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colony

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Category
Classification of acts of leasing and transfer of territorial sovereignty
main classification
even
( Concession )
cession
subordination
( dependency , protectorate , dependency , colony , autonomous territory )
absorption
separation
special relationship
Puppet State , Trusteeship , Satellite State , Mandate , Tribute State
1. outline2. characteristic3. history4. effect5. List
5.1. When national power surpasses or becomes similar to that of the ruling country
5.1.1. When GDP per capita is surpassed
5.2. Non-European countries that were not colonized during imperialism5.3. in the creation
6. related document

1. outline

Colonization refers to the colonization or migration of residents of a native country while being treated differently politically and economically from the native country . Here, colony (植民地, colony) is an object under colonial rule and refers to an area that has actually or legally lost its sovereignty due to a colonial empire . Politically, the colony becomes a dependent country of the colonial empire, which is the suzerain , and economically, it functions as a source of raw materials, product market , and capital export to the home country.

Pioneering and managing a colony is called colonizing .[1] During the period of modern imperialism, several colonial empires had colonial departments, which were functional departments that managed colonial policies and colonies . Colonial wars sometimes break out as empires acquire and maintain colonies, and suppress attempts at independence .

2. characteristic

A type of dependent area , an area outside the home country (usually overseas) but governed by the home country . The original meaning meant a base where the native country's residents migrated to a place far away from their native country and had a dependent relationship with the native country, but in the modern era, it was expanded to mean all areas that were actually subjugated through conquest. In particular, in East Asian languages ​​such as Korean , the latter meaning is mostly used, so the nuance is not good, so examples where it is used in a narrow sense such as 'moon colony' are also not received as a very good image. For this reason, the original meaning is often used using other words such as 'frontier' or 'migration' based on today's Korean language.

Types include autonomous territories where settled colonies have gained autonomy , protectorates that restrict a sovereign state , protectorates that deprive a sovereign state of some or all of its sovereignty and leave only autonomy , direct territories that do not even have autonomy, and dependent and overseas territories in the sense of external territories.

Contrary to the myths, most of the homes who migrated to colonies are not in the downstream or economically. Anyway, there is no reason to go to the colony and go to the colony anyway, and most of the time, when moving to the colony, it was often aimed at various benefits or support measures provided by the government. For example, Spanish conchstadores are mostly lower -level warriors or commanders . Most of the Japanese people who migrated to Joseon , Manchuria , and Taiwan are also in the lower class. Thus , this prejudice is one of the reasons why the Hikiaheshas who returned to the mainland of Japan after the colony were disbanded .

3. history

File:details ico...  more detailscolonialism documentof3 number of paragraphsPlease note.

4. effect

File:details ico...  more detailsColonialism/Influence documentcastPlease note.
Colonial rule has many influences on the ruling and subjugated countries.

5. List

In addition to the colonies for the purpose of invasion of resources, which were built by the Economic Age and imperialists , they include areas classified as a place where forced colonies to other people and other peoples in modern times, even in modern times, and other people in modern times. To date , areas that are classified as a spirit because they are not independent . It is also a good idea to refer to the colonial and dominant lists (Wikipedia) for the colonial list after the formation of modern and contemporary colonial empire .
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5.1. When national power surpasses or becomes similar to that of the ruling country

Hereinafter, it includes ruled countries and ruled countries other than colonies.

It is very rare for a dominated country to become similar or superior in national power to the dominant country. Being a colony also means that the national power was far less than that of the ruling country, so although there are cases where national power became similar or superior to that of the ruling country, most of them were countries during the period of settled colonialism in the 17th and 18th centuries. This applies to the United States, which is the leader in this field right now .[9]

However, there are rare examples where the dominated country is ahead of, similar to, or quite close to the dominant country. Next, we will discuss such uncommon precedents. The standards are based on superpowers, great powers, regional powers, and middle powers in the national power document, and are made when the national power of a country that was a dominated country is at the same level or a higher level than the national power of a country that was a dominant country .
  • File:american fl...
    USA

    After gaining independence through the American Revolutionary War, it developed its own national power and showed itself to be no soft opponent to Britain in the US-British War . It showed overwhelming power in both world wars and is now a great power that controls 13 colonies that were its predecessors in the past. It far surpassed Britain and became the world's most powerful superpower , surpassing other European powers such as France, Russia, and Spain, which dominated the remaining regions swallowed up by the United States after American independence .[10] Moreover, there is even a “ British-American Force ”. However, unlike other examples of ruling over other cultures, the United States is a settled colony founded by British natives who immigrated directly and gained autonomy.[11]
  • File:brazilian f...
    brazil

    Currently, it has a pure national power comparable to that of Italy and South Korea , far surpassing the middle power Portugal and becoming a member of BRICS . The size of the country is more than 80 times that of Portugal, and its population is about 20 times that of Brazil, and from the time of independence, it had already surpassed Portugal in terms of population .[12] Moreover, while Brazil actively pursued a modernization policy under Pedro II and, even after converting to a republic, widely accepted immigration and implemented industrialization policies, it grew economically, while Portugal went through a period of turmoil and industrialization was slow even under Antonio Salazar , and in addition, its development lagged significantly due to a long war that occurred without giving up its colonies .[13] However, as Brazil experienced a recession from the oil shock in the 1970s to the 1990s, and Portugal experienced significant economic growth and democratization after the Carnation Revolution in the 1970s , there was a large influx of people from Brazil to Portugal. However, in the 2010s, the situation reversed again, with many Portuguese leaving their homeland with no future due to the Eurozone crisis and making a fresh start in Brazil, further promoting the outflow of talent from Portugal. Moreover, Portugal recently gave up the standard status of Portuguese . What puts Portugal ahead is that, unlike Portugal, Brazil is classified as a developing country in terms of qualitative economics , and per capita GDP is still higher in Portugal.
  • File:Indonesian ...
    Indonesia

    To the extent that the Dutch , who had colonized their country, demanded an apology and compensation for damages for past history during the colonial period.[14][15] It reigns as a regional power with strong national power in Southeast Asia. He was colonized by the Netherlands for a long time , left his home country by the Dutch and lived as a collaborator in the Dutch mainland, and was sacrificed while fighting as a member of the Dutch East Indies Army during World War II. Most Indonesians who have immigrated to the Netherlands mainland have largely assimilated into Dutch society and culture and often use Dutch names rather than Indonesian names, so it is not easy to find people of Indonesian descent based on their names alone. The Indonesian Dutchman we are most familiar with is Robin van Persie .
  • File:Norwegian f...
    Norway

    It is classified as a middle power country like Sweden and Denmark . After experiencing domination by Denmark and Sweden and becoming independent from Sweden, it was a relative latecomer in Northern Europe.[16] In the 1970s, oil came out of the North Sea, and since then, investment in economic development and welfare based on oil exports has overturned the dominance of Sweden and Denmark in all areas of national power. What 's worse is that in the past, Norwegians used to go to Sweden to work, but now Swedes come to Norway to work.
  • File:Indian flag
    India

    In the first quarter of 2022, the nominal gross domestic product (GDP) reached $854.7 billion, placing it fifth in the world, surpassing the United Kingdom, which recorded $816 billion . Military power also surpassed Britain , which ranks 5th to 8th in the annual GFP rankings , ranking 4th behind the US - Russia - China .[17][18]
  • File:Italian fla...
    Italy

    The Spanish and Austrian empire of the Habsburg family did not directly dominate the entire Italian peninsula, but most of them were influenced. But the Spanish and Austrian empire, where Italy unified and dominated Italy, collapsed, and only the mainland remained.
  • Some Latin American countries
    File:Argentinian...
    Argentina
    ,
    File:Chile flag
    Chile
    ,
    File:Uruguay fla...
    Uruguay
    Some South American countries such as
    File:Puerto Rico...
    Puerto Rico
    ,
    File:Panama flag
    Panama
    ,
    File:Costa Rica ...
    Costa Rica
    Some North and Central American countries, such as Spain, were wealthier than Spain for a while and industrialized faster in certain sectors, but in modern times, all but Puerto Rico caught up. Aside from the fact that Puerto Rico is an autonomous territory of the United States , in the 1960s, the Central and South American countries mentioned above had GDP per capita similar to or higher than Spain, but by the early 1970s, the only Latin American country with a GDP per capita higher than Spain was Argentina, and even that was surpassed by Spain in 1975. In particular, Argentina was overwhelmingly wealthier than Spain in the early 20th century, when it was at its peak, and by the early 1960s, it was ahead of Spain, which had a much larger population at the time, in both total GDP and GDP per capita, and was even ranked in the top 10 in terms of overall national power. * To be exact, from 1960 to 1964, it slightly surpassed Spain in total GDP, but its ranking began to plummet from the mid-1960s.
    • File:Mexican fla...
      Mexico

      In the case of Mexico, GDP per capita is lower than Spain, but the population is more than twice as large, so overall GDP has surpassed Spain.

5.1.1. When GDP per capita is surpassed

5.2. Non-European countries that were not colonized during imperialism

These are the countries that survived while most countries were destroyed as the great powers created many colonies. A country that was a protectorate and[24] Countries founded after the end of the imperialist era are excluded. For reference, countries in Western countries such as Europe also[25] There are numerous cases of territory being occupied.[26] sweden[27] , Switzerland , San Marino , and Andorra were the only exceptions, and all American countries were colonies of European countries and then became independent.[28] Since they were the first to be occupied, they also became independent quickly, and most of them were countries that had become independent during World Wars 1 and 2.
  • - : Thailand is the only country in Southeast Asia that has maintained its independence without being colonized by Western powers.[29] King Rama V maintained national sovereignty until the colonial imperialist system of Western countries collapsed in Southeast Asia through Bamboo Diplomacy between Western powers such as Britain, the Netherlands, France, and the United States, which gave some of his country's territory to France and Britain and annexed countries in Southeast Asia as colonies . However, in the 1940s, the Japanese Empire semi-forced it into the ranks of the Axis powers.
  • File:Turkey flag
    turkiye
    [30]: During the time of the Ottoman Empire, which was a powerful country , it did well enough to pose a threat to some European countries, and the crisis that threatened to divide the country between the great powers , Greece and Armenia after the war was resolved by successfully overcoming the Turkic War of Independence under the command of Atatürk . However, after the establishment of the Turkic Republic, it was unable to achieve rapid modernization and lagged behind other Western powers.

5.3. in the creation

6. related document

[1] This is the formula of Dongyang Cheoksik Co. , Ltd.[2] There have been no official colonies since the communist revolution occurred, because, as Lenin said, having colonies is a total denial of the idea of ​​communism as the highest stage of capitalism . However, in the process of Russia becoming the Soviet Union, it annexed neighboring countries in Central Asia and Eastern Europe by breaking the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk , and the Soviet-Polish War was also a war that broke out when Poland and Soviet Russia clashed in this process. In addition, after the establishment of the Soviet Union, satellite states and puppet states existed with a similar concept of interference with sovereignty, although they were not the same concept as colonies . Satellite countries at the time of the Soviet Union were oppressed by the Soviet Union as much as colonies, and even to this day, they have anti-Russian sentiments toward Russia, which succeeded the Soviet Union . Anti-Soviet communist countries such as China , Albania , and Romania criticized the Soviet Union for being a Soviet empire .[3] The northern part of New Guinea Island is the New Guinea region of the Australian Autonomy .[4] It was the personal colony of King Leopold II of Belgium .[5] The Duchy of Prussia was merely a means to name the kingdom. The predecessor of the Kingdom of Prussia was the Electorate of Brandenburg .[6] Although it was nominally a union under the name of Denmark-Norway , the coronation of the King of Norway was regarded as the coronation of the King of Denmark , and the Danes dispatched by the King of Denmark Viceroys ruled Norway. It was difficult for Norwegians to enter Danish politics, and the Norwegian language was also converted into Danish , and today the standard language of Norwegian is divided into Bokmål, which is close to Danish, and Nynorsk, which is a reconstruction of the Norwegian regional dialect.[7] The former Italian Eritrea and Italian Somaliland merged with British Somaliland and Ethiopia.[8] After the establishment of the Second Republic, plans were made to build colonies not only in Europe but also overseas , but they were aborted.[9] The United States is one of the few cases that surpasses not only the national power and status of the ruling country, but also GDP per capita.[10] Although America's national power became enormously stronger, it was even more important that many colonies of the British Empire , which was the most powerful country at the time, all became independent and fell. Of course, in absolute terms, Britain is still one of the strongest countries with considerable national power , but its opponent is the United States, which has emerged as the most powerful country in the world and stands as a leader encompassing the entire world.[11] This is also true in Canada and Australia . Of course, there is criticism that the indigenous people were mistreated and alienated during the process of development and territorial expansion .[12] Of course, there were times when Portugal had a larger population, but this was due to the temporary population decline due to the death of too many South American natives, and the continued migration of the population from Portugal and the influx of black people due to the slave trade overtook it again. And even after independence, Portugal, the original colonial country, widely accepted immigrants from Italy , Greece , Bulgaria , Poland , Germany , Russia , Japan , Arabs , Jews , etc. On the other hand, Portugal could not afford to receive immigrants amid chaos such as coups, dictatorships, and colonial wars, so its population cannot be smaller than Portugal in the first place.[13] However, the fact that Portugal lags behind in development here is by European standards. Looking at historical trends since 1960, Portugal's per capita GDP has never lagged behind Brazil's according to the World Bank . Specifically, from 1960 to 1985, Portugal had a GDP per capita that was about 1.5 to 2 times that of Brazil, so it was possible that Brazil's catch-up might be successful. However, in 1986, Portugal joined the European Community ( predecessor of the European Union ) and grew rapidly, widening the gap.[14] On the other hand, Malaysia, which is close to Indonesia historically and militarily, has not even received an apology or compensation for its colonial past from Britain, which colonized the country.[15] Unlike Indonesia, which has grown into a regional power, Malaysia is still stuck in the status of a middle power .[16] Still, on a global scale, it is a rich country.[17] However, GFP itself is a controversial figure, and there is disagreement as to whether India's military power really surpassed Britain's.[18] Of course, even taking these facts into account, the Indian Army, which possesses its own nuclear weapons , ICBMs , and SLBMs , spends the 3rd to 6th largest defense budget in the world, and has abundant practical experience in conflicts with Pakistan , is a strong force that even Britain cannot ignore. .[19] These countries are among the top 10 countries with GDP per capita.[20] Austria and its former territories are both countries with the highest per capita GDP globally.[21] In fact, Switzerland even surpassed Austria's overall GDP. Although Austria's GDP per capita is also one of the highest in the world, it is a phenomenon that occurred because Switzerland's GDP per capita is higher than that of Switzerland, and the population is only about 1 million apart.[22] However, there is not much difference in all three countries.[23] It is limited to Taiwan itself. Strictly speaking, the island of Taiwan was a colony before the founding of the nation, but the Republic of China itself was not a colony of Japan, so it is ambiguous. Instead, the Republic of China also lost a lot of land to Japan.[24] There are Vietnam , Cambodia , Egypt , Nepal , Bhutan , Oman , Saudi Arabia , Iran , and Afghanistan .[25] France, which was a great power, was also occupied by Nazi Germany and was reduced to a puppet state .[26] There are cases of numerous countries in Europe becoming colonies or having their territories occupied, including Poland , Austria , the Netherlands , Belgium , Norway , Finland , Denmark , Balkan countries, former Soviet Union countries, etc. In particular, Poland was under the rule of the Russian Empire for over 100 years, and soon after becoming independent, it was divided and occupied by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union , and after independence, it became a communist country under the influence of the Soviet Union . Despite being a European country, it suffered a lot of painful history.[27] In particular, Sweden is the only country that has never been ruled by a foreign power since it withdrew from the Kalmar Federation in 1523 and became independent. It never became a protectorate or a puppet state, but maintained its independence, and even virtually annexed Norway to form a united kingdom. It maintained its independence even as neighboring Finland and Norway fell to the Russian Empire and Nazi Germany, respectively. Among other countries that existed in the 16th century like Sweden, none except Sweden has maintained a national system to this day.[28] The United States, which currently leads the world order, was originally a colony of Britain.[29] Even after the French invasion , the Nguyen Dynasty of Vietnam , the Kingdom of Laos , and the Kingdom of Cambodia did not collapse and continued to have emperors and kings, but they were all reduced to French protectorates and were only maintained in name, and in fact were puppets of France.[30] Internationally, it is classified as Europe, but culturally it is described as completely belonging to the West Asian cultural sphere.

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