Iceland

Iceland (Ísland) is a republic located on the island of Iceland in Northern Europe . It is an island country located between the Scandinavian Peninsula and Greenland and adjacent to the UK and Ireland to the southeast . It is generally considered the northwestern tip of Afro-Eurasia . It is also the country located at the highest latitude in the Northern Hemisphere .[7] It is the country furthest from the South Pole . It is also called the ‘Land of Fire and Ice’ due to the numerous volcanoes and huge glaciers throughout the country.

The capital is Reykjavik . With a land area of ​​102,775 km², it is the country in the world that is closest in size to South Korea. On the other hand, the population of Seoul is only about 390,000 as of 2025. This is only the population residing in Dobong-gu .[8][9]

It is a member of EFTA (European Free Trade Association). However, it is not an EU member. However, it is a member of the Schengen Agreement , so movement between EU member states is smooth. Iceland's entry and exit stamps have the same design as EU member states, with 12 stars inside, and the Icelandic EU code 'IS'.

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The national bird is the white falcon (Gyrfalcon), also called the white falcon. In Icelandic it is called fálki.

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Since the 15 degrees west meridian passes through the eastern end of Iceland, the country must originally use UTC -1 time. If you base it on Reykjavik, the capital near the western tip of Iceland, it is UTC-1.5 hours. However, Iceland uses the same UTC+0 time zone as the UK, despite the difference of almost an hour and a half from the actual sun . And even though it is Northern Europe, daylight saving time is not used. Even if you don't do it anyway, it's the same as using daylight saving time.

Because it snows heavily and has long dark days, it is said that all the scenes beyond the Wall from Season 2 of Game of Thrones were filmed here.

In Iceland, there is a Rainis Sura Beach, which has high waves , strong, and low water temperature, causing many people to injure or die. Even the edges of the columnar joint are said to be quite sharp.

It is said that when humans first arrived, there was only one species of land mammal, the arctic fox.[10] Starting with rodents that came with humans, reindeer became wild in the 18th century, mink became wild in the 19th and 20th centuries, and since 2010, rabbits have become wild, increasing the number of land mammals. As a side note, polar bears sometimes come across from Greenland, but they are usually starving when they arrive in Iceland, so they are said to be killed as soon as they are discovered to prevent human casualties.

Of course, there are only a few mammals, but there are quite a lot of birds, including puffins, terns, vultures, various ducks, swans, ravens, and hawks.

Although it lies between 64 and 66 degrees north latitude, the climate is quite mild due to the influence of the Irminger Current . Reykjavik's average temperature in January is -0.5℃, which is similar to Jeonju City (-0.6℃) located at 35°50'N . However, because it is a very high latitude, the annual temperature difference is very small, around 10℃ even in midsummer, and the weather is like late fall in Korea throughout the year.[11] Among the maritime climates in the West Bank, the warmest month has less than three months in which the temperature does not exceed +10℃, so it is classified as a subarctic maritime climate . This type of climate can also be seen in the Faroe Islands. Meanwhile, uninhabited inland and glacial areas have a tundra climate (ET). If you go inland, the average temperature in January and February is about -5 to -10℃, and if you go into the plateau, it is quite cold, about -15℃, but if you think about other regions spanning 65 degrees north latitude, it is very warm. At this level of latitude, it is similar to Oymyakon or Anadyri , which are quite north of Siberia in Russia , and the Northwest Territories or Nunavut in Canada or the United States. It is the central and eastern latitude of Alaska . Baffin Island , not far to the west and at the same latitude This contrasts with the average January temperature in Iqaluit and Pangnirtung , which approaches -30°C. That's because on the other side, the Labrador Current, a strong cold current, flows there.

It seems to be comfortable to live in as there are no heat waves in the fall or early winter all year round , but it is a very unfavorable condition for farming. Although Iceland's land area is similar to that of South Korea, its population barely exceeds 200,000 to 300,000. This can be seen as a result of the climate's very low population support capacity.[12] During the Middle Ages, grain farming was possible, but as the climate became colder in the late Middle Ages, all grains had to be imported from Denmark , and imported grains had to be mixed with moss and dried fish had to be eaten instead of bread . For a long time, food production had to depend on fishing and ranching, and only in the 20th century did greenhouse farming using hot spring water become possible. In modern times, due to technological advancement and global warming, it has become possible to grow crops without relying on greenhouses. It is said that there is no need to apply pesticides because it is cool enough that there are no insects.

The low pressure that develops here usually moves south to Europe and eastern North America in the winter, creating unique gloomy weather, which is in sharp contrast to the clear and dry winters of East Asia due to the influence of high pressure on continents such as Siberia .

And when the warmth of the Mexican warm current and the cold of the Arctic meet, the weather changes several times a day. The weather can be very changeable, such as being sunny and then suddenly raining, or snowing like crazy and half a day later, the sun comes up as if it had never happened before. And in winter, a lot of snow falls due to warm currents and topographical influences. For this reason, when a strong wind warning or heavy snow warning is issued, even in places with good road conditions, passenger vehicle traffic is often restricted except for 4WD vehicles, SUVs, and trucks. #

Perhaps due to the climate, it is one of only three countries on Earth, along with New Zealand and Ireland , that does not have a single snake living naturally within its territory . And those common mosquitoes It is said that not even ants live there. However, you must be careful because there are many sandflies , which are vampire flies. However, mosquitoes were eventually discovered living in Iceland on October 21, 2025 (local time), making it no longer a safe zone. # #

Originally, it was an island with a lot of trees in the event of a Viking settlement , but there was almost no tree remaining because of the large amount of heating, architecture, and cooking. However, in modern times, locals can bring seedlings from the outside of Europe , the United Kingdom , and North America, and plant them so that they can see a lot of beautiful trees in the city .

It is one of the few unique regions on Earth where the entire country straddles the Mid- Atlantic Ridge and also has hot spots at the same time. Thanks to this, the entire country is made of volcanic rock . So, similar to Japan , the geothermal heat is high, and hot springs can be found in many places if you dig into the ground. Thanks to this hot spring, towns of any size are equipped with geothermal swimming pools. It is even said that geothermal energy is the country's second largest source of electricity production (hydroelectric power 70%, geothermal 30%) and that geothermal energy has helped in economic recovery. #

It is an area with particularly active geological activity on Earth, where volcanic activity frequently occurs. Famous volcanoes include the previously mentioned Eyjafjallajökudl volcano, Hekla in the photo above, Laki Volcano, which erupted in the 1700s , Eldfell Volcano , Örefajökull Volcano and Vatnajökull Glacier. Grímsvötn volcano, located on the new volcanic island Surtsey, created in 1963[13] , Fagradalsfjall volcano, etc.

As volcanic activity is active, earthquakes occur frequently. Fortunately, most incidents are small and rarely cause significant damage.

In addition to volcanic landforms, there are many landforms formed by glaciers. The glaciers of the fjords and the inland regions of southeast Iceland are typical. Among them, the Vatnajökull glacier is the largest in Europe and the third largest in the world after Antarctica and Greenland. There are even regions where volcanoes and glaciers coexist. There is a volcano called Grimsvötten, and the Vatnajökull Glacier is covering the top of the volcano. In 1996 , the volcano erupted and the heat of the volcano melted the glacier, causing a great flood. Fortunately, all the residents living nearby were evacuated, and there were no casualties because the flood occurred in the southern province where not many people live.

The English word geyser, meaning geyser, is of Icelandic origin. And because the country is located in the middle of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, land is still being created in the middle of the country. So, the country is gradually expanding. From 1 AD to 2021, it has expanded by 22.1m, and since Iceland was created easily over 1,000,000 years ago, it has expanded by more than 2km. Of course, the created land disappears due to erosion, but it is increasing by about 1cm every year. From a human perspective, you might wonder what would expand to that extent, but if it accumulates, Iceland could become a huge continent in hundreds of millions of years. However, because the Atlantic Ocean is also continuing to expand, it is unlikely that Iceland will come into contact with the Eurasian or American continents. The orogenic movement of the Mid- Atlantic Ridge is the cause of the expansion of Iceland and the Atlantic Ocean. Due to this effect, the Atlantic Ocean gradually widens every year, while the Pacific Ocean gradually narrows.

Þingvellir National Park is a place that many tourists visit because it allows them to set foot on two continents. In fact, Iceland is also quite close to Greenland in the Americas. Þingvellir National Park is part of the Golden Circle tourist course and is considered one of Iceland's top tourist destinations because it is not only located on the boundary between the North American and Eurasian continental plates, but is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

There is a 'Leif the Lucky [Miðlína] Bridge' near Keflavik Airport. It is a place where the North American plate and the Eurasian plate meet, so it is nicknamed ' the bridge across two plates ' and has become a tourist attraction.

Thanks to its natural environment, it is also the country that attracts the most attention in science fiction films among the Hollywood film genres. To exaggerate a bit, it would be safe to say that if there is New Zealand in the southern hemisphere, there is Iceland in the northern hemisphere. It is famous as a filming location for Star Wars: The Force Awakens, which appears in the background of Prometheus , Oblivion , Interstellar , and Starkiller Base . In addition, it is a filming location for movies such as Fast and Furious 8 and Walter's Imagination Becomes Reality , and the Wachowski Sisters ' Sense 8 was also filmed here. As mentioned above, because it is a place where the Eurasian and American plates meet, places like cliffs appear in unusual natural shapes. In particular, the waterfall called ‘Detifoss’ is famous as the filming location for the opening scene of Prometheus. In addition, you can see strange, yet very impressive and beautiful features that make it difficult to tell whether this is Earth or an alien planet, making it coveted by film makers and photographers. See also Iceland from above and other categories.

Almost all people live on the coast. Inland areas have glaciers and volcanoes such as Baht Nai, Rangs, and Hops Outs, and are cold, and because of the volcanic land like Jeju Island , there is a lack of water, so the plants are rarely grown. Of course it doesn't grow very much. On the contrary, if it is inland and grows in the area where plants grow, it is called alpine plant in Korea. Inland roads are opened during the summer season. On the contrary, in winter, most of the inland roads are closed for safety reasons.

There is a site where you can see Iceland's traffic information and real-time CCTV. See here for details . The island of Elliðaey , located in the south of Iceland , is an island shaped like a piece of cake with steep coastal cliffs and green grass . Interestingly, a large house was placed on one side of the island. There are many stories on the Internet about this, saying that the Icelandic government gave it as a gift to Björk , a famous pop star in their country, but these are groundless rumors. The house in question is, to be exact, a cabin-like lodge, said to be managed by the local hunting association.

Because it is so far from mainland Europe, there are no European motorways .

Because it is located in a high latitude region, the midnight sun and polar night phenomena are very severe. In winter, it is dark at 4:30 PM, but in summer, the sun is still up even after 11 PM. #

Volcanic disasters are quite severe.

Eyjafjallajökull under the Myrdalsjüküdl glacier in April 2010.[14] The volcano erupted, scattering ash across Europe, causing 100,000 flights to be canceled for eight days, bringing all European air traffic to a halt. It is said that most of the volcanic ash rises into the stratosphere , so there is little direct volcanic ash damage other than the area around the volcano.

On March 19, 2021, not far from Reykjavik , the volcano Fagradalsfjall erupted. #One #2 #3

Litli-Hrutur volcano erupted around 5 PM on July 10, 2022 and stopped on August 5, 2022.

The volcano Fagradalsfjall erupted again on August 3, 2022.

On December 19, 2023 (the night of the 18th local time), Grindavik Volcano erupted not far from Reykjavik . This is the fourth time a volcano has erupted in this area, following in 2021, 2022, and early 2023. White smoke rose up to 100 meters high, and the surrounding area was covered in lava. The Icelandic Meteorological Office said that the volcano erupted 4km away from Grindavik, and up to 200m³ of lava flowed per second, and the ground crack created by the explosion was measured to be about 3.5km. As a result, flights at nearby Keflavík International Airport were delayed, delayed, or canceled in the early stages of the explosion, but later returned to normal operations.

Previously, Icelandic authorities declared a state of emergency in November 2023 when signs of a volcanic eruption appeared, including hundreds of earthquakes a day in the area, evacuated 4,000 Grindavik residents, and temporarily closed the Blue Lagoon Hot Springs, a famous tourist attraction north of Grindavik. Thanks to the nearby roads being blocked and access prevented, no residents were injured or damaged by the explosion. Experts predicted that damage to facilities from this volcanic eruption would be minimal, and that there would be no additional damage as the lava flowed in the opposite direction to where the nearby village is located. #1 #2

On December 20, the eruption continued for the third day. Although the scale is small and no significant damage is expected, the Icelandic Meteorological Office issued a volcanic gas warning, saying there is a possibility that volcanic gases could reach the capital Reykjavik, which is 42km away. Geothermal heat just 2km away As lava can also approach the power plant , Icelandic authorities erected a protective barrier near the power plant to prepare for an emergency. Experts predicted that although the intensity of the volcanic eruption has decreased, lava eruptions could continue for several weeks. #

2024 Lava began to erupt in the south of the morning of January 14 , in the morning and December of the previous year. 2023 After the explosion in December, the earthquake continued to erupt volcanoes. Residents evacuated when the earthquake soared in the magma embankment located in the underground, which was long before the eruption. The lava moved south and reached Green Davik. Residents have completed the evacuation, so there are no casualties, but on January 11 , the place where one worker filled the cracks on the earthquake last year with a machine collapsed and collapsed.[15] It was crashed and disappeared. He searched with manpower and technology, but was suspended due to further collapse.

On the same day, a new crack opened in front of downtown Grindavik and lava began to erupt, and the lava entered downtown Grindavik. As a result of the volcanic eruption, lava rose up to 50 meters high and a 1 km long crack appeared in the ground. To block the lava, a protective barrier of rocks and soil was built toward the volcano, but the lava collapsed the barrier and flowed into the village, causing property damage as some houses burned down. The Icelandic government immediately raised the national alert level to the highest level and considered pumping seawater to cool the lava and solidify it. #1 #2 #3

On the afternoon of February 8, 2024 , and a sudden troop earthquake, a lava eruption occurred, with a sudden troop earthquake.

At approximately 8 p.m. on March 16, 2024 , a volcano erupted on the southwestern Reykjanes Peninsula, about 40 km from the capital Reykjavik. This is already the fourth time a volcano has erupted in this area since December last year.
Lava burst out through a small crack, splitting the ground up to 3km long, and lava began gushing out along this crack. The lava flows in two branches, south and west, and the lava that moved west hit the road leading to the Svarzengi geothermal power plant, which provides hot water to the Reykjanes Peninsula. The lava is quite close to the Svarzengi geothermal power plant and the Blue Lagoon, a hot springs tourist attraction in Iceland , but fortunately a preventive embankment has been built in the area. Reykjavik Airport , 20km northwest of the eruption site, is operating normally, but the Blue Lagoon is reportedly closed and tourists have been evacuated. An evacuation order was also issued in Grindavik, a village of about 4,000 people . It is said that the lava is designed to flow into the sea if it is blocked by the protective wall. Experts said this eruption was the most powerful one to have occurred in recent times. #1 #2 #3

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The population density is only 3.3 people/㎢. 94.3% of the population is concentrated in the city, and about 40% of the total population is concentrated in the capital Reykjavik and the nearby Reykjavik Metropolitan Area. 85% of the population is Icelandic , and the immigrant population was 55,354 as of 2020, accounting for 15.2% of the total population. By country of origin, Germans accounted for the largest number of immigrants at 20,477.

Iceland's total fertility rate is 1.8 per woman, and the average age of women is 27.4 years, and it is younger than Korea for 3-4 years. Infant mortality is 2.1 per 1,000. The annual population growth rate is about 1%.

Iceland, along with Norway , is one of the few southern countries in Europe. The overall sex ratio is 101:100, slightly more males. As in Norway, all age groups, except for the elderly, are male with an even sex ratio. There is no such thing as Korea, China, or India where the gender imbalance in the younger generation is so prominent.

The sex ratio for newborns is 105:100, which is the normal male-to-male ratio, for children aged 0 to 14, it is also 105:100, for young people aged 15 to 24, it is 103:100, for older adults aged 25 to 54, it is 102:100, and for middle-aged people aged 55 to 64, it is 101:100. 100, and for the elderly only, the ratio is 88:100.

The average life expectancy of Icelandic people is 83.1 years old, ranking sixth in the world. The average life expectancy of men is 80.9 years old and the average life expectancy of women is 85.4 years old. Thanks to this long average life expectancy, Iceland also belongs to an elderly society with 14.4%of the elderly population . However, unlike Korea, which has a similar proportion of the elderly, the fertility rate is high, so the population of youth aged 0-14 is 20.4%.[16] Because of the very small population, one person has a variety of occupations.

In fact, in the case of a median age, which is used as a measure of population aging, Iceland is 36.5 years old (35.9 years of male, 37.1 years old), which is younger than Korea, who is nearly 42 years old, and younger than 38 years old .

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In the past, defense was entrusted to the U.S. military under the name of the Icelandic Forces , but it has now been withdrawn and only the coast guard is in operation as a country without a military . Please refer to the document for more details. Also, there is no regular army[19] , it is a country that has never implemented a conscription system in history .

There was even a military conflict with Britain during the Cold War . This battle was won by Iceland, and with anti-British sentiment at its peak, Iceland withdrew from NATO , briefly severed diplomatic relations with Britain, and even made moves to form an alliance with the Soviet Union . Of course, the geopolitical importance of Iceland, located in the middle of the North Atlantic between the United States and Western Europe , is not often highlighted, but since it surpasses even Cuba, which caused the great crisis, the United States and the West, who were caught off guard, could not stand by and stop Iceland, so it ended as an incident.

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Iceland historically developed in the order of fishing > finance > tourism .

As it is an island country and is far from neighboring countries, it has abundant fish resources, so fishing is still a major industry in the past and present. Whaling is especially famous, and historically Spain Basque country whale fishermen also collaborated with Icelanders.

In the early 2000s , the financial industry developed greatly as it emerged as a European -centered financial hub. Then in 2008 , the whole country was stuck with the IMF and received IMF bailouts. As the international financial crisis disappeared, the Icelandic financial industry was also restored.

In modern times, it is well known in various media as a mysterious filming location and a unique destination, and the share of tourism has increased. In 2017 , it accounted for more than 10% of GDP .

The geothermal energy that is active in the ground can be developed at a low price. The entire electricity is almost all produced with renewable energy . As a result, aluminum smelting, which consumes a lot of electricity, has developed.

In addition, due to the inexpensive electricity, cryptocurrency mining is actively performed. Cool climates can be advantageous for the cooling of miners.

As of 2017 , the total export configuration is 42%of tourism, 17%of seafood, 16%aluminum, and 24%of other 24%. Iceland is a country with a very high trade dependence due to its lack of stimulus due to the climate, and the island country.

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Iceland is a society centered on kinship and ties , which is more evident in Iceland's employment society overall . Networks in Iceland have a strong customary tendency to be considered more important than individual abilities or experience. This is a characteristic found in countries with small populations and geographical closure. For example, when hiring a new person for a typical job, it is common to hire an acquaintance of an employee who is already working rather than hiring a random new person. Also, during an interview, there are many cases where you are asked to provide references who can vouch for you.[20] Therefore, in Iceland, meeting people and maintaining relationships with them is actually a very important part of living life.

What's interesting is that, unlike blood relations, which play a significant role, most Icelanders have a naming system that does not use last names, so there are situations where you cannot tell who is a relative just by looking at their name. The last part of Icelanders' names is based on their father's name, not their surname.[21] Since most surnames end in ~son (son of ~) or ~dóttir (daughter of ~), it is common for fathers and children to have different last names.[22] Of course, there are people who use a last name like Eidur Gvüdjohnsen, but the number is actually small.[23]

In fact, Iceland is a country with a small population and relatively little immigration until recently, so if you go back a few generations, most Icelanders are often quite close relatives. So, it is said that strange things happen where you have a one-night stand with someone you met at a bar , but it turns out that they are your cousin or relative. In Iceland , marriage between cousins ​​is legal, but these days, there's even an app that lets you know whether the other person is a relative or not. According to one Icelander featured in the news, it's common to run into someone you used to date at relatives' gatherings. However, some say that this is actually a famous rumor. Because Iceland is so small, it is said that everyone knows their relatives, even distant ones, from a young age.

Iceland is the country with the highest birth rate in Europe. As of 2018, the percentage of children who were not married is higher than the birth rate of women married at 70%.

In the 2008 economic crisis, Icelandic Chrona plunged, leading to the Icelandic economy, leading the tourism industry. However, due to the nature of the tourism industry, the wages were low, so they suffered a job. As a result, one -third of the Icelandic tourism service jobs are occupied by Polish immigrants and only one -fourth of Iceland. Iceland's unemployment rate is less than 4%, so immigrants are actively accepted, and immigrants account for 6.7% (2013). In many order, there are Polish (43.7%), Lithuanians (7.4%), Danish (4.2%), Germans (3.9%) and Latvian (3.1%), and since the mid -2010s , the Middle East has been increasing due to refugee problems . In the case of Denmarkes, they often settle in Danish colonies rather than in recent years.

Public security is very good, ranking high compared to other European countries, and it is said that it is not a problem for women to travel alone. By current standards, it holds the title of being the country with the best security. Countries with small populations, such as Andorra and San Marino , have good security. So, although it is a country where you can travel safely even late at night, let's remember that there is nothing wrong with always paying attention to safety.

In general, there is a story that there are few traffic accidents or crimes, but it is not slightly exaggerated. Certainly, murder is 1.0 per 100,000 people in 2005 , the lowest in the world, which occurs several times a year, but traffic accidents are more than expected. However, most of the traffic accidents are caused by travelers traveling on a rough road outside Iceland. Korean tourists also killed one person by overturning the vehicle.

In the past, the problem of youth suicide was as serious as Finland, but now it has been reduced. As of 2000, 21.8 people.

Jang Ha -joon 's '23 things they don't speak' shows three useless questions in Iceland, quoted by the Icelandic Tourism Guide in the 1990s . "Where is the train station?", "Is there anything cheaper?", "Is the weather good today?" In Iceland, there was no railway used for passenger transportation, and in the Danish colonies, there was a narrow rail network for freight transport, but all disappeared.[24] The prices are also easy, so everything is expensive, but because the value of Krona has fallen, it is not just the old reputation. There is not much sunny day. In the case of Aquiray, the annual sunshine time is only 1,102 hours, and the capital Reykjavik's sunshine time is 1,357 hours. Simply expressing 3 hours per day. It is only two -thirds of London , which is notorious for the bad weather . However, the annual sunshine time is only 840 hours longer than the Ferro Islands .

1989 Until March , he could not drink beer . ( Source ) Since 1915 , the Law was enforced over 74 years , and Brennabin and wine , which are similar to Korean soju , were unlocked earlier than beer. Even in modern times, Iceland must go to the mainstream department store 'Vínbú', which is directly operated by the resale construction (áTVR), to live alcohol.

Because it is an island country, it relies on imports for many of its goods, and due to the nature of Northern Europe, prices are very high. #

Physically, about 85% of the people have green eyes , and in most regions, the proportion of brown hair exceeds about 50%. The average height is very tall, reaching 181.7cm for men and 169.99cm for women.

In Iceland, elementary and middle school education is compulsory until the age of 16, and all elementary, middle and high school courses as well as university courses are free. People receive 6 years of elementary school , 3 years of middle school , and 4 years of high school , and as can be seen from the literacy rate , which approaches 100% in Iceland , the people are receiving equal and high-quality education. In middle school, in addition to their native language , Icelandic , they learn English and Danish as a second language . It is said that in Iceland, digital education using e-books has been implemented for about 20 years. Sources and more details

According to the results of a 2012 survey, this is the country where students find studying the most enjoyable . Source: As a white high-income country, it ranks high along with Norway . Both countries have a small population compared to their land area, so experiential learning through the natural environment is very easy to achieve.

It is said that Iceland publishes national textbooks because it does not have a large population and has a small education market. This is because the internal and external situation in Iceland is calm and, above all, the textbook market is not large enough to require inspection and recognition of private publishers. In addition, it is said that there is no significant difference in historical awareness depending on the faction in Iceland, so there will be no major political problems if a government-issued textbook is introduced. Among countries in the world with properly functioning democratic systems, Iceland is almost the only country that has introduced national textbooks. # #

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See the Icelandic article for details .

Because the natural environment is so unique and the atmosphere is not like Earth, it is a frequently used filming location when filming alien planets in science fiction movies. The two exoplanets in Interstellar were also filmed in Iceland's lakes and glaciers , not using CG.