamori (a relative of Masakado, also a descendant of Emperor Kanmu, and ancestor of the Kanmu Ise Heishi ) and Fujiwara no Hidesato . It has been done.[24] Even in the Sengoku period, the symbolism of the emperor remained, and officials who committed corruption in the name of the emperor expressed their anger by saying that the daimyo were nothing special.[25] In fact, no matter how noble the mansion is, it is true that it is difficult to compare in scale or expense with the formally constructed imperial palace. In Korea, when King Gwanghaegun left the temporary palace that his father had renovated and used as the private residence of the royal family after the major palaces were all burned down during the Imjin Waeran, and began rebuilding Changdeokgung and Changgyeonggung , there was criticism at the time that he had carried out excessive construction to the point of being called "palace disease" and it is said that this ultimately led to Gwanghaegun's own downfall, but it is for this reason that it can be defended as a necessary measure to some extent in order to renew and restore the authority of the royal family and the nation that had fallen after the war. Even though it is said that Confucianism negatively views civil engineering projects with the logic that "If politics are good, even if you draw a line in the ground and tell people not to cross it, they won't cross it," regarding the argument that "What's important is form? As long as there is substance, that's enough," Confucius himself emphasized that form and substance must be in harmony , saying "Stop talking nonsense that makes no sense ." In addition, if a king is overly frugal, his dignity and authority as a royal family, including his external image, will inevitably decline. This outwardly visible visual image was clearly an operating principle of power and an important element of royal authority in pre-modern times.[26] The seriousness of this problem is that before the emperor was served in Japan, most of the court ladies were from noble families. In other words, it is like the wives and daughters of the noble families in Joseon selling their bodies to make a living. In Japan, court ladies who did not receive a separate rank in the palace were not bound to the palace and had to live their entire lives. In the case of ordinary female servants who did not receive a special rank as a concubine by receiving the emperor's "family name", they were able to freely date and marry, and there were many cases where they married and left the palace after serving the emperor or the queen. The famous Murasaki Shikibu , Sei Shonagon , and Izumi Shikibu were all court ladies who worked in the palace and married noble men, not the emperor. Of course, the fact that they were able to freely date and marry and the fact that the daughters of the noble families had to sell their bodies for the reason of "making a living" are different issues.[27] In the case of Emperor Gohanazono, he abdicated and became a monk after the Onin War broke out. It was a sign of self-reflection that the large-scale incident of the Onin War was caused by the indecisiveness of the shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa, but compared to Yoshimasa, who caused the large-scale incident but did not take any responsibility, many people praised him for abdicating and stepping down, saying, "It was my immorality that caused this war." Of course, if you think about it differently, you can't avoid the cynicism that it was an "escape."[28] The imperial family, which had little property, was given a fief of 100,000 koku as a gift. The emperor's personal fief was 30,000 koku and the imperial family's fief was 70,000 koku. For reference, the Edo shogunate's direct territory, Tenryō, was approximately 4 million koku (the Tokugawa shogunate's income was 2.3 million koku), and direct samurai such as hatamoto owned a total of approximately 3 million koku. Among the daimyo of the Edo period, there were quite a few who, like the Kaga clan, had fiefs exceeding a million koku, and there were many who easily exceeded 100,000, such as the Satsuma (770,000 koku) and Sendai (620,000 koku), whose basic unit of fief ownership was easily 100,000.[29] The famous Jusin Gura incident took place because of the fact that the rituals of the samurai , who served the Chicks sent to the Shogun , were so disgusting. The incident had to be destroyed by the Daimyo , Asano Naganori , but it was said that there was a big wave of "the rude appearance in front of the Emperor's Chicks, and I could see how much the emperor's power was at that time."[30] This was largely due to the shogunate of the Edo shogunate refusing to marry the imperial family out of concern about the possibility of the emperor regaining power. Therefore, during the enlightenment period when the authority of the shogunate fell into decline, the marriage between Shogun Tokugawa Iemochi and Emperor Kazunomiya Chikako, the Emperor's younger sister , attracted great public attention.[31] Please refer to the document on the controversy over the marking of the emperor/title . In Japan, it was only after the Meiji Restoration that the emperor was referred to as 'Emperor', and until then, the title 'Mikado (帝/御門)' or 'Won (院)' was mainly used.[32] Words like Manseilgye are nothing more than a mythological story in which Dangun , the progenitor of the Korean people, is a descendant of Hwanung and Ungnyeo , the gods of the sky, and that Korea is a country blessed with the energy of the sky and the bear. Politically, it is just a symbolic word for the legitimacy of the emperor.[33] Even if you search not only the existing dynasties but also the dynasties that existed in the past, it would be considered the longest-lived dynasty. Usually, a dynasty cannot exceed 500 years, and the laws of succession to the throne are different depending on the civilization, era, and region, so even if dynasty A lasts more than 500 years, it may not follow the method of succession adopted by dynasty B. In Korean history, Silla, Goryeo, and Joseon are considered to be one continuous country, but in Western European terms, the dynasties can be seen to have changed several times. For example, in the period between King Hyegong of Silla and King Wonseong , the period between King Mokjong of Goryeo and King Hyeonjong, and the period between King Cheoljong and Gojong of Joseon, their relatives were so distant that they should be counted as different dynasties in Western European terms. In addition, Silla had three royal castles, and in the beginning, the three castles, Park, Seok, and Kim, took the throne in turns, but the Kim clan monopolized it, and in the last half, it ended with the Park clan, and finally, the Kim clan.[34] It is an abbreviation for Emperor Taesang.[35] It is an abbreviation for Taesangbeophwang (太上法皇), and is also called Seonbeopwang (禪定法皇).[36] Emperor Godaigo sent his sons to various places, entrusting them with the right to reward merit and recruit warriors in the local area. Among these princes, the one with the most significant power to oppose the Northern Court was Kyushu. The Josei-fu (征西府), established by Prince Kaneyoshi in collusion with the local Kikuchi clan, fought against the Kyushu Tandai, appointed by the Northern Court to rule Kyushu, and the Shoni clan, which had been the traditional ruling power as the Shugo of Kyushu since the Kamakura shogunate, and was victorious on several occasions, even occupying Dazaifu for a time . Above all, they secured a diplomatic position by sending an envoy to the Ming Dynasty and having him crowned King of Japan . Here, Ashikaga Tadafuyu, the illegitimate son of Ashikaga Takauji, also got involved and tried to consolidate his power (later Tadafuyu became the son-in-law of the Shoni clan), and Kyushu took on the appearance of a three-way war: the Southern Court power of "Prince Kaneyoshi - Kikuchi clan" (Joseibu), the Northern Court power of "Isshiki clan → Imagawa clan" (Kyushu Tandai), and the "third force" of Ashikaga Tadafuyu - Shoni Yorihisa, who were the traditional ruling powers but who kept their distance from both the Southern and Northern courts.[37] This year coincided with the year in which King Gongyang was forcibly deposed on the Korean Peninsula and Yi Seong-gye established a new dynasty.[38] The parts related to the blood -lineage disputes of the North -North Korean period are used as a material in the 3rd Volume of Kudo Series .[39] This perception may not be much different now, to the point that when then-Emperor Akihito announced his abdication in 2017, members of the so-called Council of Educated People, a private advisory group to then-Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, sarcastically remarked, " All the Emperor needs to do is pray (天皇は祈っているだけでよい) ." According to Professor Emeritus Tsukehiro Hirakawa of the University of Tokyo and others, then-Emperor Akihito was deeply shocked when he heard this remark. At the very least, Akihito himself had been vocal about how, as the Emperor of Japan, he could not deny the fact that there were people who suffered as Japan's colonies and forcibly mobilized in war due to Japan's past invasions, but all of this was summarily denied by right-wing figures who supposedly supported the Emperor. Even the Imperial Household Agency officials responded, " Are you saying that you don't know about the activities that His Majesty has been doing ?" # #[40] There is a scene showing this in the Japanese cartoon Hikaru's Baduk , in an episode where Hikaru plays baduk with Torajiro 's water bowl and ceramics that an antique store owner had secretly stolen from Hikaru's acquaintance, and Fujiwarano Sai is the owner of the antique store. Regarding the stolen pottery water bowl, there is a scene where he thinks, "It is definitely the same water bowl that I saw in the Imperial Palace in Kyoto, which I followed along Dorajiro. I know that the imperial family's finances were very poor at the time, so was it taken out at that time...?" .[41] Some argue that "since this record is from the end of the Edo shogunate, we should not interpret it as meaning that the emperor lived like this throughout the period, but rather that the Japanese economy at the time was greatly shaken to the point that even the upper class could not escape poverty." In addition, the Japanese imperial family 's estate was 100,000 koku, and of that, the emperor's personal estate amounted to 30,000 koku, which was equivalent to that of a daimyo , so it would be correct to assume that such a situation did not occur throughout the Edo shogunate.[42] Because the Meiji Restoration was impressive, one may mistakenly think that Japan carried out modernization smoothly, but even at that time, there was a lot of backlash against the Meiji government, such as the Seinan War , and the modernization project itself was expensive, so it was not smooth, as there was a lot of backlash due to tax increases. So the choice was to suppress opposition by increasing the emperor's authority, and it was solidified by successive victories in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War.[43] In fact, it was almost impossible for the Japanese emperor to become a universal monarch in the Asian world. In order to establish religious authority, such as Tibetan Buddhism 's Dalai Lama and Vatican , Japan's Shinto was not a religion used throughout East Asia, such as Buddhism or Christianity , and the birthplace of all kinds of infrastructure such as humanities, politics, philosophy, and technology, which began with text records, literally 'world civilization' itself, and Japan can be aged and promoted. It was not in a position to present universal philosophy. This is not much different now.[44] It is an urban legend that Ito Hirobumi said in front of diplomats from other countries , "It is a great misfortune to be born into the Japanese imperial family. From the moment you are born, you are bound by etiquette and cannot do anything you want," and pretended to manipulate a marionette with his hands, which flustered the watching diplomats . One of the people who created the Constitution of the Empire of Japan was Ito Hirobumi. Of course, the higher the authority and power of the emperor, the more the government officials benefited, not lost, so who knows.[45] In the case of Yamagata Aritomo , when he said he would enter the palace, the Meiji Emperor would meet him dressed neatly in Western clothes, and Yamagata also knew that the Meiji Emperor was afraid of him, so when the Meiji Emperor began to doze off during a meeting of the Imperial Court, he would strike the floor with the scabbard he was carrying to wake the Emperor up.[46] Even when the Meiji government planned to form a conscript army made up of peasants by issuing a conscription order throughout the country, peasants stormed government offices with spears and shouted in anger, "Who on earth is the Emperor that he wants to take our lives as tax money?"[47] It is said that there are still places left.[48] Therefore, when looking at Japanese historical works, there are many cases where people called 'garo' in the shogunate or feudal lord are the main axis. The shogun or feudal lord would occasionally say a few words, and sometimes not attend at all. To put it simply, there is no president, but the managing director and managing director act as the chairman of the board of directors.[49] Representatively, the marriage of the royal family. The Yamagata Aritomo of the world also intervened in the marriage issue of the Prince Hirohito, and had to retire from politics without winning the repulsion of the whole nation .[50] MacArthur said, “The value of one emperor is equivalent to 21 US military divisions,” and the emperor with such an influence on the professors will be more efficient for the Japanese reforms to worsen the situation by stimulating only the emotions of Japanese people who have fallen. I insisted. Immediately after the end of the war, a myriad of letters welcomed MacArthur and US troops from all over Japan, and a person named Ouchi Hanako, who lives near Osaka, sent to the commander -in -chief of the Allied forces in December 1945 . At the time of the announcement, the majority of the Japanese public supported the military and the war, so the public was really good if the public could end. Of course, MacArthur's trying to capture it is not the public, but the leadership of anti -communism.[51] There are no family registers or surnames, but there is a separate imperial genealogy (genealogy) and palace names (excluding the emperor). If an ordinary woman marries into the imperial family and becomes a member of the royal family, she will be erased from the resident registration . Conversely, if a woman of the imperial family marries an ordinary person and becomes an ordinary person, a new family register will be created .[52] Although the King of Sweden has been stripped of even his nominal authority over politics, he is legally recognized as a Swedish citizen and has the basic rights and right to vote as a citizen. The situation is completely different from that of the Japanese imperial family, who are restricted in their choice of religion and profession, but can voluntarily give up their right to succession to the throne, so the existence or absence of human rights has to be discussed.[53] This clause can be interpreted as, "The Emperor gives approval at his own discretion after receiving advice from the Cabinet," but if you look closely, there is a phrase at the end that says the Cabinet is responsible. The one who takes responsibility naturally also has the authority.[54] In fact, most constitutional monarchies in Europe have the right to vote legally, but do not customarily participate in elections. However, depending on the country, people may participate in referendums.[55] During the imperial era, he held command of the Japanese army .[56] The signature is handwritten in calligraphy , and because the royal seal is such an important item, there is a separate official who takes a picture of the actual royal seal. In any case, a seal can only be stamped with the Emperor's handwritten signature, so the authority to stamp it lies with the Emperor. In the UK, there is also a custom of Seo Min-won, the ruling party's floor leader and the chairman of the Privy Council, holding the position of Minister of the National Seal, so Seo Min-won, the ruling party's floor leader, manages the national seal.[57] Executive branch ( cabinet ), legislative branch ( National Assembly ), and judicial branch ( court ).[58] Article 4 of the Audit and Inspection Act[59] Article 4, Paragraph 4 of the Audit and Inspection Act[60] It is a title known to have been used by the writer Agawa Hiroyuki (1920). For reference, he hates the deification of the army-style emperor as a proponent of naval selection, but he is a person who does not deviate from the right wing, such as supporting the revision of history textbooks .[61] For reference, Murakami Haruki is a leftist anarchist and a republican , so it's not unusual to say that. And even though the emperor is unexpected, Japan is also a place where people live , and when the broadcasters have been indefinitely in the event of the death of the emperor , they have been protested by the broadcaster that they can't watch TV because of the emperor. So it is said that the business of the video rental store was good at this time.[62] The prime minister at the time of Akihito's accession was Noboru Takeshita , but he resigned shortly after the opening of Heisei due to the Recruit Incident , and his successor Sosuke Uno also resigned due to a scandal.[63] Of course, Aum Shinrikyo cannot be identified with Mayor Ito and others. Aum Shinrikyo became a bigger problem because it plotted to overthrow the Japanese state and killed many innocent lives on several occasions.[64] So-Geok-Seok, 『Zhuzi’s Transformation into Japanese Literature』, page 269[65] <Governing principles of the emperor-based country>, essay type, page 36[66] So-Gyeong-Seok, pages 270-271[67] Taichiro Mitani, 『What is modern Japan?』, page 268[68] Small and medium-sized, page 167[69] From the U.S. perspective, it was better for the safety of the Japanese regime if the emperor remained silent and took full responsibility. If the Emperor becomes politically bankrupt, the responsibility for the defeat in the Pacific War will shift from the Emperor, the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese Army , to the military and Japanese politicians, including Hideki Tojo, who was the de facto power at the time. In the first place, after the Meiji Restoration, they monopolized power with the special war economy and total war system, and because they did not want to take responsibility, they used the Emperor as their representative to pass on all responsibility.[70] It is also a traditional method of naming countries in the Eastern world to not add an expression that represents the original national character.[71] In fact, strictly speaking, his authority has weakened compared to that of Emperor Komei before Emperor Meiji and the emperors of the Edo period . Although the shoguns of the Edo shogunate mostly did not visit Kyoto after the middle of the shogunate (there was even a shogun who never visited Edo and only lived in Kyoto in the late shogunate), and the shogun monopolized actual power, the form in which the emperor formally approved the shogun's decisions was maintained, whereas modern emperors do not even have such formal authority. In the first place, the basis for the rebellion and the cries of disgrace by the last shogunate was that shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu had signed a trade treaty with the United States without the emperor's permission .[72] It is the 15th year of King Hyegong of Silla.[73] From the very beginning, Joseon referred to Japan's diplomatic subjects as 'King of Japan', referring to the shogun of the Muromachi shogunate. It was called that because it was a negotiation between monarchies, and the person in charge of the Japanese side through which the Joseon monarch sent an envoy to negotiate should not be someone other than the Japanese monarch.[74] Zhou Shunshu and others sent by Jeong Jeong-gong, one of the leaders of the anti-Qing restoration, went to Japan and requested reinforcements. Like Kang Hang of Joseon, they taught Neo-Confucianism in Japan, and the Edo shogunate discussed sending reinforcements to the continent as requested by Jeong Jeong-gong to revive the Ming Dynasty. There was also. I quit due to internal opposition.[75] This is an anecdote recorded in Idohak's "Rewritten Baekje History", in which Egami Namio, a Japanese historian famous for his theory of a dynasty conquering a horse-riding people, is said to have said this when he met Emperor Showa. Although there is no way to know if it is true, it seems that the perception that "the imperial family came from Joseon (i.e. the Korean Peninsula)" existed in Japan until the Middle Ages. Kitabatake Chikafusa mentioned in his book Shinno Shotoki that up until the time of Emperor Kanmu , there were books that said "the emperor of Japan is of the same race as the Three Hans", but Emperor Kanmu gathered all of those books and burned them. There is also a story that Japanese people mainly use chopsticks and do not use spoons when eating, but the imperial family uses spoons ( # ).[76] According to a diplomatic document released in 2019 a day before Reiwa Shin Yeon-ho's announcement, in September 1988, then-Vice-Secretary-General of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ryohei Murata had an informal discussion with Ambassador to Japan Lee Won-jong, requesting ' Crown Prince Akihito to visit Korea as soon as possible. ' Japan's position was conveyed, saying, "We hope this will come true," and it was reported that Ambassador Lee reported this to headquarters. Around this time, it was the month in which the 5th Republic regime held the 1988 Seoul Olympics , and Japan attended the Olympics opening ceremony to reveal its forward-looking stance on Korea-Japan relations , and the 5th Republic regime also promoted changes in Korea-Japan relations, politically I was able to get some distance to use. Shinzo Abe 's father, Foreign Minister Shintaro Abe, said in March 1986 that he was considering a visit to Korea by Crown Prince Akihito and his wife, but in August of that year, the plan to visit Korea was put on hold due to Crown Princess Michiko 's health problems. #[77] It was not only Korea that did not hear good things about the countries the Emperor visited after the defeat in the war, and in the UK and the Netherlands , nationwide protests broke out when the Showa Emperor visited, comparing the Showa Emperor to Adolf Hitler and criticizing him for not receiving any punishment despite being clearly responsible for World War II. When the Showa Emperor passed away, not even an envoy of condolences was sent.[78] Roh Moo- hyun was so passive about the emperor's visit to Korea that he proposed a visit to Korea by Emperor Akihito's eldest son Crown Prince Naruhito and second son Prince Fumihito instead of Emperor Akihito 's visit to Korea, and Park Geun -hye had a concrete approval rating of 30 before the Park Geun-hye-Choi Soon- sil scandal broke out and she was impeached from the presidency. He had a high approval rating from regular Saenuri Party supporters at the time, to the point where he could boast of %, but apart from that, his father President Park Chung- hee was not free from controversy and criticism about his father's pro- Japanese and anti-national activities , as he served and collaborated as an officer in the Japanese army during the Japanese colonial period. At the time, Japan 's Prime Minister Shinzo Abe was pursuing right-wing policies such as turning the country into a military power, leading to diplomatic conflict with Korea in the early stages of the Park Geun-hye administration. It was a virtually impossible situation as it was at the time of making the project. Moon Jae- in did not directly mention the Emperor's visit to Korea, but in September 2017, Prime Minister Lee Nak-yeon made a statement suggesting the Emperor visit Korea, and the new Japanese Ambassador Lee Soo-hoon and Foreign Minister Kang Kyung -wha also made remarks mentioning the Emperor's visit to Korea. However, in the middle of his term, after the Japanese Steel Company's compensation judgment for forced labor was confirmed, the relationship between Korea and Japan reached its worst point in history since liberation due to the Korea-Japan trade dispute , and the emperor's visit to Korea was not even mentioned.[79] However, when the Showa Emperor died in 1989, the announcer who delivered the news at the time added a brief additional explanation, saying 'meaning he passed away' after saying 'he died', perhaps considering that the word "carp" was not common even in Japan. . In fact, many Japanese people said that this was the first time they had heard of the word 'crucian carp' in their lives, and it was only natural since it had been over 60 years since the last news of his death was reported . Moreover, those 60 years were not just 60 years, because it was difficult for people who lived 60 years ago to access mass media. The era in which industry was carried out only in a few large cities, the penetration rate of newspapers and radio was low, agriculture was still the main industry, and it was not even possible to watch TV was transformed into an information society within the past 60 years. During the Taisho era, it was unthinkable that the news of the Emperor's death would be broadcast live across the country at the same time every day .[80] In media works where a surname must be entered, the surname of the emperor's family is sometimes written as Yamato . It makes sense, considering the European convention of adding the name of the governing state to the official name of the monarch.[81] In the first place, the concept of surnames was a unique culture that only China had in Northeast Asia, and in Korea, it was only during the Goryeo Dynasty that it became fully popular, and in most cases, even powerful families did not have surnames. In Japan, too, the concept of 'a surname that cannot be changed at any cost' is a very recent one, and if you look at the Shin Chan Surname Records, a survey from the ancient era, you can count on your fingers the number of surnames that have survived to this day. Even in Japan, it is still possible to create surnames and there are enough cases of changing them to maternal surnames, so it must be said that China's surname culture has not fully taken root.[82] Wonu is turning slaves into Moe, which is like insulting his country. But even Wonu has been becoming moe-like lately... However, there are very few people, and Wonu means ‘slave of the Japanese nation’, so it is a bit difficult to turn this into a moe. In fact, the most common word used by the vast majority of Chinese people when criticizing Japan is "Wanu ." The Chinese took advantage of this blind spot.[83] Of course, because of this attitude, the ridicule that "the Emperor is the untouchable supreme dignity " grew even louder.[84] In addition to the Emperor of Japan, this YouTuber makes songs about national leaders from various countries, including the President of Korea, the President of Brazil, and the first female leaders of each country.
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