Poland

The Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), abbreviated as Poland (Polska), is a republic located in Central Europe .

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In addition to Dombrowski's Mazurek, which is the official national anthem, Rota (Oath) is a song that is treated as an unofficial national anthem. It is a song with a much stronger and heavier tone than the official national anthem, and also has a strong religious color. This is because the song was sung in protest against the Germanization policy of the German Empire .

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Poland, along with the Czech Republic , Slovakia , and Hungary , established a regional cooperation organization called the Visegrád Group. These four countries are evaluated as having most successfully adopted a market economy and achieved growth among the countries that experienced a transition from the former communist bloc. Among the relatively successful cases, the Baltic countries have small populations, and while Russia and Kazakhstan have economies centered on natural resources, the Visegrád Group has a large population and[5] It is considered to have sustainable development and competitiveness with a manufacturing- oriented economic structure. It is one of the countries with the potential to escape the middle-income trap .

Nevertheless, even as of 2023 , the income level is lower than that of Western and Northern European countries. Among the Visegrad group, nominal income is the lowest. Because it is geographically close to neighboring countries and is tied to the European Union , it is easy for people to migrate to work in Western Europe , Central Europe , and Northern Europe , where income levels are high. Still, compared to the time when it was slightly better than China and similar to Mexico , it has caught up significantly. In fact, it can be said that the country has slightly crossed the border of a developed country.

Like other former Eastern Bloc countries, the birth rate is only 1.3, so the population is decreasing. Therefore, it is expected to face a labor shortage in the 2020s. As a result, a large number of foreign workers are being brought in from neighboring countries such as Ukraine , and there is also a trend of accepting immigrants from Southeast Asia and other Asian countries.

Although it belongs to the European Union, it does not use the euro. The currency called Złoty is used, and in Polish , złoty is said to mean gold.

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Since the Justice and Law Party came to power in 2015,[6] The conflict with the European Union has become more serious. In the United States , however, relations have not deteriorated significantly since the Trump administration took office.[7] But after that, the Justice Party and the Law and Justice Party enforced the abortion ban.[8] The political world has become chaotic, even with the attempted withdrawal from the European Union . The current cabinet has been retaken by the opposition party led by the Citizens' Solidarity Party , but the conflict is deepening because the president is still a member of the ruling party.

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After the collapse of the Eastern Bloc, it quickly changed course to the Western Bloc and joined the European Union and NATO , and today it plays a key role in European security. Its geographical location is at the forefront of NATO , and its population and economic power are among the Eastern European countries newly incorporated into the Western Bloc.[9] It's pretty good.

More than 97% of the population is Polish , and the ethnic composition is very unified, making it a so-called single-ethnic country .

Originally, until the Second Polish Republic in the interwar period, it was a fairly multi-ethnic state . Not only Jews and German Poles lived throughout Poland , but in the eastern regions, Ukrainians , Belarusians , and Russian Poles outnumbered Poles. In addition, there were several ethnic minorities, such as some Libyan Tatars and Rusyns . However, after the end of World War II, it underwent the following major changes.

As a result, the current Polish territory has virtually remained in the polish, which has become a very high incident of the composition. Religiously 71%of the population is Catholic .

Poland's population was 35 million just before the outbreak of World War II in 1939, but 20% of the population was murdered in World War II.[12] After the war, the population plummets to 23 million. It was not until 1978 that the pre-war population of 35 million was restored. Due to the subsequent decline in birth rates, Poland's population peaked at 38.56 million in 1999 , and from then on, the population began to decline, falling to 37.84 million as of 2020. However, due to the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022 , the population of Poland increased to 41.02 million due to Ukrainian refugees, but is decreasing to 40.82 million in 2023. Poland's median age rose from 25.8 in 1950 to 41.7 in 2020, and the proportion of the population aged 65 or older also increased from 5.2% to 18.7% over the same period. The average annual population growth rate decreased from 1.9% in 1950-1955 to -0.1% in 2015-2020, and the total fertility rate also decreased from 3.63 to 1.42 during the same period. In the 1990s, the country became a country with a low birth rate as its birth rate fell below the replacement rate of 2.1, which is enough to maintain population.

It uses a Polish word belonging to the Serlav Awab and is different from Russian , Ukrainian , and Belarus . In addition, it is also famous that the catastrophe is complicated.[13] The pronunciation and reading are famous for being difficult, so it is almost impossible for foreigners to see and pronounce only spelling. If you have a little basic knowledge that you can read as a pronunciation, it is different from German, which can be read to some extent if you have a little basic knowledge.[14]

Regionally, there are people who speak Silesian (Silongsk), a West Slavic minority language, Kashubian , and Vilamovichi , a Germanic minority language . In the East, there are also speakers of Ukrainian , Belarusian , and Rusin languages .

The main foreign languages ​​are taught in the order of English , Russian , and German . Russian has been the most widely taught since the days of communism, and even now, many of the middle-aged and older people know Russian. However, unlike Belarus , where Russian is spoken naturally, people do not like to speak Russian .[15] There is quite a bit of anti-Russian sentiment, but there are still many people who learn Russian because it is the language of neighboring powers. There are Russian Poles in Poland , so the use of Russian exists more than I thought.[16] Also, after the Cold War, the number of people learning Russian decreased for a while, but in the 2000s, the number of people learning Russian increased. # The border area with Russian Kaliningrad and western Belarus is also inhabited by native Russian speakers. By the 2010s, many of the people, including the elderly, could speak English, and the younger generation could speak English well. And German is also said to be fluent. They are even learning French . So, it joined as an observer of the Francophonie .

Germany to the west , the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Belarus and Ukraine to the east , and the Baltic Sea and Russia to the north. It borders Kaliningrad Oblast and Lithuania and is a country in the middle of Europe . The total area of ​​the country is 312,679㎢.[17] It ranks 6th in the European Union , and its population is approximately 40.2 million as of 2024, ranking 5th in the European Union . Its population is close to 20 million, twice that of Romania and the Netherlands, which are the second largest countries in Europe after Poland .

Poland lies between 49 and 55 degrees north latitude. The northern and western regions have a maritime climate, while the eastern and southern regions have a continental climate, but because the country is flat, the climate gap between regions is not that large. Most of Poland belongs to the cold humid climate, and summer temperatures are comfortable at 18℃~30℃ depending on the region, while winter temperatures are slightly cold at 3℃~-6℃. The annual average temperature is about 7℃~10℃. For reference, Gangwon-do, Korea, where temperatures reach minus 20 degrees Celsius. The latitude of Cheorwon-gun is about 38 degrees. The hottest regions are the Lower Silesian Oblast in the southwest ( bordering the Czech Republic ), the coldest regions are the mountainous High Tatra region of Lesser Poland Oblast in the south, and Podlaskie Oblast in the northeast ( bordering Belarus ), which is affected by the Russian cold front. The annual rainfall is approximately 500mm to 600mm, which is approximately the same in most parts of Poland ( Warsaw 515mm, Krakow 688mm, Gdańsk 499mm, Poznań 515mm). # Precipitation is even throughout the year, with slightly more precipitation in the summer, but more cloudy days in the winter. The land area is 312,685 square kilometers, which is 28% larger than the Korean Peninsula .

As mentioned above, 90% of Poland's land area is flat. In most areas, it is difficult to find hills exceeding 200m in height, and when you turn on the terrain tab on Google Maps and look at Poland, the terrain is so flat that you wonder if the terrain tab is working properly. However, despite this plainness, there are interesting topography. There are many forests and wetland lakes scattered throughout the country, and in the area facing the Baltic Sea in the north, lagoons and long, thin sandbars (promontory) have developed. In the area bordering Belarus in the east , there is the Białowieża Forest, Europe's last primeval forest , and if you pass through the fertile granary area to the south and go to the border with Slovakia, you will find the High Tatra Mountains , with mountains over 2,000 meters high .

Looking at the Prussia ( Prussia ) region on the world map , there are two areas where the land is long and thin like an artificial breakwater , enclosing a lake facing the sea. spit, cape), and the Vistula Lagoon.[18] Vistula Key is a natural terrain, not an artificial one. It is 55 km long and only 500 m to 1 km wide. In addition to Lake Vistula, Poland's Baltic Sea coast has many large and small lagoons and sandbars.

Also, surprisingly, there are deserts . It is a place called Bwendowska Desert. It is very small in size, 10 km long and 4 km wide, but it is unique in that it exists in Europe.

The Białowieża forest is the last surviving part of the original forest that once extended to the European plain , covering 141,885 ha across Poland and Belarus. This is also the only habitat for the European bison, the heaviest land animal in Europe, which was almost extinct but was restored through the efforts of the Polish government. About 800 of them now live in the forest . In addition, it is home to numerous animals and plants, including giant fir trees and 12,000 species of living things that live in dead trees. Since 1979, it has been designated and protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . However, in 2016, the Polish government began cutting down parts of the forest that were not designated as protected areas, for which the EU strongly criticized the Polish government.

The High Tatras (Tatry Wysokie) is the western part of the Carpathian Mountains, a range that forms the border between Poland and Slovakia. Much of the mountain range belongs to Slovakia, and the mountain range itself is not large, so it occupies a very small area within the flat Polish territory. However, since the High Tatra is a fairly high mountain range in Europe, there are 70 peaks over 2,000 meters in height in Poland, which owns part of this range. Among them, the highest peak and the highest peak in Poland is Mount Rysy, with a height of 2503 m. Zakopane in this region is one of Poland's leading holiday destinations, and is also a gateway to the High Tatra's peaks and beautiful lakes such as Morskie Oko. The city itself is also attractive, so people looking for Krakow also travel to this place.

Poland's major rivers include the Vistula River, which is Poland's lifeline, and the Oder River, which partly forms the border with Germany . The Vistula River originates in the Beskidy Mountains in southern Silesia, passes through major cities such as Krakow, Warsaw, and Torun, and flows for 1,022 km before emptying into the Baltic Sea near Gdańsk.[19] The Oder River originates in Moravia, Czech Republic, but flows into Poland almost as soon as it originates, passes through Wrocław and Szczecin, and flows for 835 km before entering the Baltic Sea . Approximately 30% of the entire section of the Oder River is along the border between Germany and Poland. However, Szczecin is Polish territory even though it lies west of the Oder River. For further details, please refer to the Oder-Neisse Line document.

It also has many resources. The Silesian region is a representative coal mining area in Europe , and Poland, which has this area, boasts the world's 9th largest reserves of anthracite and lignite and 9th largest production. Coal is still a major part of Poland's economy, and most of Poland's power plants run on cheap coal.[20] In addition, as of 2010, Poland ranks 4th in the world in rhenium production, 9th in silver production, and 10th in copper production.[21] In addition, sulfur, halite,[22] There are deposits of various minerals such as limestone. In 2011, it was confirmed that shale gas exists in Poland, and at that time, it was estimated that shale gas could be mined at 5 trillion cubic meters . Contrary to the initial rosy expectations, foreign companies have left one by one due to gradually decreasing estimates, slow exploration, and legal disputes, but the Polish government's will to develop is still firm.

Wild animals include brown bear, red fox, wolf, great grouse, bison, pine marten, otter, lynx, squirrel, badger, wild boar, beaver, red deer, white-tailed eagle, golden eagle, goshawk, woodpecker, stork, Humpback swans, ducks, and owls live there.

The western part of present-day Poland occupies a significant portion of the territory of the former Kingdom of Prussia . At the end of World War II, the eastern German territories east of the Oder-Neisse line were transferred to Poland by the Soviet Union , which wanted to expand its territory with an additional buffer zone against Germany . passed to the Soviet Union. So, the size of Poland's land was reduced to 80% of its original size ( 2nd Republic of Poland 380,000 km2 → 3rd Republic of Poland 300,000 km2), and Warsaw, the capital originally located in the central part of the west side of the country, was moved to the east of the country. It became. Most of the territories such as Lviv and Brest , which were ceded from Poland to the Soviet Union in 1945, are now territories of Ukraine and Belarus .

The territory of the current Polish 3rd Republic is similar to the territory of the Pistant dynasty in the early polish early ( 960 AD when Poland declared its establishment ) . However, the initial area of ​​the Polish was the area of ​​the Prussian kingdom for a long time (more than 500 years).[23] In the so-called Polish-Lithuanian territory, it has nothing to do with the territory of the time. While the territory of the Polish 2nd Republic was part of the territory of Poland-Lithuania , the territory of the Polish People's Republic and the Third Republic was also cut off from the history of Poland-Lithuania.

See the Prussian Documents and the Prussian/Administrative Divisions document for areas that were Prussian, and the Post World War II German and Polish Territorial Problems document for complex territorial issues in the area. Most of these areas were organized industrial zones during the German era.[24] In particular, Stettin , which had to remain in Germany in principle, was originally an outer port of Berlin, so shipping and industry were concentrated, making it a key area for Polish industrialization along with Breslau and Jagan in Lower Silesia.

This country's borders have changed so much that there has been a joke about paying special allowances to its history teachers . At one time, it ruled central Estonia and the Black Sea coast under the name of Poland-Lithuania , and there was a time when it formed an alliance with Sweden , albeit for a short period during the reign of Sigismund III Vasa .

This kind of joke exists because of the way they move west every time World War II is fought .

It consists of a total of 16 states . Below the state[25] , there is a commune under the county , and a city is included in the county concept. The capital city, which is the center of a state, usually has one foviat, but in some places, such as Lubuskie or Kujavsko-Pomorskie, the foviat where the state government and the state legislature are located simultaneously serve as the capital city. Unlike the capitals of neighboring countries, such as Berlin and Prague , which are independent cities on the same level as a state, Warsaw , the capital , is also a city belonging to the Mazowieckie state and its capital. Immediately after World War II , it was divided into 17 states. With the reorganization of administrative districts in 1975 , it was subdivided into 49 states and was used until 1998, when it was readjusted to the current 16 states in 1999 . Each province has a governor (Wojewoda) appointed by the Polish Prime Minister and a prime minister (Marszałek) elected by the provincial legislature.[26] jointly leads the state. The governor is in charge of matters related to overall national administration, and the premier is in charge of matters related to local government.

Since there are many areas that have been incorporated in German territory after World War II , German and Austrians often call some names in German .[27] Even if you are not a German, if you study German/Polish history in the 19th and 20th centuries, you need to know both names. See Prussia/Administrative District for details . After World War II , the Poland was made by the Oder-Nise Line, and after World War I , the Polland was under underlined with the bold letters .

LOT Polish Airlines opens a direct route between Warsaw and Incheon . (Established in 2016)

This is where the bus company Solaris Bus & Coach (formerly Neoplan ) is located , and the Polish bus company MPK has Neoplan N4016/N4020/N4026/N4021/N4416/N4420/N4426/N4421 or Solaris' Urbino12/Urbino15/Urbino10 than Citaro and MAN . 5/Urbino18 is widely used.

The railway owns over 18,000 km, as shown in Poland's railway environment . The EIP , a semi-high-speed railway, is in operation, and a railway with full-scale high-speed railway specifications is also being built. The city railway is the Warsaw Metro .

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It is not yet a country well known to Koreans for tourism . If you go through a travel agency , you will mainly visit Warsaw , Krakow and the Auschwitz concentration camp . However, since there are things to see and prices are relatively cheap among northern countries, it is highly likely that Korean tourists will surge at some point due to a trend like Croatia or the Czech Republic , where interest increased after a popular TV program aired.

As of 2018, Koreans visiting Poland The number of tourists is said to be 44,007. #

Hiking is a very rare hobby. About 90% of Poland's territory is a plain area. (That's why agriculture was developed, but historically it was also easily invaded.)[57] The highlands are dominated by the High Tatra region, part of the Carpathian Mountains, at the southern tip of the country.[58] Zakopane in this region is considered the busiest resort in Poland, and has a beautiful lake called Morskie oko nearby, which attracts many tourists. As the High Tatras are a fairly high mountain range in Europe , Poland's highest peak, Mount Rysy, in this area is 2503m high, and there are many other peaks over 2000m. However, since this mountainous region occupies a very small area of ​​the entire country, most Poles do not have much opportunity to see mountains in their lives. So the hiking population is very small.[59] However, even in this environment, a legendary mountaineer named Jerzy Kukuska emerged.[60] During the Cold War, Poles sometimes traveled to the Soviet Union or Bulgaria to go hiking.[61]

The criminal organization was a large Polish mafia in the area of ​​the 1990s during the economic turmoil . However, the two organizations were dismantled due to large -scale clearing operations, and the remnants fled abroad. Now there are small gangs .

Eastern Europe Among countries , security is relatively stable, and there are few minor crimes such as pickpocketing or snatching. First of all, as mentioned above, not only is it not a country well known for tourism, but pickpockets from Eastern Europe tend to go on expeditions to Western and Southern Europe , where there are many more tourists , so from the point of view of pickpockets from Eastern Europe, there is no reason for them to be in Poland since they make very little money there.

But the most careful thing in Poland is that it is a strip club , and the Polish strip clubs are the place to attract tourists and feed their drugs and kidnapped with strength . Asians , as well as male tourists who come from the United Kingdom , the United States , and Germany , and who have been drinking without thinking and enjoying gambling or nightlife , are the main targets, and of course, if they are wrong, they can be violent crimes such as kidnapping or assault .

In particular, if you lose your mind after drinking alcohol containing drugs , all the cash and cards in your wallet will be taken away. Also, in the case of cards, the victim will remember to enter the password and swipe it on the POS machine, so some people have suffered losses worth tens of millions of won as well as millions of won.[62] Additionally, if you wake up after taking drugs, you may experience a terrible hangover, and you may experience a scene from a horror movie where you wake up abandoned in a strange alley or dorm.

So if you have to go to a strip club with curiosity , you can prepare the right cash to think that you are stolen, use only the previous cash, and you should never use the card , but even if you don't have the kidnapping above, you are often fraudulent that you can't pay for it after forging the card or scratching the card several times . Also, you should never drink or drink inside. Simply a nightclub in Korea or other countries In some cases, you may be caught because you think of you , but if you enter the strip club wrong, the atmosphere is strange, so it's better to come out.

Prostitutes even force customers to drink or assault them, and force them to drink more than 10 glasses of whiskey or vodka laced with the above drugs , which is scary in itself, and there are even British and German men who have died after drinking such things.

It was the country that had the world's tallest structure. The Warsaw Radio Tower , completed in 1973. However, as you can see in the document, various problems occurred, and it collapsed in 1991 due to a series of mistakes. After that, a reconstruction plan was made, but it was scrapped due to complaints from nearby residents, and disappeared into the back alleys of history. Although the name is "Warsaw," the actual location was in Konstantinów, far from Warsaw .

Since 2010 , skyscrapers over 200m in height have been being built like crazy . The country fell into World War II After World War II, Poland was a satellite state of the Soviet Union , and after democratization, as Germany , the country next door , experienced rapid growth after unification, the Polish people competitively entered the construction of skyscrapers to build their pride .

Among EU member states, Poland places the most orders for skyscrapers over 200 meters tall. By 2030, Poland alone will build more than 20 skyscrapers over 200 meters tall.

Although it is mainly being built in the capital Warsaw , construction plans are also underway in Gdansk and Krakow , Poland's second largest city .

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Its military power is also taking the lead in keeping Russia in check, as its history as a military power next to the Soviet Union in the Warsaw Pact has not gone anywhere . However, on the other hand, it also means that it is the country most exposed to security threats posed by Russia. Unlike Ukraine and Finland, which share a huge border with Russia's main territory, it does not have a border with mainland Russia, but is directly adjacent to Kaliningrad , Russia's border territory, and Belarus , which is no different from Russia's second company, to the northeast , and is also close to Moscow . Since the end of the Cold War, most countries, except for the United States , have lost their military power for a long time due to the disarmament trend of NATO member countries.[63] Poland is the most pro-American and pro-Western country in Europe, and is also the country that is putting the most effort into strengthening its military capabilities. Of course, the United States also regards Poland as an important European security partner that prevents Russia from advancing into Europe and does not spare any support. Overall, it is very similar to Korea in that it focuses on the army and has strong artillery. It is not for nothing that the Hanpol defense contract was signed in 2022 . However, the naval and air force forces still have much to improve.

It is a country that has produced many famous people compared to its dark modern history. In the 16th century, there was Copernicus , who argued for the heliocentric theory, and in the 17th century, there were King Jan III Sobieski of the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania, who was praised as the guardian of Western civilization , and astronomer Hevelius, one of the main figures in the creation of today's constellations .

In the 19th and 20th centuries, pianist Chopin , violinist Henrik Wieniawski , poet Adam Mickiewicz , who wrote <Konrad Wallenrod>, author Henrik Sienkiewicz ( Nobel Prize winner in Literature ), who wrote Quo Vadis, etc. , and Marie Curie ( commonly known in Korea as Madame Curie ), who discovered polonium and radium . Nobel Prize in Physics , Nobel Prize in Chemistry),[64] Lech Walesa ( Nobel Peace Prize winner) , the starting point of democratization in Eastern Europe and the standard-bearer of Polish liberalization , the 264th Pope There were people like St. John Paul II , genius physicist Theodor Kaluca , Alexander Bolsičan and Sigmund Baumann , who discovered the first exoplanet , legendary mountaineer Jerzy Kukuska , and mathematician Stefan Banach, famous for the Banach space, who made the name of Poland, which would otherwise be buried as a small country, known to the world.

Moving on to the sports world , Robert Lewandowski , who is considered one of the best strikers in soccer, and Iga Sibiongtek, the world's number one women's tennis player, are also Polish from Warsaw. UFC light heavyweight champion Jan Vlahovic is also Polish. Additionally, Robert Kubica , who previously won and scored multiple podiums with the BMW Sauber F1 team , is the only Polish F1 driver.

About 9.5 million Polish Americans live in the United States , and the United States is the country with the largest population of Poles or residents of Polish descent. See Polish Americans .

In the LEC , the European league of League of Legends, there are many outstanding junglers such as Yankos , the best jungler in European history , Journeyman Kikis , who represents Rollpan , Carry-type jungler Selfmade , and 2021 Summer Regular Season MVP Inspired . There is even a saying that Polish junglers are trusted and used. There are many outstanding players in other positions, such as Vander, Selfie, Trimbi, and Checolad.

If you look at Polish people, there are quite a lot of people with the same name. This is due to Poland's unique naming customs. In Poland, the day a baby is born is a Catholic holiday when naming a baby. It is named after a saint . If there is no saint whose feast day falls on that day, take the name of the saint whose feast day is closest.[65] In other words, if the birthday is the same, the name is also the same. Moreover, since the majority of saints are ‘Maria’, there is a story that when you shout ‘Maria!’ in a Polish school, about 1/3 of the girls turn around.

Since people are named after Catholic saints, most people with slightly unique names are Jewish . However, among Jews, many people follow the trend, or the majority of Christian names have Jewish roots, so they are often given the names of Catholic saints, which are too ordinary. However, these days, the younger generation is not very attached to Catholicism , so there has been an increase in the number of people giving themselves freer, less Eastern-Bloc names.

In Korea, I know that there are many -ski (-ский) surnames for Russians , but in fact, there are much more ski (-ski) surnames (Nazwisko) in Poland. In fact, Russians -Ski is also mostly Polish, and in the original surname -Ski is not so much. In addition to being connected by land, it is natural that Poland was ruled by Russia. Lukas Podolski is also Polish- German and was originally eligible for the Polish national team, but chose Germany .[66]

-Among 'skis', there are many more 'off-skis (-owski)' than just skis. There is also '-ewski'. A representative example is Robert Lewandowski , one of the most famous Poles in Korea and pitcher for the Lotte Giants . Ryan Sadowski is a Polish-American . In fact, in Polish, he is called Sadowski. The virtuoso British conductor Leopold Stokowski is also a British citizen of Polish descent.

An interesting fact is that when a Polish woman marries a man with the last name Ski, she takes her husband's last name and changes the ending to ~Ska.[67] It is said that when a daughter is born, her last name also changes like this.[68] The reason is that ~ski/~ska are adjective endings that appear universally throughout Slavic languages. So the last name also follows the adjective change. This is a characteristic of surnames in Slavic-speaking countries, and the same applies to Russian . Yep·of turns into Yeva·Oro (Gorbachev/Gorbachova), and Ski turns into Skaya (Tchaikovsky/Tchaikovsky). Of course, it does not change unless the adjective is taken as a surname, as in Karol Józef Wojtyła (the name of Pope John Paul II ). In the past, like in the Czech Republic, surnames in the form of nouns also had a separate feminine form. In those days, for surnames that ended in a consonant, unmarried women added -ówna, married women added -owa, and for surnames that ended in a vowel or g, unmarried women added -'anka.[69] For married women, ina (-'ina or -'yna) is added. Nowadays, the feminine form of noun surnames is no longer used, and it sometimes remains in the names of elderly people.

Other Polish surnames include -cki (-dzki), -czyk, and -wicz . You can also find some surnames ending in -ak, -ek, and -ik, which are diminutive forms of nouns.[70] There are so many Kowalskis in Poland that the last name of a Polish-American in the United States is Kowalski (Kowalski in Polish). The second most common surname in Poland is Kowalski, and the most common surname is Nowak. The ancestors of legendary Canadian ice hockey player Wayne Gretzky of the NHL are also from Poland. An interesting fact is that the most common British surname is Smith, which means blacksmith, and from Kovalski, Kovaldo means blacksmith . So Kowalski literally means ‘blacksmith’.

As explained in the language document , there are basically many double consonants in Polish , but when we try to write them in Roman letters without special characters as much as possible, the consonants appear one after another, which often feels foreign in other languages. A representative example is Jędrzejczyk [ jɛnˈdʐɛjtˡʂɨk ].[71] and, including creative works , ‘Brzęczyszczykiewicz’ or ‘Chrząszczyżewoszyce’[72] 'There is also.

Polish people know a devout Catholic in Europe Believers . Poland is a secular country without diplomatic relations , but as of 2014, 85.8%of the total population believed in Catholics.[73] Vatican (98.5%)[74] , Italy (83%)[75] , Lithuania (77.2%), Croatia (86.3%)[76] Along with Portugal (81 ~ 88%) and Ireland (78.3%) , Catholics are mainstream. In 966 AD, he accepted Catholics, and so far, Catholic faith is Poland's cultural identity itself. Pope John Paul II, well known among the pope , is from Wadowice, Poland Mapolska.

Poland is not just a country with a large Catholic presence, but also a country with a very deep religious and religious faith among its people. In most Western European countries, the regular church attendance rate is only 10 to 20%, but in Poland, the number of people who regularly attend church at least once a month and go to confession regularly reaches 70 to 80% of the population and continues to maintain this level. It is said that the number of people who receive Holy Communion and the number of priests are also large. Also, 94% of the population answered that they ‘believe in God or believe very devoutly’. Church attendance appears to be decreasing in the 2010s, but this is not because the people's faith has weakened, but because an enormous number of people left their religious affiliation in Poland and immigrated to Western Europe as foreign workers.

Britain , which tends to be more secular , maintains Catholicism thanks to a steady flow of Polish foreigners and immigrants to Britain, despite an ever-decreasing British population . This level is not at all inferior to the ardent religiosity of growing Christians in non-Western developing countries. The Polish Catholic Church, with its strong beliefs, is currently the most 'non-European' among European churches.

Saints swept across Europe[77] There are no shortages in Poland. Young people aspiring to become priests and religious are incomparably larger than in other European regions. In the Diocese of Kraków, since the seminary was full, the vocations were said to have recommended that they search for other dioceses or religious congregations or enter after 1-2 years. A shortage of vocations in Poland is more likely to occur in the Polish Orthodox Church than in the Catholic Church, and among the Catholic churches , it seems that the Eastern Catholic Church is not free from the risk of a shortage of vocations.

Nevertheless, in Poland, the tendency to support Orthodoxy before the collapse of the Soviet Union has largely disappeared. This is because , as the Polish government and the Catholic Church have both moved to the right , attention has been paid to the social conservatism of the Orthodox Church and the positive evaluation of it has increased.

The reason why Catholicism is strong in Poland is similar to Ireland , because in the long history of foreign invasion and trials, Catholics have become a national unity symbol and identity of Polish.[78] The mix of religion and national identity is a common phenomenon. Ireland, for example, recognized the Anglican , invaders ' religion , Catholic , Irish religion, and made Catholicism as a national identity. Similarly , in Russia, it was considered a religion of Catholics = Western Europeans, Orthodox Church = Russians to believe. As a result, in Polish literature and Polish films, Catholics are quite important keywords. Even in situations that don't matter, the contents of the Catholic or the characters may appear.

Terrestrial broadcasting in Poland There are five broadcasting stations, one of which is run by the Catholic Church , and each diocese has a radio station. These churches and general media reports the Pope 's sympathy every day. Even if the Vatican issues a small message or statement, Polish media always reports it. And they try to defend the Catholic Church at all costs. This is because when they read the prophetic books of the Old Testament , they often think of Pope John Paul II as they see the suffering prophet . There is also great interest in former Pope Francis . For reference, the level of interest in the Pope is such that in the Polish version of Wikipedia , Francis (Pope)/Visit to Korea, which is not even in the Korean Wikipedia or even the English Wikipedia , was created as an independent wiki article. # The only Wikipedias where this is documented are the Italian Wikipedia and the Polish Wikipedia. This was broadcast live in Poland. It is said that Korea was pleased to see that there were many Catholics in Northeast Asia . However, while the current Pope is taking a relatively flexible and open stance on issues within society and the Church, the Church and the general media have differing opinions on the Pope's attitude.

Rather, from the beginning of Pope Francis' tenure, the view to separate the Catholic Church and the Pope has become relatively strong. In particular , this is because Pope Francis' position on various issues such as refugees and other religions is different from that of the Polish Catholic Church and the ruling Law and Justice Party, which are closely aligned with it . In particular , unlike the current pope who has repeatedly appealed for an inclusive stance toward refugees , many bishops and priests of the Catholic Church in Poland adhere to a negative attitude towards accepting refugees. In addition, unlike Pope Francis, who is relatively flexible in discussing gender issues within the church, such as the expansion of women's participation in church management, the current Catholic Church leaders are taking a much tougher stance.

Moreover, in Poland , traditional Catholic organizations had already entered the market in the 1990s, and various traditional Catholic organizations, ranging from those legal under church law to the Society of St. Pius The existence of these traditional Catholic organizations acts as a rightward pressure on the institutional Polish Catholic Church, contributing to the rightward shift of the already conservative Polish Catholic Church.

The traditional Catholic movement in Poland is so active that the Society of St. Pius The Society of St. Pius The Polish branch of the Society of St. Pius


There are at least 1,100 large and small cathedrals in Poland. This is the largest number on a country basis among cathedrals in Europe, and is just as many, if not more, than churches in Korea. In particular , it can be seen that there are more in the south adjacent to Slovakia than in the west and north .

On the other hand, the most sacred place in Poland is the province of Slaska.[79] Cathedral of Jasna Góra in Częstochowa. Here, the most sacred object in Poland, the 'Black Madonna of Czestochowa (Obraz Matki Boskiej Częstochowskiej)', is enshrined. In 2011 alone, 3.2 million people from 80 countries visited this place, and 143,983 of them were said to have come all the way from Poland. It is said that the production year of this torch is difficult to estimate, but it is said that it is because the damaged part was repainted on it after it was damaged by the Hussites in 1430.

It is said that Saint Helena discovered it in Jerusalem in 326, and that it was later passed through Constantinople and Bełz and brought to Czestochowa by the Duke of Opole around the 14th century. It is believed that this icon performed several miracles and protected Jasna Gora Cathedral and Poland. When the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was suffering from a great flood , the Swedish army, which had invaded the Commonwealth, came down to Częstochowa and surrounded the Jasna Gora Cathedral in 1655. 250 monks and volunteers held off 4,000 Swedish troops. Then people believed that this was a miracle caused by the Black Virgin Mary, and furthermore, they thought that it even changed the face of war during the Great Flood. Then, King Jan II Kazimierz Vasa "crowned" the Black Virgin Mary as Queen and Patron Saint of Poland in the cathedral of Lwów (Lviv) on April 1, 1656 .

There are currently two scars on Seonghwa's face, and a legend is handed down to these scars. When the Hussites sacked Yasna Gura in 1430, they tried to take this torch with them. However, when the horses pulling the wagon did not move at all, one of the enraged gang carried the torch to the ground and stabbed it a couple of times. Since then, numerous artists have tried to remove these scars, but it is said that the scars reappear each time.

It is said that even during the communist era , the power of Catholicism could not be stopped. Rather, it was classified as one of the few religious countries in the communist bloc, along with Laos , which promoted Buddhism .[80] Even when John Paul II became Pope, Poland was clearly a communist country. Although the Polish communist government advocated state atheism , it is said that they tried to appease the people through Catholicism, such as having the Pope as an honored guest when he came to Poland. Additionally, Poland's Catholics were a major member of the democratic forces during the communist era and contributed greatly to decommunization and democratization.

Among the Tatars of Turkic origin living in Poland, some believe in Catholicism as a result of mixed blood. They are called ' Lipka Tatars ', and they are the people who followed Tokhtamish of the Kipchak Khanate in exile, and they were Sunni until the 18th century. They lived and maintained the Islamic culture. After World War II, most of eastern Poland, where they lived, belonged to Russia, and the number of Tatars in Poland has been greatly reduced, and the number of Tatars in Poland is now officially estimated to be around 3,000. Even today, the majority of Lipka Tatars retain their Islamic beliefs and culture, but those who do not identify as Muslims are assimilated into Poland, believe in Catholicism and use Polish names. these are greece Christians of Christian origin, such as the Turkish Greeks of Rhodes Island , the Gagauz of Gagauzia , an autonomous republic of Moldova , and the Turkic minorities in Russia ( Chuvash , Yakut , Khakas , Kryashen, etc.) It can be said to be of Turkic origin.

Although Catholicism in Poland has also gradually weakened in the 2010s due to the global trend of dereligion, the influence of the Catholic faith is still strong in politics and society in general, and its influence has been growing even more since the Law and Justice Party came to power. Meanwhile, a decision by the Polish Constitutional Court banning abortion led to radical feminists attacking cathedrals. #

As a side note, the crime of blasphemy is still the current law. If caught, you could face up to two years in prison . In fact, as of 2017, a total of 71 countries, including 12 European countries, are said to have enshrined blasphemy in their laws. #

Meanwhile, there are a few Eastern Catholic Church believers who acknowledge the Catholic Pope's water level and follow the Eastern Proposition . Kuri Upka is a representative area where the Eastern Catholic Cathedral in Poland is. After Polish democratization, the Eastern Catholic Church in the Middle East, such as Copt Catholics , Maronpa , and Syrian Catholics, often interacted with Polish Catholics.

The gaze of Protestantism in Poland is a bit complicated. Historically, it was a religion of Sweden and Germany , especially the Prussian kingdom . There are many negative perspectives like Ireland , but on the other hand, as a minority religion, they also coexist. In Poland, about 2,000 people believe in the Reformed Church (based on the 2007 survey). Most of them are distributed in the central part of Polish, not the old Germany region. This is historically Polish-Lithuania[81] This is because there were many believers who had been vibrant since the times.

At one time, there was a religious reform craze in Poland centered around Lublin and Zamosic, and many Polish nobles and citizens converted to Protestantism. However, during the Great Flood , Swedish troops, supported by Protestant nobles in Politu, plundered Polish cathedrals on a large scale. After this, Protestant believers began to gradually die out as they were treated as potential traitors. Additionally, after the division of Poland , under Prussia, speakers of the Masurian dialect, who believed in Protestantism, virtually completely assimilated into Germans and died out, leaving only a very small number remaining. On the other hand, after World War II, Lutheran churches in former German territories suffered indignities such as disappearing or being converted into Catholic cathedrals after moving to Poland .

However, the majority of Poles do not necessarily regard Protestantism as German. Lutherans in Poland were also outraged by the atrocities of Nazi Germany , and led the resistance. More people were dragged to concentration camps and died, including a pastor . They are revered as martyrs by Polish Lutheran believers, and by the majority of Poles who believe in Catholicism and those who believe in Orthodoxy, they are considered great martyrs beyond religion because of the dramatic nature of Poland's patriotic martyrs born from the religion of the invaders . be admired[82] Currently, the number of Lutheran believers in Poland is about 50,000, and most of them are concentrated in Ciesin and Slask .

With the democratization of Poland as a starting point, there were many exchanges between the Christian world in Poland and the Anglican Church in the Anglo-American and other former British colonies . However, the Anglican Church itself does not have a presence in mainland Europe, including Poland. So there are few Anglican churches in Poland. There are Anglican churches, mainly for British residents in Poland, but they are few in number compared to traditional Catholics . In fact, even in Western Europe, with the exception of England and Ireland, Anglicanism is the weaker denomination than the Orthodox Church or even traditional Catholicism . Among Western European countries excluding England and Ireland, the northern part of France, which is close to England, has fewer Catholics than Catholics, but at least there are many Anglicans. In terms of the population of Anglicans alone, there are far more Anglicans in other continents than in Europe, and Anglicans in all other former British colonies, excluding the United States and the Commonwealth, also outnumber the Anglicans in Western Europe. It is similar to the fact that Muslim populations are larger in South and Southeast Asia than in the Middle East.

Although it cannot be compared to Catholics, since it is in Eastern Europe, there are only a small number of Orthodox Christians (about 500,000), and an independent church has been established, with the Archbishop of Warsaw serving as the archbishop of all of Poland. There are far more Orthodox believers than Protestants, which barely exceed 100,000. In Poland, the way they look at their own Protestants is subtly “Are you German?” Just as an Orthodox Christian asks, "Are you Russian? Or are you from Ukraine?" However, with the large influx of Ukrainian refugees after the Russia-Ukraine war in 2022, the prejudice that people believed in the Orthodox Church as pro-Russian disappeared as in the past.

Even during the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the image of the Orthodox Church was strong due to the strong perception that it was the religion of the serfs of the eastern border, but its image deteriorated in earnest under Russian rule. A representative example is the bombing of the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral after the independence of the Second Republic of Poland. Today, the majority of Orthodox Christians in Poland are ethnic minorities such as Ukrainian Poles , Belarusian Poles , or Georgians, but indigenous Polish Orthodox believers also exist.

These Orthodox Christians are mostly found in the border areas of Russia ( Kaliningrad , which borders Poland, to be exact), Ukraine, and Belarus. In particular , Białystok, located on the border with Belarus, is famous for its large number of Orthodox Christians in Poland. Under Russian rule, Warsaw, the capital, played a role as the center of Orthodoxy in Poland.[83] , the revival of Catholicism in Poland following the independence of Poland and the influence of state atheism during the communist state , the power of the Orthodox Church in the center of Poland, including Warsaw, was rapidly weakened.

For this reason, Warsaw barely maintained its role as the center of the Polish Orthodox Church in name only, and the aforementioned border areas with Russia (Kaliningrad), Ukraine, and Belarus became the actual center of the Polish Orthodox Church. As a result, the status of the Orthodox Church in Poland has fallen significantly compared to when it was a Russian colony. The situation is better than in Judaism.[84]

Orthodox Christians in Poland often maintained their Orthodox faith in secret , disguised as Catholics during the Second Polish Republic and as atheists during the Polish People's Republic . For different reasons (anti-Russian orientation in the former, state atheism in the latter), both countries severely suppressed the Orthodox Church. However, after anti-Orthodox sentiment in Poland has eased more than in the past for the reasons mentioned above, more and more Poles are coming out as Orthodox Christians.

Prior to the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the Polish Orthodox Church had a close relationship with the Russian Orthodox Church.[85] , at the time of the 2018 Orthodox Schism, the Polish Orthodox Church also defended the Russian Orthodox Church.

However, with the large influx of Ukrainian refugees following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022, it has become difficult for many members of the Polish Orthodox Church to express pro-Russian opinions. During the Cold War, the Polish People's Republic suppressed the Polish Orthodox Church in fact following the Soviet Union's intentions. This is because Ukrainian Poles and Belarusian Poles, like native Ukrainians and native Belarusians, have a completely different identity from Russians. These anti-Russian Polish Orthodox believers tend to criticize both the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth's coercion of Catholicism and the suppression of the Orthodox Church and the Soviet Union's state atheism. Among the Polish Orthodox laity, those with pro-Russian tendencies mainly live in the border area with Russia (Kaliningrad) and are often of Russian ancestry. Also, in the Praga district of Warsaw, there are Russian residents who believe in the Polish Orthodox Church.

As a side note, among West Slavic countries, Poland has very little contact with the Orthodox Church. Of course, there are Catholic countries among Slavic countries.[86] They initially believed in Orthodoxy and then converted to Catholicism, but this side was Catholic from the beginning. However, apart from this, Poland has historically had a lot of contact with Orthodox countries. This can be seen by looking at the detailed contents of this paragraph. Above all, the Orthodox Church is the largest minority religion in Poland. This is ironic considering Poland's history and identity.

The Armenian Apostolic Church, believed by Armenian residents, is a representative example. Armenians residing in Poland today are mostly immigrants around the time of the People's Republic of Poland , and the Armenian Catholics , who were active around Lviv in the pre-modern era , are virtually extinct.

After the democratization of Poland, there were many exchanges between the Christian community in Poland not only with the Armenian Apostolic Church but also with other Orient Orthodox churches such as the Syrian Orthodox Church , the Coptic Orthodox Church , and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church of Tewajido .

Buddhism is a minority, but there are believers here too. Surprisingly, Korean Buddhism is widespread, and Poland was the second place where Venerable Sungsan propagated overseas after the United States. In Warsaw, the capital, there is Doamsa Temple (the former headquarters of the Eastern European Guanyin Seon sect), and Seonsa Ubong (real name Jakob Perl, now deceased) from Poland was also produced. Buddhism itself was transmitted from the 1910s, but it was only from 1991 that it was officially recognized. The most widespread sect is Tibetan Buddhism, which has halls in 25 cities and small groups in 10 cities, followed by Guanyin Zen Buddhism, which has halls in 6 cities and meetings in 12 cities. Reference Links Unusual given the almost nonexistent presence of Buddhism in other Catholic mainstream countries.

It is mainly believed in by the above-mentioned Polish Tatars, but Islam is weak because Polish Tatars have been greatly polished linguistically and culturally. In contrast to Russia, where the majority of Tatars maintain their Muslim faith, Islam is the largest minority.

The majority of Muslims in Poland are Lipka Tatars, who have lived there for generations since the days of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , but there are also descendants of Volga Tatars who migrated from mainland Russia during the time of Russian Poland . However, in the case of the latter, most of them were assimilated into the former or general Poles who believed in Catholicism. So, among the Tatar Muslims in Poland today, the vast majority of those with Volga Tatar identity immigrated from the Soviet Union or the Russian Federation.

There are also quite a few Muslims from the former Soviet Union, such as Tajikistan and Azerbaijan , and many of the Uber drivers and the majority of the Muslim population seen at mosques are from these two countries. In other words, many of Poland's Muslim residents are also Russian speakers. In Warsaw, there is also a Tatar cemetery where Muslims who belonged to the Russian army are buried. Muslims from these former Soviet Union countries are seen much more frequently than Arabs or Muslims from South Asia. Although Poland blocked the Arab Muslim refugee population during the European refugee crisis, it is not difficult to see Muslims in large cities such as Warsaw, as there are significant Muslim populations from Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Azerbaijan.

Polish Jews began to settle in what is now Poland from the end of the 11th century. From the late 10th century, Jewish merchants from Spain under Muslim rule began to visit Polish estates , and around the time of the Crusades at the end of the 11th century , Jews began to settle in the Kingdom of Poland , the main settlement being Gniez, the first capital of the Kingdom of Poland. it was no

During the Crusades, the Kingdom of Poland maintained a tolerant anti-Jewish policy compared to the persecution of Jews in other countries. During the reign of Bolesław III (reigned 1102 - 1138), who recognized the usefulness of Jewish merchants, Jewish emigration to Poland accelerated, resulting in Jews settling throughout Poland. During the reign of Mieszko III, Jewish influence grew to the point that Hebrew was engraved on coins. expanded. In this way, before the formation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Jewish communities were already formed in major Polish cities, and they took on the role of middle classes such as merchants and engineers in Poland, where the existing residents were divided into lords and farmers .

This optimistic situation of Polish Judaism fell into crisis due to the expansion of the German Knights Templar and the encouragement of anti-Semitism by some Roman Catholic clergy. However, successive rulers of the Kingdom of Poland generally opposed anti-Semitism and maintained a tolerant anti-Jewish policy (despite the fact that they were Catholics), and at the end of the 14th century, they guaranteed the same rights as existing Polish Jews to the Jews of incorporated Lithuania. Jewish immigration to Poland continued, and between 1492 and the first half of the 16th century, some Spanish Jews immigrated to Poland.

Judaism was the largest minority religion in Poland even during the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and at this time there was an influx of Litvak Jews from Lithuania, and even after the collapse of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth due to the partition of Poland, the power of Judaism in Poland did not weaken. Amid the various outcries, the Jews who were generally loyal to Poland suffered greatly, but the kings of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth repeatedly defended Jewish rights, and in 1764, the number of Jews in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was approximately 750,000, accounting for more than half of the number of Jews in all of Europe at the time. After the partition of Poland, the position of Judaism became more precarious than before, but the number of Jews did not decrease.

Rather, due to pogroms caused by anti-Semitism in Russia in the late 19th century, many Russian Jews migrated to the less dangerous Russian Poland or the safer German Poland, and German Jews were already living in western German Poland even before the division of Poland. In the Austrian Grand Duchy of Krakow, Jews who had assimilated with various ethnic groups of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, including Austrians, Hungarians , and Czechs , immigrated. In the late interwar period, in 1939, Polish Jews numbered approximately 3.5 million, accounting for more than 10% of the Polish population. But World War II Due to the Holocaust committed by Nazi Germany, many Polish Jews, regardless of whether they were Polish, Lithuanian, Russian, or German, lost their lives.[87] The remaining survivors continued to emigrate to the United States and Israel after the war, and their presence in Poland has almost disappeared.[88]

In addition, due to historical ties with Russia, the Orthodox Church, which had a poor image in Poland, became weaker than the Orthodox Church, which led to the ironic situation that the Orthodox Church became the largest minority religion in Poland.[89] Considering that Judaism was the largest minority religion in Poland for more than 400 years, it is an unprecedented feeling.[90]

The majority of Jews in Poland are Polish Jews, but there are also a small number of German Jews living in former German territories such as Slask , Poznan , and Gdansk . Polish Galicia, which borders Ukraine, also has Ukrainian Jews.

Warsaw's Nożyk Synagogue, built in 1902, destroyed during the Holocaust, rebuilt in 1983 and now in operation.

The Holocaust has been destroyed or abandoned by many Jewish synagogues , including the Warsaw University , but in the 2000s , it has repaired some of the historic and goggs that have been left as a cultural heritage for the Polish Jews. Current Polish Judaism As a denomination , the Union of Jewish Religious Communities in Poland[91] There is.

Notable Polish Jews include Władysław Szpilman, a pianist who became the motif of the movie The Pianist , and Marek Edelman , a survivor of the Warsaw ghetto uprising and an anti- Zionist who did not choose to immigrate to Israel even after the war. etc.

There are some atheists due to the influence of the Polish People's Republic era , and recently, the number of Poles who voluntarily become atheists regardless of the Polish People's Republic era is gradually increasing. In fact, it is said that among Polish people in their 20s and younger, not many believe in religion.

Before September 1, 2017, the education system was a 6-3-3-3 system similar to Korea, except for kindergarten.[92] After September 1, 2017, two levels of elementary education will be provided for eight years from 7 to 15 years old, and no exams will be taken during elementary education.

Secondary education begins at age 15 and lasts 4 years at general high schools and 5 years at technical high schools. In secondary education, you can choose a general school or a technical school at your own discretion. In order to graduate, in a general school, you must choose one of three languages, Polish, mathematics, or a foreign language, and take an exam at an advanced level, and in a technical school, you must pass an engineering experiment to graduate. This is to enable students to obtain vocational qualifications upon graduating from school. Secondary education is compulsory, and education must be received from the age of 7 to 19 or 20.

You can apply to universities based on your secondary education grades. You can choose majors such as technology (engineering), medicine, or economics. University education focuses on humanities, foreign languages, and pure or natural sciences. As with compulsory education, both tuition and transportation are free, but you must pass the graduation exam to graduate.

The university is similar to other European countries, which is 3 years of bachelor's and two years of master's degree. There are more independent colleges such as economics, life science, and engineering universities rather than general universities. As the universities in the Bishagrad Group , as soon as the universities in the state, were actively attracting foreign students as soon as they escaped the communist economy system.[93] Surprisingly, a lot of universities run a program in English. In Korea, there are more people who go to Polish universities through exchange student programs. Typical universities include Yagi Elonski University in Krakuf and the University of Warsaw in Warsaw .

Recently, international schools are entering one after another amid the economic development and foreign investment flow. There are several Anglo-American international schools in Warsaw, the capital city, and recently, international schools are being established in Wroclaw as well . There are quite a few cases of entering. Although circumstances vary from school to school, the number of Korean students is relatively large, and you can often see Korean universities on the list of universities for graduates. One characteristic is that most of them have introduced IB programs, unless they are labeled as British schools.[94]

※ Excluding works from those countries.