Kalmar Alliance

Centering on Denmark at the end of the 14th century, Denmark , Norway , and Sweden[6] It was a kingdom that was located in Scandinavia as the three countries formed a coalition .

The reason for the alliance was to respond to the Hanseatic League, which was threatening the commerce of Scandinavian countries by expanding its influence in the Baltic Sea .

The reason it is called the 'Kalmar League' is because it was established in Kalmar, a port city in Sweden.

After Magnus III, who established the Swedish throne, died in 1290, the conflict between his sons and the Swedish nobility continued for nearly 30 years, but it finally ended when Magnus IV, the son of Magnus III's second son, Erik, Duke of Södermanland, and Ingeborg, daughter of King Haakon V of Norway, ascended to the throne in July 1319. And in August of the same year, Haakon V died, and Magnus IV inherited the Norwegian throne and ascended to the throne as 'Magnus VII', so Sweden and Norway became a commonwealth. However, because Magnus IV was only three years old when he ascended the throne, his grandmother Helbig of Holstein, his mother Ingeborg of Norway, and the Danish nobleman Knut Jonsson and the Norwegian nobleman Erling Widkunsson formed a regency.

Although a rebellion broke out in Norway in 1333, before Magnus IV came of age, led by Erling Widkunsson and was suppressed, the regent ruled both Sweden and Norway without any major difficulties. Also, at the time, most of Denmark's territory was mortgaged as collateral for loans lent to the Danish royal family by the German Count Gerhard III of Holstein-Lendburg and John III, Count of Holstein-Plön, which led to a rebellion in Skåne in 1332 . After requesting return to Sweden, the Swedish regent paid compensation to Gerhard III, Count of Holstein-Lendsburg and annexed Skåne to Swedish territory.

In 1336, when Mangus III became 20 years old, he was formally held in Stockholm as King Sweden and King Norwegian, but in 1338 the Norwegian aristocracy once again rebelled. Eventually, in 1343, the Barberry Treaty was taken by the Barberry Treaty, and the throne of the Swedish was inherited by Mangus IV's eldest son, Erik , but the second son, Hocon , was inherited, and Mangus IV decided to be regent until the young Hokon was immediately on the throne. Since then, Mangus IV has begun to draft the Landslag to completely eliminate slavery and unify local laws in Sweden, and also created Stadslag, which is applied to cities in Sweden. Nevertheless, Mangus IV's foreign policy was not very successful. He attacked the Russian Russian Road Republic in 1348 for violation of the Treaty of the Treaty, which was signed in 1323, but eventually failed because of the Black Death (Fest) , which began to sweep Nordic in 1350 .

During his reign, Magnus IV caused many complaints because he diminished the economic power of the nobility and the church in order to strengthen his royal power. And in 1355, when his second son, Haakon VI, whom he had appointed as king of Norway, came of age, the eastern union between Sweden and Norway ended and they were separated into separate countries again. Then, Erik Afterwards, Eric XII became the King of Denmark. He gained the support of Valdemar IV , and in 1356, he became the Pope of Rome. With the support of Innocent VI, he succeeded in receiving authority over Finland and southern Sweden from Magnus IV in 1357.

Although Magnus IV later launched a counterattack, he signed an alliance treaty with Valdemar IV of Denmark on the condition that his second son, Haakon VI, who became king of Norway in 1359, marry Valdemar IV's daughter Margrethe , and his eldest son, Erik XII. He also made peace with Se. In the same year, Eric However, because the Swedish nobles, led by Bujonson Gryff, approached Magnus IV's brother-in-law, Duke Albrecht II of Mecklenburg, and offered the throne to his son Albert, Magnus IV gave up on recapturing Skåne. He again entered into an alliance with King Waldemar IV of Denmark. And Magnus IV appointed Haakon VI as co-king of Sweden in 1362 and received support from Norway.

In this way, Magnus IV fought a joint front with Denmark and Norway, but in 1364, Albert of Mecklenburg, with the support of the Hanseatic cities in North Germany, led an army into Stockholm, Sweden, and succeeded in holding a coronation ceremony. Afterwards, a civil war broke out in Sweden for eight years between Magnus IV and the supporters of Albrecht of Mecklenburg, and ultimately in 1364, the forces of Albrecht of Mecklenburg defeated the Norwegian army of Haakon VI, who had come to support Magnus IV, and took Magnus IV prisoner. Now, in 1370, Haakon VI signed a peace treaty with the Hanseatic cities under the condition of guaranteeing significant trade privileges, and the following year (1371), with the support of King Valdemar IV of Denmark, he besieged Stockholm, but failed to capture it. Eventually, a compromise was reached between Haakon VI and Albrecht, and a peace treaty was signed in which Albrecht took the Swedish throne in exchange for the release of the captive Magnus IV.

In Denmark, after the death of Valdemar IV in 1375, there was no legitimate candidate to succeed to the throne, so the period of the Grand Duchy continued for a while with the Danish throne empty. And since Ingeborg, the eldest daughter of Waldemar IV, married Henry III, the eldest son and successor of Duke Albrecht II of Mecklenburg, the son of them, Albrecht IV, was the halo of his grandfather, Duke Albrecht II of Mecklenburg. Thanks to this, he emerged as a strong heir to the throne.

However, the Danish nobles refused this offer as they did not want their influence on the Scandinavian peninsula to expand further as the German family of the Dukes of Mecklenburg had already occupied the Swedish throne. And Oluf, the son of Margrethe , daughter of Valdemar IV, who married King Haakon VI of Norway, was elected king of Denmark in 1376. And when King Haakon VI of Norway died in 1380, Oluf II ascended the throne as King Olaf IV of Norway, and Denmark and Norway became a commonwealth. However, because Oluf II was still too young, Margrethe became regent.

In Sweden, Albert of Mecklenburg took the throne, but had to acknowledge the extensive powers of the Regency Council, which was made up of Swedish nobles. Among them, Bujonsson Gryff, who made the greatest contribution to putting Albrecht on the throne, acquired as many as 1,500 farms and occupied one-third of Sweden's territory. For this reason, although Albrecht remained on the throne for 19 years, he had little control over western Sweden. Afterwards, in order to build his support base, Albrecht handed over land in key areas to German lords and appointed only Germans to important positions, and the Swedish nobles rallied around Bjornson Griff to keep Albrecht in check. And when Björnson Gryff died in 1389, Swedish nobles began to dispute with Albrecht over the inheritance rights to Björnson Gryff's vast estate. And for this, he asked for help from Margaret I of Denmark and Norway.

Originally, Margrethe had also been demanding the Swedish throne from Albert of Mecklenburg, who had usurped the throne from Magnus IV of Sweden, claiming that her son, Oluf II, was Magnus IV's maternal grandson. And since Oluf II had already become the king of Denmark and Norway and had a strong military power, and the Swedes were also friendly toward Oluf II becoming king, it was not impossible for Denmark-Norway-Sweden to be unified by Oluf II, but it was aborted when Oluf II suddenly died at the age of 17 in 1387.

Afterwards, Margrethe mobilized all of her diplomatic capabilities and succeeded in having her older sister Ingeborg's maternal grandson, Erik of Pomerania, the son of Duke Wartislav VII of Pomerania of the Holy Roman Empire of Germany, inherited the Danish throne as her adopted son and enthroned as King Erik VII of Denmark. And although Norway was ruled by a National Advisory Council, Margrethe actually held all real power in Denmark and Norway. And in 1389, at the request of the Swedish nobles who were at odds with Albrecht, he received most of the vast estates of the deceased Swedish powerful man, Vjonson Gryff. From this time, Margrethe was declared the 'female monarch and ruler' of Sweden, and in February 1389, she attacked Sweden and won the Battle of Osle, and also succeeded in capturing Albrecht.

Afterwards, Albrecht was imprisoned at Lindholm Castle in Skåne for six years, and officially gave up Stockholm in 1395 in exchange for a large sum of compensation. Meanwhile, because Margrethe had already taken control of Sweden, she crowned Erik of Pomerania to both the Norwegian and Swedish thrones in 1396. Erik of Pomerania was named Erik III as the King of Norway and Erik XIII as the King of Sweden. Subsequently, in June 1397, Margrethe convened the three aristocratic councils of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden in Kalmar, southeastern Sweden, and succeeded in passing a proposal for a union of the three countries, thus establishing the 'Kalmar Union (Kalmarunionen)', in which Denmark, Norway, and Sweden formed an eastern alliance. And Eric of Pomerania became the unified king of the three countries, and a joint coronation ceremony was held for the three countries on June 7 of the same year.

Although Eric of Pomerania was officially the unified king, Margrethe still reigned as the de facto ruler. However, Margrethe failed to ratify the unified constitution of the three countries of the Kalmar League, so the Kalmar League took on the character of a confederation of states in the form of a confederation rather than a single country. In this way, even after the formation of the Kalmar League, the three Scandinavian countries were still able to have their own independent noble councils and maintain their own laws and customs. However, in general, the leadership of the Kalmar Alliance was exercised by Denmark, while the remaining countries, Norway and Sweden, remained in a subordinate position. Margrethe, who left behind the feat of unifying Scandinavia, died suddenly in 1412 while waging a war to restore influence over Holstein in southern Denmark.

Erik of Pomerania, who became the unified king of Denmark-Norway-Sweden, was only able to begin his courtship after the death of his adoptive mother, Margrethe, in 1412. Erik of Pomerania was the German king to protect Schleswig and to restore the Holstein region that Margaret had left unfinished. He formed an alliance with Sigismund and waged war against the counts of Holstein from 1416 to 1422, and attacked Holstein again in 1426. Accordingly, when Holstein concluded an alliance with the Hanseatic cities in northern Germany, Erik of Pomerania defeated the Hanseatic fleet in 1428 and imposed a toll on ships passing through the Øresund Strait between Denmark and Sweden. Thanks to this toll, Denmark gained enormous wealth and the southern province of Schleswig was completely free from the threat of Holstein and the Hanseatic League.

Despite initial success, Erik of Pomerania caused a lot of opposition in Norway and Sweden because he dispatched Danish officials to Norway and Sweden and imposed heavy taxes to raise military funds. Moreover, as the trade blockade against Hanseatic cities led to a shortage of salt and other daily necessities, dissatisfaction in Sweden and Norway reached a dangerous level. Meanwhile, in 1434, when Erik of Pomerania blocked trade with the cities of the Hanseatic League, Swedish miners in Berislagen, whose export routes for iron and copper were blocked, rose up under the leadership of Engelbrecht Engelbrexon. Subsequently, a peasant revolt led by Amund Sigurdsson occurred in Norway and Oslo fell.

As the situation became more serious, Erik of Pomerania negotiated with Engelbrecht and signed a one-year armistice. Afterwards, Engelbrecht held the first four-class parliament in Swedish history in Arboga in 1435, consisting of nobles, clergy, merchants, and peasants, and was elected as the 'Chairman of the National Revolutionary Committee (Rikshovitsman)' based on the support of merchants and peasants. However, Swedish nobles and clergy were wary of the overly radical Engelbrecht, and elected Karl Knutsson, a nobleman, as co-chairman in 1436. Engelbrecht, who led the Swedish uprising that same year, was assassinated in 1436 due to discord with the Swedish nobility.

Despite Engelbrecht's death, Sweden called for the formation of a new union in the form of a constitutional government to check the despotic monarchy of Erik of Pomerania. And the Danish nobles also used this opportunity to support the Swedish nobles in order to weaken the royal authority of Erik of Pomerania. However, Erik of Pomerania eventually refused, and the Danish and Swedish nobles decided to dethrone Erik of Pomerania in 1439 and the Norwegian nobles in 1442. Instead, Catherine, the younger sister of Eric of Pomerania, and John the White, court of Neumarkt of the Electoral Palatinate of the Holy Roman Empire.[7] Christoph of Bavaria , born to them, was elected as the new unified king of the Kalmar League.

Christoph of Bavaria became King Christopher III of Denmark from 1440, quickly suppressed the peasant revolt on the Jutland Peninsula and on the island of Fyn in 1441 , ascended to the Swedish throne in the same year, and took the Norwegian throne in May 1442. And the following year, Roskilde , the original capital of Denmark, was destroyed, so the capital was moved to Copenhagen . However, he incurred the resentment of the Swedish nobility by failing to take any precautions when the dethroned Erik of Pomerania began to engage in piracy based in Gotland in the Baltic Sea. In addition, because of the precedent in which Eric of Pomerania was dethroned after being too confrontational with the Hanseatic cities, Christopher of Bavaria reconciled with the Hanseatic League and restored their commercial privileges, causing opposition from merchants in Scandinavia.

Meanwhile, in Sweden, Karl Knutsson, who had co-chaired the Swedish National Revolutionary Committee with Engelbrecht, was appointed as Sweden's Supreme Minister of Justice in 1441, and instead of resigning the position the following year, he became Supreme Commander of the Swedish Army. Also, in 1442, he became governor of Vyborg , Finland, which borders Russia, and received Finland as a fief, becoming a powerful figure in Sweden in name and reality. He led the Swedish nobility and kept Christopher of Bavaria in check. Additionally, the power of the Danish Senate grew, weakening the royal power of Christopher of Bavaria. However, in the case of Norway, it was unable to establish its own independent power and gradually became a de facto vassal of Denmark.

Although Christopher of Bavaria's royal power was greatly weakened and Sweden and Denmark were ruled by aristocratic powers, he still maintained the authority of the three unified kings, so the Kalmar Alliance system of the three Scandinavian countries was able to be maintained. However, after Christopher of Bavaria died childless in 1448, the Kalmar Alliance could no longer be maintained because the three parliaments were unable to reach an agreement on the next unified king. In Sweden, Karl Knutsson, the governor of Vyborg, seized power in August of the same year and succeeded in being elected king, becoming Karl VIII. Denmark elected Christian , the eldest son of Dietrich, Count of Oldenburg , Holy Roman Empire, and founded the Oldenburg dynasty .

After the death of Christopher of Bavaria in 1448, the Council of State (Danish Rigsraadet), composed of high-ranking Danish nobles and clergy, initially offered the throne to Adolf VIII, Duke of Schleswig, the most powerful person in Denmark, but Adolf VIII became old and offered the throne. He refused because he had no children. Instead, he recommended Christian VII, Count of Oldenburg, the eldest son of his sister, Helbig of Holstein, who married Dietrich, Count of Oldenburg, Germany. Christian VII succeeded his father, Dietrich, to the Count of Oldenburg in 1440 at the age of 14. Since Adolf VIII had no children, Christian VII was expected to inherit the Duchy of Schleswig in the future. However, because he was still a minor, his maternal uncle, Adolf VIII, Duke of Schleswig, became his guardian.

As the Danish National Council accepted this proposal, Christian VII ascended the Danish throne under the name of ' Christian I ' and established a new Oldenburg dynasty. However, in Denmark, there was the 'Charter of Valdemar', which stated that one could not hold the throne and the Duke of Schleswig at the same time, so Christian I had to give up the Duke of Schleswig instead of ascending to the Danish throne. Additionally, in order to secure legitimacy, Christian I had to marry Dorothea of ​​Brandenburg, the widow of King Christopher of Bavaria. And finally, after ascending to the throne, he had to sign the King's Charter (Haandfæstning), which stipulated that all public offices and local administration should be delegated to the Danish nobles and that declaration of war and conclusion of peace treaties should be approved by the nobles. Christian I, who accepted all these conditions, held a coronation ceremony and wedding at the same time at Copenhagen Cathedral in October 1448, and passed Oldenburg to his younger brother, Gerhard.

A month later, Christian I became the Danish throne, and in Sweden, in Sweden, Carl VIII was formally held in Tronheim and became the throne. The Norwegian aristocrats, meanwhile, were divided into Christian I and Carl VII, unlike Denmark and Sweden. In February 1449, Carl VIII declared Carl VIII as king of Norwegian, but in June of the same year, Christian I was loyal to Christian I. However, Christian I first led the fleet in 1450, entered Norway's Tronheim, held a coronation, and was crowned king of Norwegian. Subsequently, he signed a treaty with the Norwegian aristocrats in Bergen and formalized the merger between Denmark and Norwegian, and agreed to inherit the throne of Denmark and Norwegians in the future.

Now, with Christian I seeking the Swedish throne, the Danish-Swedish War began in 1451. In the process, Charles VIII of Sweden lost popularity by confiscating church-owned property to make up for insufficient finances, and the archbishop of Uppsala , Jens Bengtsson of the Oxensjärna family, led the noble forces and began to protest against Charles VIII. Eventually, in 1457, Charles VIII was dethroned and fled to the Holy Roman Empire, and under the leadership of Uppsala Archbishop Jens Bengtsson, Christian I was coronated as king of Sweden, reestablishing the Kalmar League. However, since it was impossible for Christian I to rule Sweden directly, he instead appointed the Archbishop of Uppsala, Jens Bengtsson, and Erik Axelsson of the Todt family, as regents and delegated their rule over Sweden.

Meanwhile, when his maternal uncle, Adolf VIII, died in 1459, and there were no more heirs to the County of Holstein and the Duchy of Schleswig, ownership was transferred to the Danish royal family. Although the King of Denmark could not hold the Duchy of Schleswig due to the Valdemar Charter, Christian I signed the Treaty of Ribe in March 1460 , invalidating the Valdemar Charter and succeeding in taking over both the County of Holstein and the Duchy of Schleswig. He negotiated with the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III and promoted Holstein to a duchy under the condition that Holstein not be annexed to Denmark and remain a fief of the Holy Roman Empire. In this way, the future King of Denmark had a dual status as Duke of Holstein and vassal of the Holy Roman Empire.

Although Christian I took possession of both Holstein and Schleswig, in the process he imposed heavy taxes on Sweden and abolished the tax exemption privileges of the church in order to raise funds for bribes. As the opposition to this intensified, the Archbishop of Uppsala, Jens Bengtsson, suspended tax payments, and King Christian I, who was angry at this, arrested Jens Bengtsson and had him taken to Denmark. Then, in 1464, the Bishop of Linköping, Šetyl Karlsson of the Vasa family, staged a rebellion and decided to dethrone Christian I and reinstate Karl VIII. However, Karl VIII was only a scarecrow king, and the Bishop of Linköping, Šetyl Karlsson, became regent and took over all real power. However, Jens Bengtsson returned to Sweden and together with Erik Axelsson of the Todt family, united the forces opposing Charles VIII. As the Archbishop of Uppsala, who had jurisdiction over the entire Swedish Church, Jens Bengtsson excommunicated Karl VIII, so Karl VIII was dethroned again within a year and Christian I was recognized as the king of Sweden.

Even after this, the factional fighting between the nobility within Sweden did not end, and less than a year later, the Archbishop of Uppsala, Jens Bengtsson, was pushed out of his position as regent, and Erik Axelsson of the Todt family became the sole regent. Sweden was now divided into three factions: the supporters of Karl VIII, Jens Bengtsson's faction, and Erik Axelsson. In 1467, Erik Axelsson allied with Steen of the Sture family, who supported the reinstatement of Karl VIII, and Christian I was deposed again, and Karl VIII was reinstated as king again. However, it was still nominal and the real power was held by Erik Axelsson's Todt family and the Sture family of Steen. When Karl VIII died in 1470, Steen of the Sture family became regent of Sweden. Historically, he was called Great Sten to distinguish him from Small Sten, the regent of the same name who appears later. Afterwards, Christian I once again invaded Sweden in 1471, aiming to take the vacant Swedish throne, but suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Brunckeberg near Stockholm, so he gave up the Swedish throne and thereafter, Sten the Elder ruled Sweden.

When Christian I died in 1481, his eldest son, Hans , inherited the Danish throne, but in exchange for ascending to the throne, Hans had to acknowledge the King's Charter, which limited royal power like his father. And although there was no significant movement to elect a sole king in Norway, they did not immediately recognize Hans as their king. In Sweden, too, the throne was left vacant and Grand Sten of the Sture family, who was effectively regent, ruled independently.

Accordingly, in 1483, the councils of the three kingdoms gathered in Halmstad to discuss electing Hans as a unified king, and the Norwegian parliament approved Hans' succession to the throne. And although the Swedish parliament, which had initially refused to acknowledge it, recognized Hans' succession to the throne in order to keep in check the regent, Grand Sten, who gradually strengthened his dictatorship and began to oppress the Swedish nobility and church, Grand Sten interfered with Hans' succession to the Swedish throne by delaying the coronation day after day.

In 1483, Hans was crowned in Copenhagen in May and in Trondheim in July as the kings of Denmark and Norway, respectively. In order to regain the Swedish throne, he allied with Ivan III of the Grand Duchy of Moscow in Russia in 1493 to threaten Great Steen of Sweden. Hans' alliance with the Grand Duchy of Moscow was also intended to check the Hanseatic League in northern Germany.

Ivan III of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, who had already occupied Veliky Novgorod, the main stronghold of the Hanseatic League, in 1487, concluded an alliance with Hans of Denmark and immediately imprisoned all the Hanseatic merchants residing in Novgorod. And when Ivan III attacked Finland in 1495, Hans led German mercenaries to invade Sweden and took over all power. In the end, in 1497, Sten the Elder also surrendered and had to step down from his position as regent, and it was agreed that instead of Hans being formally coronated and crowned as King John II of Sweden, Sten the Elder would remain in office directly below the king.

Meanwhile, Hans divided the Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein with Frederick I (the future King of Denmark) in 1490 and jointly attacked the Dietmarschen region, which was semi-independent under the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Bremen , in 1500. However, they suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Dietmarschen's peasant army, and the nobles of the three kingdoms, who were dissatisfied with Hans' disregard for the king's charter and expanding his royal authority, rose up in rebellion.

Although the uprisings in Denmark and Norway were easily suppressed, in Sweden Sten the Elder regained the position of regent after victory at the Battle of Rotebro in 1501. And although Sten the Elder died in 1503, eight months later, Svante Nilsson, whose maternal family was a member of the Sture family, was elected as the new regent of Sweden. Although Hans later regained the Swedish throne in 1509 thanks to Dutch mediation, this was only in name. In the end, Hans was unable to enter Stockholm, and instead the regent Svante Nilsson continued to rule Sweden until 1512.

Hans' eldest son, Christian II , was appointed Governor-General of Norway from 1506, and ascended to the Danish throne upon Hans' death in 1513. However, like his father Hans, Christian II had to agree to the King's Charter, which limited royal power. However, after ascending to the throne, he ignored the king's charter and granted preferential treatment to merchants to keep the Danish nobility and the Hanseatic League in check. In particular, he was fond of Siegbritt Willoms and Dubeke Siegbritzdatar, who were from the bourgeoisie of the Netherlands . The daughter, Dubeke Siegbritzdatar, became Christian II's lover, and her mother, Siegbritt Willoms, managed the tolls in the Öresund Strait and became Christian II's financial advisor.

Afterwards, Siegbrit Willoms formed a separate bourgeois organization within the Danish Council to keep in check the council itself, which had previously been dominated by the nobles. Although Christian II married Isabella of Habsburg, the granddaughter of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, in 1515, he still favored Dubecke, causing diplomatic friction, and Dubecke was poisoned in 1517. However, even though Torben Oxe of Copenhagen, who was accused of being the mastermind, was acquitted by the council, Christian II nevertheless executed Torben Oxse. From then on, Christian II encouraged the bourgeois class to rule the provinces and appointed church bishops at will, neutralizing the power of the nobility.

Christian II's remaining goal now was to conquer Sweden, which maintained the ostensible Kalmar alliance but never recognized him as king. At that time, Erik Arvidsson of the Trolle family was elected regent in Sweden in 1512, succeeding Swente Nilsson . However, when Erik attempted to elect Christian II as king of Sweden, the opponents who opposed him drove him out and the new head of the Sture family was appointed. Svante Nilsson's son, Sten, had been re-elected as regent. Historically, he is called So (小) Sten to distinguish him from the previous regent of the same name. Afterwards, Sten the Younger promoted reconciliation by appointing Eric's son, Gustav, as Archbishop of Uppsala, but Gustav instead began to stand against Sten the Younger, demanding the independence of the church. Eventually, Sten the Younger dismissed Gustav from his position as Archbishop of Uppsala in 1517 and imprisoned him.

Meanwhile, Christian II of Denmark had already been elected king of Sweden, so he decided to use this as a justification to attack Sweden. To this end, Sten the Younger received support from the Vatican, who was outraged that Gustav had arbitrarily dismissed him from the position of Archbishop of Uppsala, and attempted to diplomatically isolate Sweden while colluding with the imprisoned Gustav. Although the armed invasions in 1517 and 1518 failed one after another and failed to escape Gustav from prison, they succeeded in getting the Vatican to excommunicate Sten and his supporters. And in 1519, he led a mercenary force from France, Germany, and Scotland and invaded Sweden for the third time, defeating the Swedish army at the Battle of Osundens in January 1520 and killing Sten the Younger.

Afterwards, Christian II entered Uppsala and, in exchange for receiving oaths of vassalage from the Swedish nobles, declared that he would respect Sweden's unique customs and laws and pardoned them for their previous crimes against him. Only in Stockholm did Sten the Younger's widow, Christina Nielsdotter, rally a peasant army to resist, but they were defeated at the Battle of Uppsala in April 1520. And from May of the same year, the Danish fleet arrived and surrounded Stockholm on both land and land, and Christina eventually surrendered in September of that year. Christian II, who has now entered Stockholm, was officially coronated in November at Stockholm Cathedral with the consecration of Gustav, who was reinstated as Archbishop of Uppsala. With this, Christian II officially became the king of Sweden and the Kalmar Union was completely restored.

Three days after his coronation, Christian II held a conference presided over by Gustav, Archbishop of Uppsala, and, despite his previous promise of amnesty, ordered the execution of all Swedish nobles who were on Gustav's death list in advance in order to root out all his opponents. The Stockholm Massacre (Stockholm Massacre) took place over two days on November 8 and 9, 1520, in which about 80 Swedish nobles of the Lesser Sten faction, who had been excommunicated by the Pope, were accused of heresy and executed. The problem did not stop there, and massacres were committed throughout Sweden and Finland. The body of Sten the Younger, who had already died, was taken as a lieutenant, and many Swedish noblewomen, including Christina, the widow of the already dead Sten the Younger, were taken to Denmark.

Meanwhile, Christian II, who returned to Denmark, was overly confident in his royal authority, so he referred to Dutch law and promoted a comprehensive reform that enacted written laws to suppress the political influence of high-ranking clergy from nobles, actively foster lower-ranking clergy from commoners, and encourage commerce. Many nobles opposed this because its basic goal was to weaken the influence of the traditional nobility and increase the power of the emerging merchant power. Eventually, a large-scale rebellion led by Gustav Eriksson of the Vasa family broke out in Sweden, where much public resentment had already been caused by the Stockholm Massacre .

Gustav Eriksson was a member of the Vasa family, a powerful noble family in Sweden, and together with his father Erik Johansson, he supported Sten the Younger and fought against Christian II. However, in 1518, as the army of Sten the Younger was defeated, Gustav Eriksson was among the six hostages that Sten the Younger sent as a condition of peace and had to head to Denmark. Although the remaining hostages fell for Denmark's hospitality and turned to Christian II's side, only Gustav Eriksson held on to the end and finally succeeded in escaping to Lübeck , the central city of the Hanseatic League in northern Germany, in 1519.

The following year, in 1520, when Sten the Younger was finally defeated and died, Christian II ascended the throne and took over all of Sweden's governance, but lost his reputation due to the Stockholm Massacre. Then Gustav Eriksson headed to Dalarna in central Sweden and incited the people there to revolt. Although Gustav Eriksson's rebel army consisted mostly of peasants, they were armed only with old-fashioned weapons such as swords, axes, crossbows, and spears, and although their number was only about 400, they succeeded in defeating the Danish army in April 1520.

Inspired by this, the rest of Sweden responded to Gustav Eriksson's revolt, and peasant revolts broke out in Götaland and Västergötland. Gustav Eriksson, who had now gained the absolute support of the Swedish peasants, finally persuaded Gotaland's influential nobleman Touré Jensson and Bishop Hans Brisk of Linköping to be elected regent of Sweden in Vadstena in August 1521. Then, Swedish nobles rushed to defect to Gustav Eriksson, and most of the region except Stockholm came under Gustav Eriksson's control. Finally, Gustav Eriksson prepared for a siege of Stockholm, but since it was impossible to capture Stockholm without the help of the navy, he negotiated with Lübeck, the center of the Hanseatic cities, and received support for the Hanseatic fleet in 1522 in exchange for compensation at a later date.

Now Gustav Eriksson began attacking Stockholm from both land and land and finally succeeded in capturing it in 1523. And with momentum, they advanced to the border of Norway and Denmark. In Denmark, when Christian II was in crisis, the Danish Jutland nobles took this as an opportunity to revolt in 1523. In the end, it was decided that Christian II would be dethroned, and his uncle, Duke Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein, would be crowned the new King Frederick I of Denmark. Then, fearing that Frederick I would claim the Swedish throne according to the Kalmar Alliance, Sweden decided to elect a new king, and Gustav Eriksson, who had contributed the most in the War of Independence, was elected King of Sweden and ascended to the throne as Gustav I Vasa, establishing a new Vasa dynasty.

Now faced with a crisis, having lost both the Danish and Swedish thrones, Christian II escaped to the Habsburg Netherlands, where his wife's family was, and married his brother-in-law, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. He waited for support from Charles V , but along the way, he met Martin Luther, who initiated the Reformation, and found comfort in it. He briefly converted to the Lutheran Church, which led to conflict with Charles V, who supported Roman Catholicism . At that time, the craze for religious reform that started with Martin Luther reached Northern Europe, and both Frederick I of Denmark and Gustav I Vasa of Sweden, who wanted to escape the political interference of the Vatican, supported Lutheranism.

After all of the hostile forces, Denmark's Frederik I, and Sweden's Gustav I, Christian II returned to Roman Catholics and reconciled with Karl V. In 1531, he invaded Norway and tried to regain the throne, but finally failed. Christian II, who gave up all the fights in 1532, finally tried to negotiate with his uncle Frederik I, but was captured. And until he died in 1559, he became a careful sending life in Seoderborg and Callunborg Castle. In this way, the Kalmar Alliance, the national alliance of the Three Kingdoms of Scandinavia, was completely dismantled, after being established by Margrete in 1397, and the Kalmar alliance, the national alliance of the Three Kingdoms of Scandinavia, was completely dismantled, and Denmark-Norway and Sweden began to develop into a modern country.

In the 19th century, Pan-Scandinavianism, a nationalist ideology that sought to restore the glory of the Kalmar League by unifying Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, centering on Sweden, emerged . It was a representative nationalist unification movement in modern Europe, such as the German Unification Movement and the Italian Unification Movement, but unlike the two that succeeded, it returned to failure and rather Denmark became the scapegoat for the former.