pomeranian

It is an old name referring to a portion of the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, and its range was roughly from Stralsund, Germany in the west to the area of ​​Gdansk (German name: Danzig) in Poland in the east . Pomerelia, which was originally part of Pomerania, was transferred to West Prussia after 1466 , so since then, most people refer to Pomerania as the Duchy of Pomerania and its successor, the former German state of Pomerania. After the end of World War II, the Oder River was designated as the new border between Germany and Poland, and the area east of the Oder River, which accounts for about 70% of the Pomeranian region, was ceded to Polish territory and became the territory of modern Poland. It became part of Dnio-Pomorskie Oblast , Pomorskie Oblast , and Kujavsko-Pomorskie Oblast . The western region that remained German territory was merged with the Mecklenburg region and reorganized into the present-day state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern .

The name Pomerhin comes from 'Po More', which means land near the sea in the language of the ancient Slavic language .[1]

Around the 6th century BC, Germanic tribes migrated from Scandinavia and Jutland and settled in Pomerania. Later, during the Great Migration of the Germanic tribes in the 5th century, the Germanic tribes moved westward and became an empty land, and around the 5th and 6th centuries, Slavic tribes moved from the east and settled in Pomerania. These Slavic peoples are called Formosans, and, like the Poles, belong to the West Slavic system. Even now, there are people in Poland who speak linguistically the successor languages ​​of the Formosans, such as the Kashubians .

Between the 12th and 14th centuries, the Holy Roman Empire , Denmark , and Poland competed for the region. During the reign of Bolesław III, Poland made the Duchy of Pomerania and Rügen into vassal states and conquered most of the remaining territory, but after Bolesław's death, only the Duchy of Pomerelia remained, and the Duchy of Pomerania and Rügen, which were vassal states, became independent. However, from 1164, the Duchy of Pomerania became a vassal of the Duchy of Saxony, one of the constituent states of the Holy Roman Empire . From 1181 , the Duchy of Pomerania became a constituent state of the main Holy Roman Empire, but from 1185, it became a dual vassal state of Denmark along with the Duchy of Rügen. After 1227 , King of Denmark When Waldemar II was defeated in the battle against the County of Holstein, the Holy Roman Empire regained suzerainty over the Duchy of Pomerania and made it a prince. The Duchy of Rügen also became a prince of the Holy Roman Empire, but the Duchy of Rügen was not completely released from Denmark and remained in the special status of a prince of the Holy Roman Empire and a vassal of Denmark until its dissolution in 1325 . Afterwards, due to the conquest activities of the Teutonic Knights and the Eastern Colonial Movement, the Germanization of not only the Principality of Pomerania but also the Pomerelia region progressed significantly. However, when the Teutonic Knights were defeated in the war with the Kingdom of Poland in 1446, Pomerelia was forced to swear allegiance to the Polish king. Poland combined Pomerelia and the pro-Polish western Prussia region to create a region called Prussia, which became the predecessor of West Prussia . Gdansk, which later became the largest port in Pomerelia and the largest port city in Poland, staged a revolt against Poland, but was suppressed.

Meanwhile, the Duchy of Pomerania, which was a dual vassal of the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Poland, was made into a subordinate state of the Margrave of Brandenburg , ruled by the Askania family at the time, by Frederick II , Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and King of the Kingdom of Sicily . From then on, the history of the Duchy of Pomerania was a series of conflicts to settle its suzerainty with Brandenburg. This suzerainty issue was eventually settled in 1529 with the Treaty of Grimnitz, in which Brandenburg gave up its suzerainty over the Duchy of Pomerania and agreed to inherit Pomerania if the Pomeranian Greifen family was cut off. Around the same time, when the wave of religious reform swept through northern Europe and the northern German countries converted to the Lutheran Church, the Greifen family converted to the Lutheran Church under the leadership of Johannes Bugenhagen.

During the Thirty Years' War, Pomerania became a bloody mess. In 1630, Gustav II Adolf, who intervened in the Thirty Years' War, led the Swedish army and landed in Pomerania, occupied Pomerania, and signed the Stettin Treaty with the last Duke of Pomerania, Bogislav XIV, stipulating that if he died without an heir, Sweden would succeed Pomerania. In 1632 , Gustav II was killed in the Battle of Lützen, and Bogislav And with the Treaty of Westphalia concluded in 1648, Pomerania was divided, with Sweden occupying the western region, including the duchy's capital, Stettin, and the eastern region being occupied by the Elector of Brandenburg, which was confirmed in the Treaty of Stettin in 1653. Sweden took away all the valuable assets, including Stettin, the capital of the principality and a major port city on the Baltic Sea , as well as Stralsund and Greifswald, port cities with developed commerce , and Brandenburg, which had Eastern Pomerania with nothing but barren sandy beaches, was angry at Sweden, but had no choice but to take a step back in front of Sweden, which was in its heyday as the de facto victor of the 30 Years' War.

Brandenburg-Prussia continued to grow, taking advantage of the Great Flood and the Northern War in 1656 to make the Duchy of Prussia independent from Poland and become the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701 . The Kingdom of Prussia received the Stettin area , the largest city in Pomerania, from Sweden in the Great Northern War in 1712, and also acquired the Polish crown territory of Prussia in the two partitions of Poland in 1791 and 1793, bringing most of Pomerania into Prussia's hands. Accordingly, Prussia created new administrative districts called Pomerania (Provinz Pommern) in the Duchy of Pomerania and West Prussia (Provinz Westpreußen) in the royal Prussia region, which lasted until 1945 . Afterwards, the Kingdom of Prussia's ascendancy continued, and at the Congress of Vienna , Sweden took Swedish Pommern, the last German territory it had, and incorporated it into the state of Pomerania. As Prussia led the unification of Germany and the German Empire was established, Pomerania also naturally became a member of the German Empire. However, Pomerania's growth has been slow since ancient times because the soil has been unsuitable for farming. In particular, while West Pomerania's commerce developed around port cities such as Stettin, Stralsund, Greifswald, and Wismar, the coast of East Pomerania had endless sandy beaches reminiscent of a desert, making it unsuitable for building a proper port. As a result, it suffered great difficulties in transportation and fell significantly behind other regions economically and culturally. As a result, the conservative Junkers took control of the Pomeranian region.[2] Serfdom was officially abolished in the Pomeranian region in 1807, but even after that, Pomeranian farmers had to live as tenant farmers, not much different from serfs. With the establishment of the German Empire , the population of Pomerania was still increasing in absolute numbers, but many of the population still flowed out to urban areas (Landflucht), other regions of Germany ( Berlin , Ruhr Industrial Zone , etc.) and the New World (Ostflucht). It was especially prevalent in the eastern Hinterpommern region. However, the craze for immigration to the New World faded with the abolition of free ownership of land in the United States in 1893 .

After World War I[3] As Posen and West Prussia were transferred to the new Poland , Pomerania, which remained in Germany, suddenly became the easternmost region facing the border with Poland, and this border change came as a painful blow to Pomerania. Traditionally, Pomerania, with agriculture as its core industry, made a living by selling agricultural products to nearby markets in Silesia , Posen , and West Prussia , but these markets disappeared in an instant. Along with the recession, the background as a Junker stronghold contributed to the political landscape of Pomerania turning to the right throughout the Weimar Republic, and throughout the 1920s, an extreme right-wing political party called the German National People's Party (Deutschnationale VolksPartei) rose to prominence here.[4]

In 1939, the first offensive of the invasion of Poland , which signaled the start of World War II, began in Pomerania. Afterwards, as Nazi Germany continued to ascend, most battles took place outside of Germany, and Pomerania lived relatively safe days. However, the Soviet army, which had begun to advance from the east, finally began to invade Pomerania on February 8, 1945. The German army rallied boys and the elderly and launched a counterattack called Operation Fall Sonnenwende, but eventually the Soviet army completely occupied Pomerania on April 20, 1945.

After the end of World War II, the border between the two countries was finally confirmed through the Potsdam talks, and as the border between the postwar Germany and Poland was set as the Oder and Naise River in accordance with the agreement between the Allied countries , Oder Nai Se -se -mov, which was located outside of the border line, was passed on to Poland and the Czechoslovakia . Accordingly, 3/4 of Pomedern[5] It was in Poland with the East Proysen , Surproisen , Schleyzen , and Pozen , and Stein (Polish name Shrishchin), located in Oder-Nose Line West, also went to Poland. Meanwhile, one quarter of the old Pomeron region in the West of Oder-Nose Line, except Shrishchin, is Vorpommern[6] The name was combined with Meclenburg and reorganized.[7] Poland has set up Shuzin in Pomerun, the old German, and Gdansk in Pomerelia. The German residents who lived in Oder-Nise Line moved by Poland and the Soviet Union to migrate to the mainland of Oder-Nose Seonseo, and the vacant place was filled by the expelled Polish migrants from the eastern territory lost to the Soviet Union . During the Cold War , the German displaced people also raised their voices that insisted on building a political party called deportation and regaining the old territory, but in the 1970s, Prime Minister West Germany approved the changed border, followed by a permanent rule in exchange for unification in the 1990s unification process in 1990 . Because of the declaration of giving up, most of the rivers have been permanently the territory of Poland.

Currently, Vorpommern, which remains in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, virtually continues the name of Pommern.

As of 1939. Even now, a German city is thick letters.

Pommernlied, also known as Wenn in Stiller Stune, was composed by Steutin's theologian and poet Adolf Pompe in 1851 . It is still called in the Pore Pomeron area that remains in Germany.

Verse 1 depicts the long, white beaches and inland vast forests in the Baltic Baltic Baltic Sea, and verse 2 mentions the light blue and white, the cycle of Formen.