North Atlantic Treaty Organization
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord (OTAN) | |||||
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member states | 12 countries (founding day) 32 countries (currently) | ||||
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1. outline2. designation3. history4. member states5. partner country
5.1. Partnership for Peace (PfP)5.2. mediterranean5.3. Istanbul Cooperation Initiative State5.4. Global Partner Countries
6. Potential hostile country7. Relations with Korea8. Secretary general9. Past summits5.4.1. AP4
9.1. NATO meeting with separate documents
10. function and activity history11. Extended Discussion11.1. russia11.2. Moldova11.3. Bosnia and Herzegovina11.4. Serbia11.5. armenia11.6. Ireland11.7. Austria11.8. Ukraine11.9. Georgia11.10. Kosovo11.11. Cyprus11.12. Korea, Japan, India, Brazil
12. arguement12.1. problem
13. Major non-NATO allies14. power15. NATO standards and specifications16. military organization17. etc18. mass media19. related document20. look around1. outline
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NATO Headquarters in Brussels, Belgium |
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( North Atlantic Treaty Organization / Organization du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord), abbreviated as NATO , commonly known as the North Atlantic Alliance , is a collective defense treaty organization of international political Western- oriented countries in North America and Europe established in 1949 , at the beginning of the Cold War , under the North Atlantic Treaty , a collective security treaty . It is.
The headquarters is located in Brussels , the capital of Belgium . The chief is the Secretary -General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization , and the current secretary is Markruer .
The headquarters is located in Brussels , the capital of Belgium . The chief is the Secretary -General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization , and the current secretary is Markruer .
2. designation
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NATO , a commonly used acronym , is an abbreviation for the English 'North Atlantic Treaty Organization'. It is pronounced as neito (/ˈneɪ.t̬ʰoʊ/) and is often pronounced as NATO in Korea or Japan. Countries that use the NATO notation are those belonging to the Germanic language group, such as the United States , the United Kingdom , Germany , Denmark , and Norway .
Conversely , France and Spain[11] In some countries belonging to the Romance language family, it is written as OTAN , an acronym for 'Organization du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord' , and pronounced as OTAN (/ˈɔ.tɑ̃/).[12] However, even in the Romance language group, Italy[13] , Portugal , and Romania, the acronym is called NATO, just like in English, regardless of word order. Therefore, in the case of troops participating in the war as members of NATO forces rather than a specific nationality, or jointly owned aircraft, an insignia with both identification symbols, NATO-OTAN, is used.
3. history
70 years of NATO history in 70 seconds |
"We are NATO." |
3.1. Cold War and Creation
Immediately after the end of World War II in 1945, Eastern Europe became communist like dominoes within a year or two due to behind-the-scenes work by the Soviet Union , and Western countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom felt a great threat. Meanwhile, Germany, a defeated country, was occupied by the Allied Powers in four divisions , and the three countries, the United States, Britain, and France, pursued a plan to end military rule in Germany and create a new democratic government through democratic general elections to make it independent. However, just as it had done in other Eastern European regions, the Soviet Union had already established a puppet communist party called the Socialist Unity Party (SED) in Germany's occupied territory, that is, East Germany, in 1946, and had taken control of East Germany by subjugating or purging East German leftist forces, such as the existing German Communist Party and the German Social Democratic Party , that had existed since the Weimar Republic. Naturally, the Soviet Union opposed the plan of the three US-British countries to hold democratic general elections in Germany and make it independent. In the end, the German general election and independence plan were stranded as no agreement was reached due to the confrontation between the US, UK, and the Soviet Union.
By 1947 , it became clear that the Soviet Union had political control over East Germany. In this situation, when the Soviet Union took steps to unilaterally devalue the Reichsmark, Germany's currency, in East Germany, the USSR countered this by creating and circulating a new currency called the Mark in the three occupied areas, that is, West Germany. As a result, West Germany and East Germany began to separate economically. When the West German mark was circulated in West Berlin, the Soviet Union, under the pretext of opposing it, implemented a blockade of Berlin with the aim of taking over all of West Berlin. At that time, West Berlin was surrounded by hundreds of thousands of Soviet and East German troops in the middle of East Germany , and the Soviet Union calculated that by cutting off all supplies and electricity to West Berlin, West Berlin, which was on the verge of starvation, would succumb to the Soviet Union and East Germany. However, Western countries, led by the United States, Britain, France, Canada, and Australia, launched an airlift operation in Berlin and transported a huge amount of daily necessities for 2.2 million West Berliners via transport planes.
As Soviet expansionism and military threats expanded to the West due to the blockade of Berlin, Western European countries, feeling threatened, urgently agreed to create a military alliance. This led to the beginning of the Cold War between the two sides , and in April 1949, when the Berlin blockade was in progress. On the 4th, the North Atlantic Treaty was signed and NATO was created. The treaty began to take effect on August 24, and April 4 is generally considered the date of its creation. The founding countries of NATO were the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, and Portugal. At first, discussions on its creation began mainly in North America and Western and Central European countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg, but many Northern and Southern European countries, feeling threatened by the Berlin blockade, also expressed interest in participating in the creation. As the number of countries increased, most countries in Western Europe, excluding neutral countries (Switzerland and Austria), participated in the creation of NATO.
By 1947 , it became clear that the Soviet Union had political control over East Germany. In this situation, when the Soviet Union took steps to unilaterally devalue the Reichsmark, Germany's currency, in East Germany, the USSR countered this by creating and circulating a new currency called the Mark in the three occupied areas, that is, West Germany. As a result, West Germany and East Germany began to separate economically. When the West German mark was circulated in West Berlin, the Soviet Union, under the pretext of opposing it, implemented a blockade of Berlin with the aim of taking over all of West Berlin. At that time, West Berlin was surrounded by hundreds of thousands of Soviet and East German troops in the middle of East Germany , and the Soviet Union calculated that by cutting off all supplies and electricity to West Berlin, West Berlin, which was on the verge of starvation, would succumb to the Soviet Union and East Germany. However, Western countries, led by the United States, Britain, France, Canada, and Australia, launched an airlift operation in Berlin and transported a huge amount of daily necessities for 2.2 million West Berliners via transport planes.
As Soviet expansionism and military threats expanded to the West due to the blockade of Berlin, Western European countries, feeling threatened, urgently agreed to create a military alliance. This led to the beginning of the Cold War between the two sides , and in April 1949, when the Berlin blockade was in progress. On the 4th, the North Atlantic Treaty was signed and NATO was created. The treaty began to take effect on August 24, and April 4 is generally considered the date of its creation. The founding countries of NATO were the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, and Portugal. At first, discussions on its creation began mainly in North America and Western and Central European countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg, but many Northern and Southern European countries, feeling threatened by the Berlin blockade, also expressed interest in participating in the creation. As the number of countries increased, most countries in Western Europe, excluding neutral countries (Switzerland and Austria), participated in the creation of NATO.
The States Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of their Member States, occurring in Europe or North America, shall be regarded as an attack on all of their Members, and accordingly, in the event of such armed attack, the exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defense recognized by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations. agrees to support the Parties by carrying out, individually or in cooperation with other Parties, such actions as may be deemed necessary, including the use of force, to restore and maintain security in the North Atlantic region. Any such armed attack and any action taken as a result must be immediately reported to the United Nations Security Council. These measures shall also end when the Security Council takes the necessary measures to restore and maintain international peace and security.North Atlantic Treaty Organization Charter Article 5
Later, on February 18, 1952, Greece and Turkiye joined. With the advent of the Cold War after World War II, Türkiye was doing his best in diplomatic efforts to be incorporated into the Western camp in order to respond to the growing threat of the Soviet Union , his historical enemy. Therefore, when the Korean War broke out on the Korean Peninsula in 1950, Turkiye decided to send troops to Korea as a member of the UN forces without delay. Turkiye, which was recognized by Western society for its contribution to the Korean War, was approved to join NATO despite being geographically close to an Asian country.
On May 9, 1955, West Germany 's accession to NATO, which had been withheld from the Soviet Union, was officially approved.
NATO is a Western military alliance against the Soviet Union, but its nature was not clear in the beginning. The Soviet Union applied for NATO membership in March 1954, saying it wanted to contribute to European security . However, it was not rejected outright, but was rejected after heated debate among member states at the time. After the death of Joseph Stalin on March 5, 1953, the situation in the Soviet Union was changing rapidly. First, a collective leadership system centered on Georgi Malenkov was established, but under it, a fierce struggle was taking place among the next candidates to become Stalin's successor. Although they were competing for power, what they all had in common was that they should break away from the Stalin era when they could not breathe properly, relieve the oppressive social atmosphere, resolve tensions with the West, and foster agriculture and light industry, which had been neglected, to create a country that was somewhat livable. In addition, as oil fields exploded in Central Asia at the same time, arguments were emerging that reconciliation with the West should be sought for the sake of exporting resources such as oil. So, release the Gulag prisoners and put pressure on North Korea and China to hasten the Korean War. He sent a gesture of reconciliation to the United States in many ways, including signing an armistice agreement . It was in this context that the Soviet Union expressed its intention to apply for NATO membership, and 1954 was a time when Western countries, including the United States, briefly had expectations of change and openness toward the Soviet Union.
However, the Soviet Union's struggle for power was quickly resolved with Nikita Khrushchev taking over as successor following the execution of Lavrenty Beria . Afterwards, the Soviet Union began to suppress the democratization movement in Eastern Europe and increase its military, showing signs that the Cold War would become more acute. Finally, on May 9, 1955, NATO approved West Germany's accession to NATO, which had been delayed for five years. Then, the Soviet Union fiercely criticized NATO for forming an anti-communist alliance, and just five days later, on May 14, it gathered Eastern European satellite countries and created the Warsaw Pact . The irony of the former Warsaw Pact countries is that after the end of the Cold War with the collapse of the Soviet Union, all countries except Russia switched to NATO.
Spain, which had been a neutral country under Francisco Franco since World War II, was democratized in 1981 after his death and joined NATO on May 30, 1982.
Germany was reunified on October 3, 1990, and on that day, the East German Army withdrew from the Warsaw Pact and was integrated into the Bundeswehr of West Germany and absorbed into NATO. As the former East German army, which had only Soviet-made weapons, entered NATO, various Soviet-made weapons that Western countries and military enthusiasts around the world had been curious about gradually began to be unveiled and their actual capabilities began to be revealed, but as a result, many military enthusiasts were disappointed.
The actual participation of NATO forces did not occur during the Cold War, and NATO forces eventually intervened during the Yugoslav War and the Kosovo War, which were hellish events in the 1990s after the end of the Cold War.
3.2. post-cold war
The Cold War was over in the early 1990s, and the Warsaw Treaty Organization officially declared dismantling on July 1, 1991. When the Cold War ended and the East Germany disappeared and Germany unified , the United States and the Soviet Union made an unlimited promise that the NATO did not expand at the time (1990). Relevant articles
However, in contrast, NATO expanded into Eastern Europe. The United States was not positive about NATO expansion from the beginning. For example, at a meeting held with NATO foreign ministers on June 10, 1993, early in U.S. President Bill Clinton 's term, Secretary of State Warren Christopher, who represented the U.S., reacted negatively to NATO expansion, saying, "In appropriate time, we may choose to enlarge NATO membership. But this is not now on the agenda." He said that Ukraine's denuclearization was more important than NATO expansion. This was because the expansion of NATO would automatically establish Ukraine as a buffer between NATO and Russia, which could result in the denuclearization of Ukraine being defeated. At a meeting with White House ministers and Central European foreign ministers held on January 11, 1994, the foreign ministers of Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary, who were very wary of Russia's expansion, requested that they want to join NATO immediately, but White House ministers responded. “Let’s see whether it will succeed in reform and become a good bear, or whether it will become an expansionist bad bear,” he said, rejecting these countries’ request to join NATO .
However, the United States changed its position and expanded NATO to Eastern Europe. The following are some of the reasons why the Bill Clinton administration turned sharply toward NATO expansion.
However, in contrast, NATO expanded into Eastern Europe. The United States was not positive about NATO expansion from the beginning. For example, at a meeting held with NATO foreign ministers on June 10, 1993, early in U.S. President Bill Clinton 's term, Secretary of State Warren Christopher, who represented the U.S., reacted negatively to NATO expansion, saying, "In appropriate time, we may choose to enlarge NATO membership. But this is not now on the agenda." He said that Ukraine's denuclearization was more important than NATO expansion. This was because the expansion of NATO would automatically establish Ukraine as a buffer between NATO and Russia, which could result in the denuclearization of Ukraine being defeated. At a meeting with White House ministers and Central European foreign ministers held on January 11, 1994, the foreign ministers of Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary, who were very wary of Russia's expansion, requested that they want to join NATO immediately, but White House ministers responded. “Let’s see whether it will succeed in reform and become a good bear, or whether it will become an expansionist bad bear,” he said, rejecting these countries’ request to join NATO .
However, the United States changed its position and expanded NATO to Eastern Europe. The following are some of the reasons why the Bill Clinton administration turned sharply toward NATO expansion.
- Central European countries that have historically been harmed by Russia, such as Poland , the Czech Republic , Slovakia , Slovenia , Croatia , Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania , the Baltic States, and southern European countries located on the Balkan Peninsula are extremely disgusted with Russia's expansionism and are persistent. They demanded that the group join NATO. The reasons why these countries developed a grudge against the Soviet Union and Russia include the Katyn Massacre , the invasion of the Baltic countries , the Prague Spring , the Siege of Budapest , and the 1956 Hungarian Revolution .
- When wars and genocide took place in non-NATO countries, such as the Bosnian War, the United States and NATO were helplessly unable to intervene militarily.
- The disintegration of the Soviet Union and the establishment of the Russian Federation also had an impact. Like the First Chechen War, the conflict between Russia and its neighboring countries became a reality, but Russia could not properly control this conflict. In the December 1993 general elections in Russia, the Russian far-right party, the Russian Liberal Democratic Party, won the largest number of seats.
- In the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives elections held in December 1994 , the Republican Party , which had pursued a NATO expansionist policy, swept the Senate and House of Representatives, making the NATO expansion policy an unstoppable trend in the United States. #
The person who most actively responded to these American demands was German Chancellor Helmut Kohl . The interesting thing is that Helmut Kohl was not a NATO expansionist at first either. For example, at the NATO meeting held in January 1994, Helmut Kohl publicly expressed opposition to NATO expansion, saying, "We can provide support to Eastern European countries, but we cannot allow them to join NATO." However, he too came back to agree. The reasons are as follows. #
- The massacre of massacre and the resulting refugee caused by the Bosnian war affected Germany. Because Bosnian refugees were poured out in Germany. According to a meeting between Helmut Call and Bill Clinton on December 5, 1994, 400,000 refugees were already in Germany due to disputes and ethnic massacre triggered in Yugoslavia, such as the Bosnia War . #
- Kohl was the pro-Western Russian president at the time. Boris Yeltsin believed that he was not properly controlling the military. This is an episode that Helmut Kohl talked about in a meeting with Bill Clinton. As Russia continues to bomb countries in conflict, Helmut Kohl calls Boris Yeltsin and asks him to stop the bombing. Boris Yeltsin responded and immediately stopped the bombing, but 24 hours later the bombing reportedly resumed. At this time, Helmut Kohl did not think that Boris Yeltsin had lied to him, but he did think that it seemed clear that the Russian military was gradually breaking away from Boris Yeltsin's control. #
Therefore, Helmut Kohl also actively cooperated with Bill Clinton and promoted NATO's eastward policy.
As a result, in March 1999 (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland) and in March 2004 (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Romania, and Bulgaria) joined the NATO.[14] Of these 10 countries, eight countries, except Romania and Bulgaria, joined the European Union in May 2004, and Romania and Bulgaria joined in 2007, three years later.
3.3. new cold war
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After the war in South Ossetia , Croatia and Albania joined NATO in 2009 . Montenegro joined NATO in 2017 and North Macedonia joined NATO in 2020 .
After the invasion of Ukraine in Russia in 2022, Sweden and Finland , who kept their position in the Cold War neutral nations , filed an application for joining in 2022 to fight Russia's military threats. On March 30, 2023, Finland's joining was approved by Turkiye, and all member states approved Finland's NATO joining, and on April 4, Finland was officially added as the 31st member country of NATO. On February 26, 2024, the Hungarian parliament ratified Sweden's joining NATO, and all member countries approved Sweden's NATO joining . It was later added as the official 32nd member country on March 7, 2024. source
Ireland , a neutral country , also signed an agreement to protect its undersea infrastructure and strengthen cooperation with NATO due to threats from Russia. # However, regarding Ireland's plans to join NATO, a spokesperson for the Irish Ministry of Defense said that there are currently no plans to join. source
In addition, NATO is strengthening continuous cooperation by designating four countries in the Asia- Pacific region, including South Korea , Japan , Australia , and New Zealand, as a separate partner group from 2022 to prepare for a military confrontation with China , another potential enemy across the Atlantic and in the Pacific . Representative examples include the establishment of regular meetings of the four countries' heads of state and ministers and vice ministers, and the establishment of a NATO liaison office in Japan with jurisdiction over the four countries.[15] Discussions on the NATO Liaison Office in Japan were halted. #
During the Russian Polish provocation in 2025 , the Dutch Royal Air Force, the Polish Air Force, and the US Air Force intercepted drones to shoot down the aircraft as the first in NATO.
On April 1, 2026, news broke that the United States was strongly considering withdrawing from NATO.
After the invasion of Ukraine in Russia in 2022, Sweden and Finland , who kept their position in the Cold War neutral nations , filed an application for joining in 2022 to fight Russia's military threats. On March 30, 2023, Finland's joining was approved by Turkiye, and all member states approved Finland's NATO joining, and on April 4, Finland was officially added as the 31st member country of NATO. On February 26, 2024, the Hungarian parliament ratified Sweden's joining NATO, and all member countries approved Sweden's NATO joining . It was later added as the official 32nd member country on March 7, 2024. source
Ireland , a neutral country , also signed an agreement to protect its undersea infrastructure and strengthen cooperation with NATO due to threats from Russia. # However, regarding Ireland's plans to join NATO, a spokesperson for the Irish Ministry of Defense said that there are currently no plans to join. source
In addition, NATO is strengthening continuous cooperation by designating four countries in the Asia- Pacific region, including South Korea , Japan , Australia , and New Zealand, as a separate partner group from 2022 to prepare for a military confrontation with China , another potential enemy across the Atlantic and in the Pacific . Representative examples include the establishment of regular meetings of the four countries' heads of state and ministers and vice ministers, and the establishment of a NATO liaison office in Japan with jurisdiction over the four countries.[15] Discussions on the NATO Liaison Office in Japan were halted. #
During the Russian Polish provocation in 2025 , the Dutch Royal Air Force, the Polish Air Force, and the US Air Force intercepted drones to shoot down the aircraft as the first in NATO.
On April 1, 2026, news broke that the United States was strongly considering withdrawing from NATO.
But they didn't step up for us
Interpreting President Trump 's remarks, it appears that member states' responses to the US-Iran war and the Russia-Ukraine war had a significant impact. Trump: “NATO, paper tiger… strongly considering withdrawal” <British Telegraph>
4. member states
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Current status of NATO member countries by year |
A total of 32 countries are members.
- Joined in 1949
- Joined in 1952
- Joined in 1955
- joined in 1982
- joined in 1999
- joined in 2004
- joined in 2009
- Joined in 2017
- Join in 2020
- join in 2023
- Join in 2024
Closely related countries that are not members of NATO are:
Ireland and Malta have ongoing military exchanges with NATO. Switzerland and Austria have not joined NATO due to their nature as permanently neutral countries, and Cyprus is in a situation where it is realistically impossible to join NATO due to its special division.
5. partner country
5.1. Partnership for Peace (PfP)
Partnership for Peace 'PfP ' (Partnership for Peace) #
It is a partnership agreement signed by NATO with non-NATO countries after the end of the Cold War. NATO and its partner countries carry out military exchanges on training, education, disaster response, science, and environment.
This idea, proposed by American politicians such as Bill Clinton, was praised as genius by then-Russian President Boris Yeltsin because it pursued peace without setting up another border within Europe. However, in reality, it is evaluated that it was a form of protecting Russia's pride by establishing a relationship of equal partners between NATO members and non-NATO members. If Russia were to truly join NATO, the Russian army, like the armies of other NATO member countries, would effectively be under the command of the U.S. military, which was an unacceptable condition from Russia's perspective.
On the other hand , Eastern European countries, who were seriously threatened with Russia, such as Poland , the Czech Republic , and Hungary , wanted to join NATO as soon as possible, before joining NATO, and they wanted to join NATO as a military exchange with NATO through PFP relationships. Since then, most countries that have joined NATO , Romania , Baltic , Slovakia , Bulgaria , Albania , and Croatia have joined PFP, and have been formally joined NATO and have left the PFP at the same time.
Because of the different attitudes toward NATO among PfP member countries, there is some disagreement about the nature of PfP and how the US and Russia understood PfP in 1994. See White House declassified data .
Later, even when the relationship between NATO and Russia deteriorated, NATO and Russia carried out many exchanges as a PfP relationship. No matter what the inside, there was no reason to openly reject the 'partnership for peace' because the justification put forward on the surface was peace . For example, in 2010 and 2020 NATO and Russian navies conducted joint exercises, following the 2008 South Ossetian War and the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea .
However, between 2021 and 2022, the relationship between NATO and Russia reached its worst. In October 2021, Russia closed NATO offices in Moscow and NATO expelled eight Russian diplomats from Brussels . And after 2022, NATO has set Russia as its main enemy again.
However, as PfP was created in the thawing mood after the collapse of the Soviet Union, its presence is gradually being diluted as military tensions between Europe and Central Asia increase, and funding is also gradually decreasing over time, so the future is not bright.
Below are the current PfP Member States.
It is a partnership agreement signed by NATO with non-NATO countries after the end of the Cold War. NATO and its partner countries carry out military exchanges on training, education, disaster response, science, and environment.
This idea, proposed by American politicians such as Bill Clinton, was praised as genius by then-Russian President Boris Yeltsin because it pursued peace without setting up another border within Europe. However, in reality, it is evaluated that it was a form of protecting Russia's pride by establishing a relationship of equal partners between NATO members and non-NATO members. If Russia were to truly join NATO, the Russian army, like the armies of other NATO member countries, would effectively be under the command of the U.S. military, which was an unacceptable condition from Russia's perspective.
On the other hand , Eastern European countries, who were seriously threatened with Russia, such as Poland , the Czech Republic , and Hungary , wanted to join NATO as soon as possible, before joining NATO, and they wanted to join NATO as a military exchange with NATO through PFP relationships. Since then, most countries that have joined NATO , Romania , Baltic , Slovakia , Bulgaria , Albania , and Croatia have joined PFP, and have been formally joined NATO and have left the PFP at the same time.
Because of the different attitudes toward NATO among PfP member countries, there is some disagreement about the nature of PfP and how the US and Russia understood PfP in 1994. See White House declassified data .
Later, even when the relationship between NATO and Russia deteriorated, NATO and Russia carried out many exchanges as a PfP relationship. No matter what the inside, there was no reason to openly reject the 'partnership for peace' because the justification put forward on the surface was peace . For example, in 2010 and 2020 NATO and Russian navies conducted joint exercises, following the 2008 South Ossetian War and the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea .
However, between 2021 and 2022, the relationship between NATO and Russia reached its worst. In October 2021, Russia closed NATO offices in Moscow and NATO expelled eight Russian diplomats from Brussels . And after 2022, NATO has set Russia as its main enemy again.
However, as PfP was created in the thawing mood after the collapse of the Soviet Union, its presence is gradually being diluted as military tensions between Europe and Central Asia increase, and funding is also gradually decreasing over time, so the future is not bright.
Below are the current PfP Member States.
- (joined on 16 March 1994)Moldova
- (joined on April 26, 1995 and withdrew, rejoined on April 3, 2008)Malta
- (joined on 11 January 1995)Belarus
- (joined on 14 December 2006)Bosnia and Herzegovina
- (joined on 14 December 2006)Serbia
- (joined on 11 December 1996)Swiss
- (joined on 5 October 1994)armenia
- (joined on December 1, 1999)Ireland
- (joined on May 4, 1994)Azerbaijan
- (joined on 13 July 1994)Uzbekistan
- (joined on February 8, 1994)Ukraine
- (joined on 10 February 1995)Austria
- (joined 23 March 1994)Georgia
- (joined on 27 May 1994)Kazakhstan
- (joined on 1 June 1994)Kyrgyzstan
- (joined on February 20, 2002)Tajikistan
- (joined on 10 May 1994)Turkmenistan
5.2. mediterranean
5.3. Istanbul Cooperation Initiative State
5.4. Global Partner Countries
5.4.1. AP4
Among the global partner countries, the four countries of Korea , Japan , Australia , and New Zealand are also called the Asia-Pacific 4 (AP4) . As the importance of the Asia-Pacific region is highlighted due to China's war diplomacy and advocacy for Russia, NATO is attempting to move eastward by expanding its radius of activity from the existing North America-North Atlantic-Europe region to the Asia-Pacific region. Accordingly, starting in 2022, NATO began inviting the four countries to summit meetings , and summit meetings of the four countries also began to be held during NATO meetings.
The first AP4 summit meeting in 2022 was held without a special agenda, but the 2023 AP4 summit meeting was chaired by South Korean President Yoon Seok-yeol . Considering that the AP4 summit was held by four countries being invited to the NATO meeting for two consecutive years rather than as a one-time event, it is expected that AP4 meetings will be held regularly at each NATO meeting every year in the future. However, the AP4 countries use NATO as a link, and it is observed that the possibility of forming a separate consultative body among the four countries is low. # #
Please note that the expression Asia-Pacific 4 or AP4 is not only used in Korean media. There are several examples of the expression being used in diplomatic circles and foreign media, including the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Korea , the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan , the Nippon Keizai Shimbun , The Diplomat of the United States, and the US Institute of Peace. However, it is not yet a universal and commonly used expression in media around the world. And in NATO, it is only expressed as 'partners in the Indo-Pacific region', and there has yet to be an example of using that expression officially . # # # # # # #
The first AP4 summit meeting in 2022 was held without a special agenda, but the 2023 AP4 summit meeting was chaired by South Korean President Yoon Seok-yeol . Considering that the AP4 summit was held by four countries being invited to the NATO meeting for two consecutive years rather than as a one-time event, it is expected that AP4 meetings will be held regularly at each NATO meeting every year in the future. However, the AP4 countries use NATO as a link, and it is observed that the possibility of forming a separate consultative body among the four countries is low. # #
Please note that the expression Asia-Pacific 4 or AP4 is not only used in Korean media. There are several examples of the expression being used in diplomatic circles and foreign media, including the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Korea , the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan , the Nippon Keizai Shimbun , The Diplomat of the United States, and the US Institute of Peace. However, it is not yet a universal and commonly used expression in media around the world. And in NATO, it is only expressed as 'partners in the Indo-Pacific region', and there has yet to be an example of using that expression officially . # # # # # # #
6. Potential hostile country
7. Relations with Korea
The first time that South Korea and NATO established relations was in December 2005, when Ban Ki-moon , then Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade of the Roh Moo-hyun administration, joined the North Atlantic Council (NAC), the highest decision-making body of NATO. The following year, in 2006, South Korea joined Latvia. It was designated as a contact country at the NATO summit held in Riga , and the Korea-NATO policy consultation meeting and high-level personnel exchanges took place.
In December 2009, during the Lee Myung -bak administration , Korea and NATO signed an information exchange MOU for the first time, and the ROK troops dispatched to Afghanistan as the MOU could smoothly share information with international security support forces . Later, in 2012, it agreed with NATO and individual partnership national programs.
In April 2022, at the time of the Moon Jae-in administration , Korea launched NATO's Cyber Defense Center (CCDCOE)[24] joined as a full member.
In June 2022, during the Yoon Seok-yeol administration , President Yoon Seok-yeol was invited to attend the NATO Madrid Summit . 2022 will be the first time that the President of the Republic of Korea has attended the NATO Summit. As the importance of security in the Indo-Pacific region was emphasized, in addition to Korea, the leaders of Japan , Australia , and New Zealand were also invited to attend. Afterwards, in November 2022, a representative office to NATO was established at the Embassy in Belgium .
Cooperation has been accelerating for about 20 years since the 2000s, and the scope of military cooperation is broadening given that several countries of the United Nations Command that cooperate with U.S. forces in Korea are members of NATO.
In 2024, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg invited South Korea to the NATO Summit for the third consecutive year. #
As the regime was changed to the Lee Jae -myung administration , interest was drawn to whether President Lee would attend the NATO summit in Hague, the Netherlands in June 2025 . Initially, he considered the lack of preparation for multilateral diplomacy and concerns about stimulating China and Russian stimulus, but he was in the name of attending the normal diplomatic restoration after martial arts, and in order to attend the domestic and international concerns about diplomacy routes .
Moreover, NATO member countries, who confirmed the production capacity and performance of the Korean defense industry through the Korea-Poland defense contract, had no hesitation in choosing Korea to replace their aging armaments, thus taking on an important role as an armament supplier.
According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)'s <2025 Global Arms Transfer Trends Report>, South Korea ranked second as a weapons supplier to NATO between 2021 and 2025. During this period, 58% of newly supplied weapons were supplied by the United States and 8.6% by Korea. Korea is ahead of France, the EU's traditional defense industry powerhouse. #
For this reason, there have been rumors that Korea is trying to join as a full member, but this is not possible due to geographical and political restrictions. Italy's defense proposal 'NATO should be expanded to Korea'
In December 2009, during the Lee Myung -bak administration , Korea and NATO signed an information exchange MOU for the first time, and the ROK troops dispatched to Afghanistan as the MOU could smoothly share information with international security support forces . Later, in 2012, it agreed with NATO and individual partnership national programs.
In April 2022, at the time of the Moon Jae-in administration , Korea launched NATO's Cyber Defense Center (CCDCOE)[24] joined as a full member.
In June 2022, during the Yoon Seok-yeol administration , President Yoon Seok-yeol was invited to attend the NATO Madrid Summit . 2022 will be the first time that the President of the Republic of Korea has attended the NATO Summit. As the importance of security in the Indo-Pacific region was emphasized, in addition to Korea, the leaders of Japan , Australia , and New Zealand were also invited to attend. Afterwards, in November 2022, a representative office to NATO was established at the Embassy in Belgium .
Cooperation has been accelerating for about 20 years since the 2000s, and the scope of military cooperation is broadening given that several countries of the United Nations Command that cooperate with U.S. forces in Korea are members of NATO.
In 2024, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg invited South Korea to the NATO Summit for the third consecutive year. #
As the regime was changed to the Lee Jae -myung administration , interest was drawn to whether President Lee would attend the NATO summit in Hague, the Netherlands in June 2025 . Initially, he considered the lack of preparation for multilateral diplomacy and concerns about stimulating China and Russian stimulus, but he was in the name of attending the normal diplomatic restoration after martial arts, and in order to attend the domestic and international concerns about diplomacy routes .
Moreover, NATO member countries, who confirmed the production capacity and performance of the Korean defense industry through the Korea-Poland defense contract, had no hesitation in choosing Korea to replace their aging armaments, thus taking on an important role as an armament supplier.
According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)'s <2025 Global Arms Transfer Trends Report>, South Korea ranked second as a weapons supplier to NATO between 2021 and 2025. During this period, 58% of newly supplied weapons were supplied by the United States and 8.6% by Korea. Korea is ahead of France, the EU's traditional defense industry powerhouse. #
For this reason, there have been rumors that Korea is trying to join as a full member, but this is not possible due to geographical and political restrictions. Italy's defense proposal 'NATO should be expanded to Korea'
8. Secretary general
[ Expand/Collapse ]
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more detailsNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization Secretary General documentcastPlease note.9. Past summits
session | held date | host country | Venue |
1 | December 16-19, 1957 | ||
2 | June 26, 1974 | ||
3 | May 29-30, 1975 | ||
4 | May 10-11, 1977 | ||
5 | May 30-31, 1978 | ||
6 | June 10, 1982 | ||
7 | November 21, 1985 | ||
8 | March 2-3, 1988 | ||
9 | May 29-30, 1989 | ||
10 | December 4, 1989 | ||
11 | July 5-6, 1990 | ||
12 | November 7-8, 1991 | ||
13 | January 10-11, 1994 | ||
14 | May 27, 1997 | ||
15 | July 8-9, 1997 | ||
16 | April 23-25, 1999 | ||
17 | June 13, 2001 | ||
18 | May 28, 2002 | ||
19 | November 21-22, 2002 | ||
20 | June 28-29, 2004 | ||
21 | February 22, 2005 | ||
22 | November 28-29, 2006 | ||
23 | April 2 - 4, 2008 | ||
24 | April 3-4, 2009 | Strasbourgkel | |
25 | November 19-20, 2010 | ||
26 | May 20-21, 2012 | ||
27 | September 4th - 5th, 2014 | ||
28 | July 8-9, 2016 | ||
29 | May 25, 2017 | ||
30 | July 11-12, 2018 | ||
31 | December 3rd - 4th, 2019 | Watford | |
32 | June 14, 2021 | ||
33 | February 25, 2022 | video meeting | video meeting |
34 | June 29-30, 2022 | ||
35 | July 11-12, 2023 | ||
36 | July 9-11, 2024 | ||
37 | June 24-26, 2025 | ||
38 | July 7-8, 2026 | ||
39 | 2027 |
Bold is an invited time by Korea.[25]
9.1. NATO meeting with separate documents
10. function and activity history
The Korean War that broke out in 1950 was officially a war in which UN forces participated, but the main force of the UN forces was formed by NATO member countries, so it is safe to say that NATO actually participated in the war. Turkey, which had been hoping to join NATO in order to respond to the threat from the Soviet Union at the time, sent troops during the Korean War, and thanks to this, became a formal member of NATO in 1952 while the Korean War was in progress. The Korean War provided an opportunity to reorganize the NATO military system that had been established only one year ago.
In 1961, when India launched an armed invasion to reclaim the Portuguese colonies of Goa , Diu, and Daman, Portugal, which had no capacity to stop it, made a request for assistance, emphasizing NATO's joint response as it was a member of NATO. However, at that time, the United States and Britain took the lead and said that the region was not under NATO jurisdiction, and Portugal had to abandon all of its Indian colonies.
The only actual combat operations to date are the 1998 Operation Allied Force airstrikes during the Kosovo War and the 2011 Operation Unified Protector airstrikes during the first Libyan Civil War . In particular, the Kosovo intervention was an event that clearly demonstrated NATO's power, but also highlighted the importance of the United States in NATO and Europe. However, the airstrikes throughout Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War caused friction among NATO member states on humanitarian grounds, and especially the relationship between the United States and France deteriorated. In fact, the bombings resulted in civilian casualties, and representative examples include the NATO bombing of the Serbian broadcasting station and the US bombing of the Chinese embassy .
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the tendency of political institutions has been greatly highlighted. However, it is only highlighted due to the views of the American political science community, which focused only on NATO's military function. In fact, the European political science community has been paying attention to NATO's political function since the 1950s. This is evident in the fact that the NATO Secretary-General, who also serves as the chairman of the North Atlantic Commission, a political organization, was all from Europe, but the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe, who holds the command of NATO forces, was all occupied by US generals.
In March 2011, it intervened in the civil war in Libya , attacking Gaddafi's government forces . In 2012, in the midst of the Syrian civil war , when a fighter jet of the Turkish Air Force was shot down and shells fell on the territory of Turkey, NATO responded and allied countries dispatched air defense units to Turkey. Since then, Syrian government forces have stopped their attacks on Turkiye territory, expressing their fear of NATO.
Because of the global economic recession, all major NATO countries are unable to focus on national defense, so they are not showing as much power as they used to. Specifically, out of the 20 countries in the world that significantly reduced their defense budgets between 2012 and 2014, 13 were NATO member countries. # Moreover, the agreement between member countries is not what it used to be. For this reason, some people satirize the English abbreviation and call it the North Atlantic Toothless Organization. However, defense spending has recently been increasing in NATO member countries in Europe, starting with Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022. # And it is predicting a great revolution 67 years after its founding. #
NATO's anti-Russia unity... "The situation in member countries is very different"
However, when Donald Trump , who had been very negative about NATO's role , was elected as the 45th President of the United States in November 2016, the future of NATO began to change. became unclear. It will not disappear immediately, but it is clear that NATO member countries and the European Union are tense.
During the Cold War, when NATO was functioning properly, NATO's defense division between the United States and other member countries was close to 50:50, but around the time of the Libyan bombing, the defense division fell to 75:25. Even during the Cold War, Eastern European countries were part of the WP, not NATO (even considering that their economic power was very low compared to Western European countries). NATO aims to cover defense spending of about 2% of GDP, and the only countries that met this goal were the United States , Greece , the United Kingdom , Estonia , and Poland . # Estonia is just around the corner from St. Petersburg , Russia 's second-largest city and naval base , and Poland borders Russia and Belarus , a pro- Russian country , through Kaliningrad , and has a history of being ruled by Russia. Even taking into account the conflict with fellow NATO member Türkiye , Greece is spending properly on defense despite economic difficulties.
In other words, from the perspective of the United States, except for the United Kingdom, which has a special relationship, Western European countries may have a view that they pass on their national security and NATO obligations to poorer Eastern European countries or rely on the United States. In other words, Jang Seong-jin's dissatisfaction was properly caught.
At the summit commemorating the 70th anniversary of the founding of NATO held in London, England on December 3 and 4, 2019, the United States agreed to reduce NATO operating expenses from 22% to 16%, and Germany agreed to increase it to the same level as the United States from 15% to 16%. Additionally, Germany and France agreed to increase the defense budget to 2% of GDP. However, before the summit, French President Macron criticized NATO for being brain dead, talking about the discord between the U.S. and NATO allies and uncertainty in Turkiye ( pro-Russian policies such as the introduction of the S-400 ) in an interview with a media outlet. President Erdogan also said he would oppose collective defense plans for Poland and the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) unless NATO designated the Kurdish militia (YPG) as a terrorist group.
During the time of former President Donald Trump, he argued that NATO should expand into the Middle East in consideration of tensions between Iran and the Middle East, and even changed its name to 'NATO ME'. #
A space center is being built in Germany in response to Chinese and Russian military satellites. #
From March 2021, climate change will be considered a 'security threat' and response to it will be set as one of the core elements of the collective security strategy. #
Secretary-General Jens Stollenberg expressed concern about strengthening cooperation between Russia and Belarus. # He also mentioned cooperation with four countries, including Korea, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. #
On June 14, 2021, at the NATO Summit , Russia and China agreed to jointly respond to possible 'space wars'.
On November 23, 2022, NATO designates Russia as a terrorist state for its groundless war of aggression toward Ukraine.
At the 2023 NATO summit, the defense spending guideline was agreed to be at least 2% of gross domestic product (GDP). #
In 1961, when India launched an armed invasion to reclaim the Portuguese colonies of Goa , Diu, and Daman, Portugal, which had no capacity to stop it, made a request for assistance, emphasizing NATO's joint response as it was a member of NATO. However, at that time, the United States and Britain took the lead and said that the region was not under NATO jurisdiction, and Portugal had to abandon all of its Indian colonies.
The only actual combat operations to date are the 1998 Operation Allied Force airstrikes during the Kosovo War and the 2011 Operation Unified Protector airstrikes during the first Libyan Civil War . In particular, the Kosovo intervention was an event that clearly demonstrated NATO's power, but also highlighted the importance of the United States in NATO and Europe. However, the airstrikes throughout Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War caused friction among NATO member states on humanitarian grounds, and especially the relationship between the United States and France deteriorated. In fact, the bombings resulted in civilian casualties, and representative examples include the NATO bombing of the Serbian broadcasting station and the US bombing of the Chinese embassy .
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the tendency of political institutions has been greatly highlighted. However, it is only highlighted due to the views of the American political science community, which focused only on NATO's military function. In fact, the European political science community has been paying attention to NATO's political function since the 1950s. This is evident in the fact that the NATO Secretary-General, who also serves as the chairman of the North Atlantic Commission, a political organization, was all from Europe, but the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe, who holds the command of NATO forces, was all occupied by US generals.
In March 2011, it intervened in the civil war in Libya , attacking Gaddafi's government forces . In 2012, in the midst of the Syrian civil war , when a fighter jet of the Turkish Air Force was shot down and shells fell on the territory of Turkey, NATO responded and allied countries dispatched air defense units to Turkey. Since then, Syrian government forces have stopped their attacks on Turkiye territory, expressing their fear of NATO.
Because of the global economic recession, all major NATO countries are unable to focus on national defense, so they are not showing as much power as they used to. Specifically, out of the 20 countries in the world that significantly reduced their defense budgets between 2012 and 2014, 13 were NATO member countries. # Moreover, the agreement between member countries is not what it used to be. For this reason, some people satirize the English abbreviation and call it the North Atlantic Toothless Organization. However, defense spending has recently been increasing in NATO member countries in Europe, starting with Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022. # And it is predicting a great revolution 67 years after its founding. #
NATO's anti-Russia unity... "The situation in member countries is very different"
However, when Donald Trump , who had been very negative about NATO's role , was elected as the 45th President of the United States in November 2016, the future of NATO began to change. became unclear. It will not disappear immediately, but it is clear that NATO member countries and the European Union are tense.
During the Cold War, when NATO was functioning properly, NATO's defense division between the United States and other member countries was close to 50:50, but around the time of the Libyan bombing, the defense division fell to 75:25. Even during the Cold War, Eastern European countries were part of the WP, not NATO (even considering that their economic power was very low compared to Western European countries). NATO aims to cover defense spending of about 2% of GDP, and the only countries that met this goal were the United States , Greece , the United Kingdom , Estonia , and Poland . # Estonia is just around the corner from St. Petersburg , Russia 's second-largest city and naval base , and Poland borders Russia and Belarus , a pro- Russian country , through Kaliningrad , and has a history of being ruled by Russia. Even taking into account the conflict with fellow NATO member Türkiye , Greece is spending properly on defense despite economic difficulties.
In other words, from the perspective of the United States, except for the United Kingdom, which has a special relationship, Western European countries may have a view that they pass on their national security and NATO obligations to poorer Eastern European countries or rely on the United States. In other words, Jang Seong-jin's dissatisfaction was properly caught.
At the summit commemorating the 70th anniversary of the founding of NATO held in London, England on December 3 and 4, 2019, the United States agreed to reduce NATO operating expenses from 22% to 16%, and Germany agreed to increase it to the same level as the United States from 15% to 16%. Additionally, Germany and France agreed to increase the defense budget to 2% of GDP. However, before the summit, French President Macron criticized NATO for being brain dead, talking about the discord between the U.S. and NATO allies and uncertainty in Turkiye ( pro-Russian policies such as the introduction of the S-400 ) in an interview with a media outlet. President Erdogan also said he would oppose collective defense plans for Poland and the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) unless NATO designated the Kurdish militia (YPG) as a terrorist group.
During the time of former President Donald Trump, he argued that NATO should expand into the Middle East in consideration of tensions between Iran and the Middle East, and even changed its name to 'NATO ME'. #
A space center is being built in Germany in response to Chinese and Russian military satellites. #
From March 2021, climate change will be considered a 'security threat' and response to it will be set as one of the core elements of the collective security strategy. #
Secretary-General Jens Stollenberg expressed concern about strengthening cooperation between Russia and Belarus. # He also mentioned cooperation with four countries, including Korea, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. #
On June 14, 2021, at the NATO Summit , Russia and China agreed to jointly respond to possible 'space wars'.
On November 23, 2022, NATO designates Russia as a terrorist state for its groundless war of aggression toward Ukraine.
At the 2023 NATO summit, the defense spending guideline was agreed to be at least 2% of gross domestic product (GDP). #
11. Extended Discussion
  |
Discussions on expanding NATO membership[26] |
As of 2024, the countries officially wishing to join NATO are Bosnia-Herzegovina , Ukraine , and Georgia . #
11.1. russia
The history here goes back to the Soviet Union . For details, refer to paragraph 3.1 above.
In the 21st century, Russia became a first-class hostile country opposing NATO, but surprisingly, discussions about joining NATO continued until Boris Yeltsin's term in office and the early days of Vladimir Putin's administration. The United States also expressed its position, saying, “If Russia wants, Russia can also join NATO.”[27] In 1998, it declared an open door policy: "Our alliance is open to all European democracies, regardless of geographical issues, who are capable and willing to assume as member states the obligation to increase the security and stability of the whole of Europe." As Russia is also a nominally democratic country, it also left room for membership in NATO.
When NATO expansion was discussed in the 1990s, Russia's membership was also discussed. When Bill Clinton met with Boris Yeltsin to discuss NATO expansion, Bill Clinton persuaded Boris Yeltsin that NATO's expansion would change into a pan-European security organization rather than targeting specific countries such as Russia. However, contrary to Bill Clinton's claims, hardliners in the White House, represented by Al Gore, made it clear that the expansion of NATO was ultimately a strategy against Russia.[28]
Boris Yeltsin also expressed his intention to join NATO before other Eastern European countries at a dinner in January 1994 (“Russia has to be the first country to join NATO”). However, he did not officially raise his intention to join for fear of a potential Chinese reaction. # Previously, Mikhail Gorbachev also raised the possibility of joining NATO with U.S. Secretary of State John Baker, who came to discuss German unification in 1990, but John Baker dismissed the idea as a "dream." And it is said that Vladimir Putin asked Bill Clinton , who visited Moscow, Russia in 2000, about the possibility of joining NATO. # The British Guardian reported that in 1995, the British Ministry of Defense tried to give Russia the status of an associate member of NATO, but the decision was not made due to opposition from the British Strategy Council. #
Even though NATO has never officially denied Russia's membership, Russia has never officially applied for NATO membership. Russia did not directly pursue NATO membership, but merely explored the possibility. And even among NATO member states, the response to Russia's membership was not very positive. Instead, it designated Russia as part of NATO and the Partnership for Peace. Many of the communist countries of the former Soviet Union and Eastern and Central European countries and the countries that were part of the NATO partnership program later became formal NATO members. So exchanges between NATO and Russia continued. At that time, there were about four joint NATO-Russia military exercises. #
In 1997, NATO and Russia signed the Founding Act and promised a cooperative relationship. As terrorism emerged as a major global security issue after the September 11 attacks , Russia also participated in NATO's non-permanent meeting held in Rome in 2002 . However, when the Iraq War ended and America's interests returned to Eastern Europe, the conflict between NATO and Russia began. In particular, 2008 was the worst year, and during the NATO-Russia meeting held for cooperative purposes, the United States promised that Ukraine and Georgia would join NATO, which led to a backlash from Russia. In the subsequent South Ossetian War , NATO supported Georgia , while Russia supported Abkhazia and South Ossetia . And in 2008, Kosovo became independent from Serbia with the support of NATO , which did not fit the national interests of Russia, which supported Serbia .[29]
As this conflict continued, the relationship between NATO and Russia deteriorated, and bilateral relations froze after the Crimean crisis in 2014 . In the end, the Ukraine War , which began with Russia's unilateral and unjustified invasion in 2022, led NATO to transform Russia from a 'potential strategic partner' to a 'most significant and direct threat'. As a result, NATO and Russia broke off their weak cooperative relationship and completely separated, setting each other up as virtual enemies.
In the 21st century, Russia became a first-class hostile country opposing NATO, but surprisingly, discussions about joining NATO continued until Boris Yeltsin's term in office and the early days of Vladimir Putin's administration. The United States also expressed its position, saying, “If Russia wants, Russia can also join NATO.”[27] In 1998, it declared an open door policy: "Our alliance is open to all European democracies, regardless of geographical issues, who are capable and willing to assume as member states the obligation to increase the security and stability of the whole of Europe." As Russia is also a nominally democratic country, it also left room for membership in NATO.
When NATO expansion was discussed in the 1990s, Russia's membership was also discussed. When Bill Clinton met with Boris Yeltsin to discuss NATO expansion, Bill Clinton persuaded Boris Yeltsin that NATO's expansion would change into a pan-European security organization rather than targeting specific countries such as Russia. However, contrary to Bill Clinton's claims, hardliners in the White House, represented by Al Gore, made it clear that the expansion of NATO was ultimately a strategy against Russia.[28]
Boris Yeltsin also expressed his intention to join NATO before other Eastern European countries at a dinner in January 1994 (“Russia has to be the first country to join NATO”). However, he did not officially raise his intention to join for fear of a potential Chinese reaction. # Previously, Mikhail Gorbachev also raised the possibility of joining NATO with U.S. Secretary of State John Baker, who came to discuss German unification in 1990, but John Baker dismissed the idea as a "dream." And it is said that Vladimir Putin asked Bill Clinton , who visited Moscow, Russia in 2000, about the possibility of joining NATO. # The British Guardian reported that in 1995, the British Ministry of Defense tried to give Russia the status of an associate member of NATO, but the decision was not made due to opposition from the British Strategy Council. #
Even though NATO has never officially denied Russia's membership, Russia has never officially applied for NATO membership. Russia did not directly pursue NATO membership, but merely explored the possibility. And even among NATO member states, the response to Russia's membership was not very positive. Instead, it designated Russia as part of NATO and the Partnership for Peace. Many of the communist countries of the former Soviet Union and Eastern and Central European countries and the countries that were part of the NATO partnership program later became formal NATO members. So exchanges between NATO and Russia continued. At that time, there were about four joint NATO-Russia military exercises. #
In 1997, NATO and Russia signed the Founding Act and promised a cooperative relationship. As terrorism emerged as a major global security issue after the September 11 attacks , Russia also participated in NATO's non-permanent meeting held in Rome in 2002 . However, when the Iraq War ended and America's interests returned to Eastern Europe, the conflict between NATO and Russia began. In particular, 2008 was the worst year, and during the NATO-Russia meeting held for cooperative purposes, the United States promised that Ukraine and Georgia would join NATO, which led to a backlash from Russia. In the subsequent South Ossetian War , NATO supported Georgia , while Russia supported Abkhazia and South Ossetia . And in 2008, Kosovo became independent from Serbia with the support of NATO , which did not fit the national interests of Russia, which supported Serbia .[29]
As this conflict continued, the relationship between NATO and Russia deteriorated, and bilateral relations froze after the Crimean crisis in 2014 . In the end, the Ukraine War , which began with Russia's unilateral and unjustified invasion in 2022, led NATO to transform Russia from a 'potential strategic partner' to a 'most significant and direct threat'. As a result, NATO and Russia broke off their weak cooperative relationship and completely separated, setting each other up as virtual enemies.
11.2. Moldova
In January 2023, Moldovan President Maia Sandu responded to a reporter's question about the possibility of joining NATO by saying, 'Moldova is considering the next steps and whether a constitutional amendment is needed to do so.' # After Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022 , Moldova is strengthening its pro-Western stance, but has not officially expressed its intention to join NATO.[30]
11.3. Bosnia and Herzegovina
In 2011, NATO selected Bosnia and Herzegovina , Georgia , Macedonia , and Montenegro as the next candidates for membership. Among them, Montenegro joined in 2017, followed by Macedonia in 2020, changing its name to North Macedonia. There is internal conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina , with 90% of the residents of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in favor, but only 30% of the residents of Republika Srpska in favor.
In order for Bosnia and Herzegovina to join NATO, unanimity of the Bosnak, Croat, and Serb presidents is required, but the President of Republika Srpska Milorad Dodic refuses to join NATO. #
In order for Bosnia and Herzegovina to join NATO, unanimity of the Bosnak, Croat, and Serb presidents is required, but the President of Republika Srpska Milorad Dodic refuses to join NATO. #
11.4. Serbia
Serbia, which was an enemy during the Kosovo War , is seeking to join the European Union while also seeking to join NATO, which was also an enemy. However, Russia is strongly protesting, saying, 'Even if we allow Serbia to join the EU, we absolutely cannot allow it to join NATO.'
Unlike nearby Ukraine, it is geographically far from Russia, so even if Serbia joins NATO or the EU, there is no way for Russia to physically block it .
There is also considerable conflict between NATO member states in Serbia and Kosovo. Spain, Slovakia, Romania, and Greece do not recognize Kosovo's independence, and although France's relationship with Serbia is not bad as it is a member of the Francophone Union, Turkiye is the country that most actively promotes Kosovo's independence, and Armenia, which is hostile to Turkiye, Since Serbia is close, it seems difficult to join because of Turkiye.
In a public opinion poll conducted in March 2022, the ratio in favor of joining NATO was 10:82, with a higher ratio of opposition than in the previous survey. # In February 2024, Serbian President Aleksandar Vucic stated that 'Serbia is going through the process of joining and integrating the EU, but does not want to join NATO.' #
Unlike nearby Ukraine, it is geographically far from Russia, so even if Serbia joins NATO or the EU, there is no way for Russia to physically block it .
There is also considerable conflict between NATO member states in Serbia and Kosovo. Spain, Slovakia, Romania, and Greece do not recognize Kosovo's independence, and although France's relationship with Serbia is not bad as it is a member of the Francophone Union, Turkiye is the country that most actively promotes Kosovo's independence, and Armenia, which is hostile to Turkiye, Since Serbia is close, it seems difficult to join because of Turkiye.
In a public opinion poll conducted in March 2022, the ratio in favor of joining NATO was 10:82, with a higher ratio of opposition than in the previous survey. # In February 2024, Serbian President Aleksandar Vucic stated that 'Serbia is going through the process of joining and integrating the EU, but does not want to join NATO.' #
11.5. armenia
11.6. Ireland
11.7. Austria
11.8. Ukraine
Ukraine was interested in NATO immediately after independence. However, more than half of the Ukrainians were opposed to NATO due to Ukraine's political environment, which is divided into pro -ruffs and anti -raff, and the economic dependence on Russia.[31]
NATO, which has not yet expanded to Eastern Europe, was also negative about Ukraine's accession. In the early 2010s , when the pro-Russian Viktor Yanukovych was president, all NATO-related discussions were suspended, and at that time, public opinion against NATO accession reached its peak, with a majority of opinion polls showing that 60-70% of Ukrainians were against NATO membership # was also opened.
However, following the 2014 Crimean crisis and the Donbass War, the pro-Russian influence in Ukraine rapidly declined and anti-Russian sentiment grew. Russia strongly protested against this, and is trying to block Ukraine from joining NATO even by using force.
Among NATO allies, Western European allies have been negative about Ukraine's NATO membership. In the past, Germany and France, including Angela Merkel , have reacted negatively to Ukraine's attempts to join.
At the time, Western European countries judged that if Ukraine, as a member state, suffered an external attack, it would automatically participate in the war in accordance with Article 5 of the treaty, and that the resulting security threat was significant. In addition, most of Ukraine's territory was flat, making it an extremely unfavorable terrain for defenders, and considering Ukraine's national capabilities and military power at the time, as well as Russia's military power, it was judged that unnecessary tensions could be caused if Ukraine joined NATO.
However, Vladimir Putin believed that Ukraine's movement was very threatening and, observing the passive attitude of Western European countries, he judged that even if Russia launched a military invasion of Ukraine, it would act passively, similar to the South Ossetian War . Eventually, in 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine due to NATO's expansion , and the Ukrainian government officially requested to join NATO just one day after the outbreak of war.
When the war broke out, NATO member countries showed a negative stance on joining NATO even though they promised military support to Ukraine for the above reasons. For example, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson said that there is no way for Ukraine to join NATO for the time being. # On March 16, President Volodymyr Zelensky said, "We know that joining NATO is impossible," and added, "For years, we have been told that the door to NATO is open. But now we must admit the truth that the door is closed."
However, as military aid and cooperation between NATO and the Ukrainian military increased and Russia annexed the southeastern part of Ukraine , effectively reducing the room for peace negotiations, the justification for joining NATO increased. Accordingly, Ukraine will On October 1, an official application for membership was submitted to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. When Ukraine declared its membership, nine former Soviet republics and former Eastern Bloc countries declared that they would support membership. # However, considering that even Sweden and Finland, which are currently expected to join, have had lengthy procedures due to coordination of related affairs and conflicts of interest between member countries, especially conflicts with Turkic and Hungary , it is expected that it will take considerable time for Ukraine to begin the actual membership process.[32]
In the case of Ukraine, among the five minimum requirements for joining NATO, the fourth requirement, which is respect for the sovereignty of neighboring countries, is not satisfied, and this is because one of Ukraine's neighboring countries is Russia. Moreover, the conflictual relationship with Hungary is a barrier that is difficult to overcome.
If the NATO accession process begins at the 2023 NATO summit, it was decided to exempt the 'Membership Action Plan' (MAP) process that applicant countries must go through in principle, but it is unclear when as the membership conditions were vaguely mentioned. # Initially, NATO specified the existence of conflict zones and corruption as reasons for disqualification (Source: MAP (Membership Action Plan) ), but Ukraine cannot join NATO not only before the war but also at the present time because these disqualifications have not been completely resolved.
NATO Secretary-General Mark Rutte , who took office in October 2024, announced that Ukraine could one day join NATO as its 33rd or 34th member state. # However, on February 26, 2025, U.S. President Donald Trump said, “ Forget Ukraine’s membership in NATO ,” and “Europe, not the United States, should be responsible for ensuring Ukraine’s security,” revealing that the U.S. is not considering Ukraine’s membership in NATO or U.S. security guarantees at all. #
NATO, which has not yet expanded to Eastern Europe, was also negative about Ukraine's accession. In the early 2010s , when the pro-Russian Viktor Yanukovych was president, all NATO-related discussions were suspended, and at that time, public opinion against NATO accession reached its peak, with a majority of opinion polls showing that 60-70% of Ukrainians were against NATO membership # was also opened.
However, following the 2014 Crimean crisis and the Donbass War, the pro-Russian influence in Ukraine rapidly declined and anti-Russian sentiment grew. Russia strongly protested against this, and is trying to block Ukraine from joining NATO even by using force.
Among NATO allies, Western European allies have been negative about Ukraine's NATO membership. In the past, Germany and France, including Angela Merkel , have reacted negatively to Ukraine's attempts to join.
At the time, Western European countries judged that if Ukraine, as a member state, suffered an external attack, it would automatically participate in the war in accordance with Article 5 of the treaty, and that the resulting security threat was significant. In addition, most of Ukraine's territory was flat, making it an extremely unfavorable terrain for defenders, and considering Ukraine's national capabilities and military power at the time, as well as Russia's military power, it was judged that unnecessary tensions could be caused if Ukraine joined NATO.
However, Vladimir Putin believed that Ukraine's movement was very threatening and, observing the passive attitude of Western European countries, he judged that even if Russia launched a military invasion of Ukraine, it would act passively, similar to the South Ossetian War . Eventually, in 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine due to NATO's expansion , and the Ukrainian government officially requested to join NATO just one day after the outbreak of war.
When the war broke out, NATO member countries showed a negative stance on joining NATO even though they promised military support to Ukraine for the above reasons. For example, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson said that there is no way for Ukraine to join NATO for the time being. # On March 16, President Volodymyr Zelensky said, "We know that joining NATO is impossible," and added, "For years, we have been told that the door to NATO is open. But now we must admit the truth that the door is closed."
However, as military aid and cooperation between NATO and the Ukrainian military increased and Russia annexed the southeastern part of Ukraine , effectively reducing the room for peace negotiations, the justification for joining NATO increased. Accordingly, Ukraine will On October 1, an official application for membership was submitted to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. When Ukraine declared its membership, nine former Soviet republics and former Eastern Bloc countries declared that they would support membership. # However, considering that even Sweden and Finland, which are currently expected to join, have had lengthy procedures due to coordination of related affairs and conflicts of interest between member countries, especially conflicts with Turkic and Hungary , it is expected that it will take considerable time for Ukraine to begin the actual membership process.[32]
In the case of Ukraine, among the five minimum requirements for joining NATO, the fourth requirement, which is respect for the sovereignty of neighboring countries, is not satisfied, and this is because one of Ukraine's neighboring countries is Russia. Moreover, the conflictual relationship with Hungary is a barrier that is difficult to overcome.
If the NATO accession process begins at the 2023 NATO summit, it was decided to exempt the 'Membership Action Plan' (MAP) process that applicant countries must go through in principle, but it is unclear when as the membership conditions were vaguely mentioned. # Initially, NATO specified the existence of conflict zones and corruption as reasons for disqualification (Source: MAP (Membership Action Plan) ), but Ukraine cannot join NATO not only before the war but also at the present time because these disqualifications have not been completely resolved.
NATO Secretary-General Mark Rutte , who took office in October 2024, announced that Ukraine could one day join NATO as its 33rd or 34th member state. # However, on February 26, 2025, U.S. President Donald Trump said, “ Forget Ukraine’s membership in NATO ,” and “Europe, not the United States, should be responsible for ensuring Ukraine’s security,” revealing that the U.S. is not considering Ukraine’s membership in NATO or U.S. security guarantees at all. #
11.9. Georgia
Membership is restricted due to the war in South Ossetia , but it is a country that consistently expresses its intention to join. After the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Prime Minister Irakli Garibashvili said he would quickly resolve the dispute and pursue accession.
However, it is difficult to join unless the dispute is resolved because Russia is occupying 20%of Georgia's territory , and it is difficult to join unless the dispute is resolved.[33] There is no more progress because it is sanctioned, such as the suspension of support from the European Union.
However, it is difficult to join unless the dispute is resolved because Russia is occupying 20%of Georgia's territory , and it is difficult to join unless the dispute is resolved.[33] There is no more progress because it is sanctioned, such as the suspension of support from the European Union.
11.10. 
Kosovo
As of December 2023, 4,500 NATO allies are stationed as peacekeepers in Kosovo. #
In 2014 , then-Kosovo Prime Minister Hashim Saatchi said he wanted Kosovo to become a NATO member by 2022. #
On February 27, 2022, Kosovo 's defense minister responded that Kosovo had requested the construction of a U.S. military base on its territory and rapid accession to NATO following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022 . #
On May 22, 2023, U.S. senators visiting Kosovo announced that a peace agreement with Serbia must be signed in order for Kosovo to join NATO. #
After declaring independence in 2008, Kosovo received state recognition from 110 countries as of 2022. However, among the 32 NATO member states, there are still four countries (Greece, Spain, Slovakia, and Romania) that have not recognized Kosovo, and the possibility of joining is not easy due to the ongoing dispute with Serbia , which does not recognize Kosovo's independence. In addition, Russia's veto has prevented it from joining the United Nations and the European Union .
In 2014 , then-Kosovo Prime Minister Hashim Saatchi said he wanted Kosovo to become a NATO member by 2022. #
On February 27, 2022, Kosovo 's defense minister responded that Kosovo had requested the construction of a U.S. military base on its territory and rapid accession to NATO following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022 . #
On May 22, 2023, U.S. senators visiting Kosovo announced that a peace agreement with Serbia must be signed in order for Kosovo to join NATO. #
After declaring independence in 2008, Kosovo received state recognition from 110 countries as of 2022. However, among the 32 NATO member states, there are still four countries (Greece, Spain, Slovakia, and Romania) that have not recognized Kosovo, and the possibility of joining is not easy due to the ongoing dispute with Serbia , which does not recognize Kosovo's independence. In addition, Russia's veto has prevented it from joining the United Nations and the European Union .
11.11. Cyprus
On November 29, 2024, Cyprus President Nicos Christodoulides hinted at joining NATO, saying that Cyprus could join NATO if its military was provided with the necessary training and equipment from the United States in line with the standards of NATO, the world's largest military alliance. #
However, the Republic of Cyprus is a country that maintains a policy of neutrality, and there is an ongoing problem of its division into the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and the Republic of Cyprus after the 1974 Cyprus War . Membership does not seem to be easy as Turkiye , the only country with diplomatic ties in the Republic of Northern Cyprus, is expressing opposition to joining NATO. #
However, the Republic of Cyprus is a country that maintains a policy of neutrality, and there is an ongoing problem of its division into the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and the Republic of Cyprus after the 1974 Cyprus War . Membership does not seem to be easy as Turkiye , the only country with diplomatic ties in the Republic of Northern Cyprus, is expressing opposition to joining NATO. #
11.12. Korea, Japan, India, Brazil
There are voices calling for expanding member states within the organization, excluding the European countries that are or have hoped to join NATO. Italian Defense Minister Guido Crossett said that as the world has evolved, NATO should look beyond Europe and North America to recruit new members such as South Korea, Japan, India and Brazil, mentioning specific countries. #
12. arguement
12.1. problem
12.1.1. NATO expansion
Expanding NATO would be the most fatally flawed policy the United States has made since the Cold War. This decision would provoke Russia into pursuing diplomacy in a direction we do not want.
(Expanding NATO would be the most fateful error of American policy in the post-Cold War era. Such a decision may be expected to impel Russian foreign policy in directions decidedly not to our liking.)
Well, if that would be the case that we join, my response would be that: you caused this. Look at the mirror.
Well, if we join (NATO), my answer is: You brought it on yourself. Look in the mirror .Finnish President Sauli Niinistö , May 2022 Boris Johnson During the interview with a co -press conference with the British Prime Minister #
Originally, NATO is a multinational military alliance established by the United States to prevent the spread of the Soviet communism , which was the biggest threat to Western Europe , which was the end of World War II, and to control Germany (formerly West Germany) , which was an axis. In other words, the goal was to block the Soviet Union, to suppress the hegemony of Germany (West Germany), and to stabilize the security of Western Europe. Thus, Western European countries were able to pour out the war reconstruction with the Marshall Plan . As a Western military alliance, NATO faithfully fulfilled his role during the Cold War.
In the late 1980s, by the end of the communist regime and the end of the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union became friendly. At the time, the United States and the Soviet Union declared that the Cold War was officially over at the Malta talks in 1989. In addition, the confrontation was being relaxed by spreading the disarmament through the START agreement. In 1989, the Berlin Wall collapsed and Mikhail Gorbachev asked me not to expand NATO anymore.[35] In fact, there were many discussions about NATO at the time of German reunification, but it did not lead to the negotiation stage and to be a diplomatic document or treaty. At the time, the Soviet Union had the existence of the Warsaw Treaty , so the Soviet troops were still stationed in Eastern Europe, and the Soviet Union and the West were planning to participate in a new security organization in Europe after the Cold War. However, in 1990 and 1991, the Eastern countries, including the Soviet Union, agreed to dismantle the Warsaw Treaty in February 1991, and decided to dismantle the comon in June 1991, and eventually officially dismantled in December 1991.
When the Soviet Union collapsed, Western countries tried to have a friendly relationship with the Boris Yeltsin government, which had been implementing a friendly policy as an extension of Gorbachev. The NATO has not expanded its member states to Eastern Europe until 1999, even after the Soviet Union collapsed, and in the mid -1990s, it also established a military cooperation with Russia several times with NATO. In addition, in the 1990s, Eastern European countries actively promoted the European Union and NATO to escape from Russia's influence and join the Western economy while Russia could not exercise its influence on domestic political circumstances. At the time, NATO was once strengthening its military cooperation with Russia by joining the Eastern European countries, which were once part of the Warsaw Treaty Organization, and the three Baltic countries that belonged to the former Soviet Union.[36]
From a political realistic perspective that excludes the elements of legitimacy , any great power does not accept the weakening of the national interests, and thus, even though Russian hegemony of the Eastern European nations would have triggered the voluntary entry of the Eastern European countries, the former Soviet Union's NATO joined the NATO of the border. I think it is. It's as if the United States did not tolerate the installation of Cuba 's voluntary Soviet nuclear missile base . In case of only the causes and results according to the game theory[37] It is argued that it is more beneficial to prevent Eastern Europeans from joining NATO in a row, considering the fall of Russian political and diplomatic prestige in the international community.
On the other hand, some argue that it is beneficial from a political realist perspective to have former Eastern Bloc countries join NATO. It is argued that although joining Eastern Bloc countries in NATO may cause opposition and hegemonic behavior from Russia, it will have a greater advantage in controlling a weakened Russia. Related Claims (English)
Northern Europe was skeptical about joining NATO and pursued neutral diplomacy . In particular, Finland was negative about NATO provoking Russia because it is right next to Russia and could be invaded in any case. When Ukraine 's pro-Western government, which came to power after the Euromaidan Revolution , pushed for joining NATO and joining the Euro due to Russia's support for rebels in Donbas and continued threats, Russia invaded Ukraine under the pretext of ousting neo-Nazis. As a result, Sweden and Finland, neutral countries in Northern Europe, also joined NATO, calling it an expansion of NATO, which Russia was furiously criticizing. brought about results.
In the late 1980s, by the end of the communist regime and the end of the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union became friendly. At the time, the United States and the Soviet Union declared that the Cold War was officially over at the Malta talks in 1989. In addition, the confrontation was being relaxed by spreading the disarmament through the START agreement. In 1989, the Berlin Wall collapsed and Mikhail Gorbachev asked me not to expand NATO anymore.[35] In fact, there were many discussions about NATO at the time of German reunification, but it did not lead to the negotiation stage and to be a diplomatic document or treaty. At the time, the Soviet Union had the existence of the Warsaw Treaty , so the Soviet troops were still stationed in Eastern Europe, and the Soviet Union and the West were planning to participate in a new security organization in Europe after the Cold War. However, in 1990 and 1991, the Eastern countries, including the Soviet Union, agreed to dismantle the Warsaw Treaty in February 1991, and decided to dismantle the comon in June 1991, and eventually officially dismantled in December 1991.
When the Soviet Union collapsed, Western countries tried to have a friendly relationship with the Boris Yeltsin government, which had been implementing a friendly policy as an extension of Gorbachev. The NATO has not expanded its member states to Eastern Europe until 1999, even after the Soviet Union collapsed, and in the mid -1990s, it also established a military cooperation with Russia several times with NATO. In addition, in the 1990s, Eastern European countries actively promoted the European Union and NATO to escape from Russia's influence and join the Western economy while Russia could not exercise its influence on domestic political circumstances. At the time, NATO was once strengthening its military cooperation with Russia by joining the Eastern European countries, which were once part of the Warsaw Treaty Organization, and the three Baltic countries that belonged to the former Soviet Union.[36]
From a political realistic perspective that excludes the elements of legitimacy , any great power does not accept the weakening of the national interests, and thus, even though Russian hegemony of the Eastern European nations would have triggered the voluntary entry of the Eastern European countries, the former Soviet Union's NATO joined the NATO of the border. I think it is. It's as if the United States did not tolerate the installation of Cuba 's voluntary Soviet nuclear missile base . In case of only the causes and results according to the game theory[37] It is argued that it is more beneficial to prevent Eastern Europeans from joining NATO in a row, considering the fall of Russian political and diplomatic prestige in the international community.
On the other hand, some argue that it is beneficial from a political realist perspective to have former Eastern Bloc countries join NATO. It is argued that although joining Eastern Bloc countries in NATO may cause opposition and hegemonic behavior from Russia, it will have a greater advantage in controlling a weakened Russia. Related Claims (English)
Northern Europe was skeptical about joining NATO and pursued neutral diplomacy . In particular, Finland was negative about NATO provoking Russia because it is right next to Russia and could be invaded in any case. When Ukraine 's pro-Western government, which came to power after the Euromaidan Revolution , pushed for joining NATO and joining the Euro due to Russia's support for rebels in Donbas and continued threats, Russia invaded Ukraine under the pretext of ousting neo-Nazis. As a result, Sweden and Finland, neutral countries in Northern Europe, also joined NATO, calling it an expansion of NATO, which Russia was furiously criticizing. brought about results.
12.1.1.1. objection
NATO is not responsible for joining individual countries. However, in 2000, the Putin government began to be hegemony as Vladimir Putin took office and Russia slowly restored the economy. Putin saw that the sphere of influence of the former Soviet Union must be restored, so this Putin's perspective was inevitably caused by the Eastern European countries, which were gradually moving to the European Union . Russia, in particular, had historically experienced large -scale warfare, such as European countries, Russian expeditions , and World War II , and based on this experience, Eastern countries were satellite to protect Russian territory. However, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, most of the three Eastern countries and the three Baltic countries were incorporated into the West, and Russia directly bordered the Western countries, and Russia was stimulated.
Russia has been attempted to threaten its expansion of NATO, and has begun to express hegemony in earnest with the merger of the South Osetiya War and the 2014 Crimean Peninsula . Russia attempted to weaken NATO and European Union internally through public opinion and support for intelligence agencies, while trying to subdue neighboring countries under the influence of Russia through the South Osseth and the Russian-Ukrainian war . However, the benefits of Russia's hegemony of the hegemony are not enough. Right now, the US Pygman 's invasion , the Vietnam War and Iran-Contra incident , the Soviet Hungarian invasion , the invasion of the Czechoslovakia , and the invasion of Afghanistan might have gained the right now, but in the long run, they had to be disadvantaged in the politics and diplomacy of the two great powers.
As a result, Russia's hegemonic actions stimulated a sense of crisis toward Russia among Western countries and former socialist countries that joined NATO. NATO is an international organization that sovereign countries join voluntarily, rather than being forced to join. In particular, from the perspective of Eastern European countries, Russia's view was no different from the Brezhnev Doctrine , which ignored sovereignty and frequently intervened in internal affairs in the name of "general interests of the socialist world." During the Cold War, the Soviet Union and the current Russia were active in wielding hegemony, and the Soviet Union and its immediate successor, Russia's neighboring countries, who engaged in various bloodshed and coercion such as the Great Ukrainian Famine , Katyn Massacre , Prague Spring , 1956 Hungarian Revolution , and occupation of the Baltic countries , have sharpened their teeth. Russia's neighboring countries, who had to witness Russia subjugating countries they did not like by force, joined NATO to survive when Russia collapsed after the Cold War. In this way, the fundamental responsibility for the increase in NATO membership by Russia's neighboring countries can be seen as the hegemony of the Soviet Union and Russia.
Russia has been attempted to threaten its expansion of NATO, and has begun to express hegemony in earnest with the merger of the South Osetiya War and the 2014 Crimean Peninsula . Russia attempted to weaken NATO and European Union internally through public opinion and support for intelligence agencies, while trying to subdue neighboring countries under the influence of Russia through the South Osseth and the Russian-Ukrainian war . However, the benefits of Russia's hegemony of the hegemony are not enough. Right now, the US Pygman 's invasion , the Vietnam War and Iran-Contra incident , the Soviet Hungarian invasion , the invasion of the Czechoslovakia , and the invasion of Afghanistan might have gained the right now, but in the long run, they had to be disadvantaged in the politics and diplomacy of the two great powers.
As a result, Russia's hegemonic actions stimulated a sense of crisis toward Russia among Western countries and former socialist countries that joined NATO. NATO is an international organization that sovereign countries join voluntarily, rather than being forced to join. In particular, from the perspective of Eastern European countries, Russia's view was no different from the Brezhnev Doctrine , which ignored sovereignty and frequently intervened in internal affairs in the name of "general interests of the socialist world." During the Cold War, the Soviet Union and the current Russia were active in wielding hegemony, and the Soviet Union and its immediate successor, Russia's neighboring countries, who engaged in various bloodshed and coercion such as the Great Ukrainian Famine , Katyn Massacre , Prague Spring , 1956 Hungarian Revolution , and occupation of the Baltic countries , have sharpened their teeth. Russia's neighboring countries, who had to witness Russia subjugating countries they did not like by force, joined NATO to survive when Russia collapsed after the Cold War. In this way, the fundamental responsibility for the increase in NATO membership by Russia's neighboring countries can be seen as the hegemony of the Soviet Union and Russia.
12.1.2. Budget Conflicts and Infighting
The United States accounts for a large portion of NATO's budget. The United States alone spends more than the rest of the world combined. However, as the United States claims to be the world's police, it is necessary to distinguish between the budget invested in the Euro-Atlantic region and the budget invested in the rest of the world. In addition, this was originally due to the fact that the United States increased its military power unusually rapidly due to the September 11 terrorist attacks in the midst of a global reduction, and there was a calculation that Europe, like it or not, was needed to keep Russia in check while taking full responsibility for China.
President Donald Trump was unusually negative toward NATO and pro-Russian. Since Trump maintained the position that the United States should not intervene too much in conflicts around the world and should focus more on internal problems within the United States, he had no choice but to get along well with Russia, as his position was to let Europe handle European affairs with its own money and power. However, after taking office, the strong comments he made during his time as a candidate have decreased significantly. It is not that strange, considering that Trump himself also has Russia Gate , and the European far-right also pursues isolationism and has pro-Russian tendencies. However, Trump's words are absurd because in the first place, the United States intervened in conflicts around the world through NATO, and the cause of friction with Europe as a result was an internal problem within the United States .
In fact, the U.S. administration did not just publicly criticize NATO, but did not view it very favorably as NATO's enlargement only led to internal strife, such as not allowing new countries to join or restricting military activities unless there was unanimity, and they worked hard to endure it for the effect of creating national interests by expanding the U.S.'s influence in Europe. If we compare it to a joint stock company, the opinion of the United States, the largest shareholder, should be strong, but the member countries with a small stake were in a situation where they were shouting louder about their rights as shareholders (member states).
Even in the early days of NATO, when the U.S. military was requested to participate in the Vietnam War at the request of France, France refused to provide support, saying that it was an internal matter of the U.S. since it was not a member of NATO. In the case of the war in Afghanistan during the War on Terror, support was originally requested before the U.S. military attacked Iraq, but it was rejected as an internal U.S. matter. In the end, the U.S. took a step back and agreed to send NATO troops to Afghanistan. On the other hand, they participated most actively in the Kosovo War and Operation Odyssey Dawn, in which Western European NATO navies participated, because they were beneficial to Europe . However, when they judged that there was no benefit to them, they refused the request to join the U.S. military, the largest buyer, with various excuses, saying that it was not a problem within the United States or Europe.
Therefore, U.S. President Trump's dissatisfaction is understandable. NATO was originally a military alliance created during the Cold War with the purpose of preventing the expansion of the Soviet Union toward Western Europe. As it was created under the leadership of the U.S., the U.S. contribution was high, and Europe also invested heavily in the Soviet Union by following the 50:50 investment rule and buying U.S. weapons when insufficient. However, with the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Cold War ended and Russia came into power, and Russia is gradually sharpening its sword by carrying out military reforms to increase Russian influence in Eastern Europe. Even in this situation, it only invests in Eastern Europe, which was severely affected by the Soviet Union, while Western Europe said, "Anyway, the United States and NATO guarantee security based on the Collective Defense Treaty, so I can at least disarmament and invest in welfare and industrial development, and if that goes well, then I can expand the military, right?" He showed selfishness by saying, “If it’s just me, it’s okay.”[38] Western European countries that are separated from Russia have taken actions that are completely opposite to the purpose of common defense, and the largest supplier is the United States. Even though more than half of their power is in the United States, the Western European countries that have joined the treaty are showing selfishness by drawing a line and opposing any request for military action or joining the North Atlantic Treaty, saying that it is the United States' business if the military action or request to join the North Atlantic Treaty is not directly related to their own interests. Public opinion is raising questions about what to do with the security vacuum if the United States withdraws troops because it needs troops, which is contradictory.
Excluding Eastern Europe, which faces Russia and has warned of the threat of Russia's advance, Western Europe actively invests only in welfare and industry, while neglecting defense investment. This was especially evident in the unauthorized annexation of Crimea in 2014, which originally should have responded with military measures from the EU and the US. However, the US was reluctant to engage in a full-scale war with Russia, even though it had the capacity to support the EU if it actively intervened, as it was responding to threats from China rather than Russia. The EU avoided it on the grounds that it could not intervene in Ukraine because it did not belong to the EU and NATO, but in fact, the majority of European countries were so preoccupied with disarmament that they did not even have the wherewithal to take military measures.[39] As the major Western European allies, including Germany, were gradually decreasing their defense investment and contribution to NATO relative to their GDP, and the United States had no choice but to cover the corresponding amount, Trump and other Trumpist isolationists in the United States came to think, "No, I guess they think it is their right to continue the favor?" As a result, they are paying a heavy price as the Trump administration came into power and the Ukraine war broke out.[40]
In the end , the identity of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization is greatly shaken due to the Turkish invasion of Kurdistan in 2019 . Artillery fire was fired in the vicinity of the base, and in the case of the former, in particular, even injured people came out. Although there was friction with Greece, a member of NATO, this incident is even more shocking because it occurred between the military of a country that had no major diplomatic or historical problems.
And in the 2020 Armenia-Azerbaijan War, an aspect of division was seen again as NATO countries Turkye, Hungary, and Albania supported Azerbaijan, and most NATO countries (United Kingdom, France, Canada, Germany, Austria, and Poland) supported Armenia . However, things have been quiet since the war ended with Azerbaijan's victory.
In 2021, things are moving in a stable direction again through talks. However, recently, as the problems in the relationship between Russia and Ukraine have grown and there has been an appearance of invading eastern Ukraine and neutralizing it by the end of the year, the problem of NATO, which cannot guarantee unconditional intervention by the United States, has begun to grow again.
Meanwhile, amid the escalating Ukraine-Russia crisis, far-right French politician Marine Le Pen has pledged to withdraw from NATO again if she takes power. Marine Le Pen has been advocating isolationist policies, just like Trump, saying, “We must use our military to defend our country and our national interests, and not get caught up in conflicts far away,” and the rise of right-wing forces in each country has created a situation where internal strife within NATO could break out again.
In February 2024, former President Trump shocked NATO countries by saying, 'If elected, I will not help NATO countries that have not properly covered their defense costs even if they are attacked.' Signs of division are growing. #
In the end, when the United States showed signs of leaving after Trump took office, each member country agreed to contribute 5% of GDP to NATO defense expenses. #
12.1.3. Member states' unilateralism and neglect
(Yonhap News) "What to do with Turkey"... NATO in trouble
Turkiye, a member state that dealt with the Soviet Union at the forefront of NATO during the Cold War, has been regarded as a headache within NATO since the end of the Cold War. The problems caused by Turkiye are as follows.
Turkiye, a member state that dealt with the Soviet Union at the forefront of NATO during the Cold War, has been regarded as a headache within NATO since the end of the Cold War. The problems caused by Turkiye are as follows.
- In 1974, it intervened in the Cyprus crisis and established the puppet state of Northern Cyprus, which it maintains to this day.
- It is hostile to its member country, Greece, and claims sovereignty over the Aegean Sea and several islands within it.
- It intervened in the Libyan civil war in 2014 , putting it in conflict with another NATO member, France.
- Invading Syria in 2019, it is disrupting peace in the region. Even within NATO, there is an acknowledgement that Turkey's invasion of Syria was unjustified, but there is no sanction against Turkey at all. AFP reported that NATO member states have acknowledged the limitations of NATO's means to sanction strategically important Turkey while criticizing Turkey's invasion of Syria, and US Secretary of Defense Mark Esper said, "Under no circumstances will we fight a NATO ally," and insisted that the withdrawal of US troops from northeastern Syria was the only way to ensure the safety of US troops while Turkey's military operation was underway. <Source of quote> US Secretary of Defense Mark Esper appeared on CBS's "Face the Nation" on the 13th and admitted that war crimes had been committed by the Turkish military. When the host asked, "Are the Turkish military committing war crimes?" Secretary Esper criticized Turkey, saying, "It seems so." <Source of quote> However, it only ended in criticism and there were no actual sanctions.
- It directly intervened in the 2020 Armenia-Azerbaijan War and supported Azerbaijan, putting it at odds with NATO and most member states, which called for an unconditional ceasefire.
- In the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , it secretly sided with Russia, did not join NATO's economic sanctions against Russia, and maintained trade with Russia. It also opposed Sweden's NATO membership, which was under discussion in the aftermath of the invasion.
Similarly, Hungary is also a NATO country, but it continued its pro-Russian actions, blocking Ukrainian aid supplies from entering the country during the Ukraine War, and, like Turkey, was in conflict by blocking Sweden and Finland from joining NATO.
13. Major non-NATO allies
Countries that have a close cooperative relationship with the US but are not NATO members are referred to by the US as ' Major Non -NATO Allies ' ( MNNA ) . It belongs here since it was first nominated by President Ronald Reagan .
The following is a list of major non-NATO allies, in order of nomination.
The following is a list of major non-NATO allies, in order of nomination.
- Nominated by President George W. Bush :(2002),Bahrain(Actually, 2003)[41] ,taiwan(2003),Philippines(2003),thailand(2004),Kuwait(2004),Morocco(2004)Pakistan
- Donald Trump (1st round) Presidential Nomination:(2019)brazil
In 2014 , during the Crimean crisis , designation of Ukraine , Moldova , and Georgia as non-NATO allies was proposed, and in 2015, designation of Saudi Arabia , the United Arab Emirates , Oman , and Qatar as non-NATO allies was considered.
Ireland and Malta also have NATO contacts. Indeed , Ireland is a very important country in US foreign policy. Malta also has very close ties with Britain and Italy .
Among them, South Korea and the Philippines have mutual defense treaties with the United States , and in Australia and New Zealand , they have signed a trilateral defense treaty with the United States. The 18 countries, including the United States, Brazil , Argentina , and Colombia , are also underprivileged .
Unlike other allies, Japan does not sign a mutual defense treaty, but rather the U.S. -Japan Security Treaty , which is a treaty in which the United States unilaterally guarantees security. This is because the Self-Defense Forces are not formal military forces, so the concept of mutual defense cannot be established.
In Taiwan , 1949 After the National University , the United States-China-China Mutual Defense Treaty was signed, but it was destroyed by diplomatic relations with China . Currently, the United States does not recognize Taiwan as a state, but is militaryly treated with non -NATO allies , and the United States and Taiwan maintain their ally with the Taiwan Relations Act , the Taiwanese Alliance Act , and the Taiwan Guarantee Act .
2022 In July , President Joe Biden announced his intention to remove Afghanistan, which has been retaken by the Taliban , from being a major non-NATO ally. This became the first case in which the designation of a major non-NATO ally was revoked . #
14. power
ranking | nation | Defense spending (USD, billion) | Key Features | Number of troops (persons) |
1 | USA | 8,600 | It has the world's largest defense budget and military power. Multiple aircraft carriers, cutting-edge weapon systems | About 1,390,000 |
2 | uk | 658 | We have the latest aircraft carriers, nuclear submarines, and powerful special forces. | About 148,000 |
3 | germany | 681 | Introducing the latest weapons based on Europe's largest economy | About 183,000 |
4 | france | 566 | Possessing aircraft carriers, nuclear submarines, and nuclear weapons. Active military activities in Africa and the Middle East | About 205,000 |
5 | Italy | 316 | Has a strong navy, aircraft carriers, and a semi-power level air force. | About 170,000 |
6 | Spain | 192 | Possesses medium-sized military and naval power | About 140,000 |
7 | Canada | 289 | Active participation in large-scale homeland defense and peacekeeping missions | About 68,000 |
8 | Poland | 291 | Military power is being greatly increased for the purpose of keeping Russia in check. | About 175,000 |
9 | Netherlands | 167 | Strong Navy and Air Force, NATO's core naval power | About 42,000 |
10 | Turkye | 158 | Has a large army and strong army, air force, and drone forces | About 500,000 |
11 | Norway | 88 | Navy and air force active in strategic locations in Northern Europe | About 23,000 |
12 | Greece | 71 | The proportion of Mediterranean naval and army power and defense spending is high. | About 130,000 |
13 | Finland | 73 | Long border with Russia, strong army and air force | About 21,500 |
14 | Romania | 85 | Serves as an important military base in Eastern Europe | About 67,000 |
15 | Denmark | 67 | Small but efficient navy and air force | About 16,000 |
16 | Portugal | 10 | Naval base connecting Europe, Africa and the Atlantic Ocean | About 29,000 |
17 | Czech Republic | 62 | A modernized, medium-sized military force. | About 27,000 |
18 | Sweden | 72 | Joins in 2024, has a strong navy and air force | About 21,000 |
19 | Hungary | 45 | Recently, military power has been strengthened and cooperation with NATO has been strengthened. | About 24,000 |
20 | Bulgaria | 16 | Strategic location in NATO as part of the Eastern European Defense Line | About 40,000 |
21 | Belgium | 70 | Location of NATO headquarters. Small but powerful air force | About 26,000 |
22 | Slovakia | 18 | Medium-sized military force to strengthen military cooperation in Eastern Europe | About 15,000 |
23 | Croatia | 10 | NATO strategic location in the Balkans | About 15,500 |
24 | Lithuania | 21 | Located on the Russian border, deployed NATO reinforcements | About 22,000 |
25 | Latvia | 13 | Part of the NATO defense line bordering Russia | About 16,500 |
26 | Estonia | 11 | Focus on cybersecurity and defense | About 8,500 |
27 | Slovenian | 9 | Small military force, focused on supporting NATO operations | About 7,200 |
28 | Albania | 3 | Strategic foothold in the Balkan Peninsula | About 8,000 |
29 | North Macedonia | 2 | Contributes to strengthening NATO's defense line as its newest member | About 8,000 |
30 | montenegro | 2 | Joined in 2017, plays NATO role in the Balkan Peninsula | About 2,300 |
31 | Luxembourg | 6 | Focus on small military, financial and intelligence support | About 1,000 |
32 | Iceland | 0 | No military but supports NATO bases and air defense role, GIUK gap | doesn't exist |
total | $1.26 trillion | 3,549,500 |
15. NATO standards and specifications
Responsible for the standardization of weapons and system systems among NATO member countries.
Standardization was originally in Belgium This is done through a standardization agreement implemented by the NATO Standardization Agency located in Brussels . Since 2014, the name of the NATO Standardization Agency has been changed to the NATO Standardization Office .
Standardization was originally in Belgium This is done through a standardization agreement implemented by the NATO Standardization Agency located in Brussels . Since 2014, the name of the NATO Standardization Agency has been changed to the NATO Standardization Office .
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NATO standardization bullets include 9 × 19mm parabelum , FN 5.7 × 28mm , 5.56 × 45mm NATO , 7.62 × 51mm NATO , and .50 bmg . If you go to the gun, there are 30 × 173 mm for cannons , 35 × 228 mm , 105 × 617mmr for tank artillery , 120 × 570mm NATO , 105mm calf shell and 155mm skewer shell .
16. military organization
more detailsNATO forces documentcastPlease note.17. etc
The defense-colored nylon strap used in various military supplies and watch straps is also called a ' NATO strap '.
Those who criticize the anti-Western camp or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization sometimes sarcastically refer to it as the North Atlantic Terrorist Organization, citing cases of military intervention such as the Kosovo War and the first Libyan Civil War .
Those who criticize the anti-Western camp or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization sometimes sarcastically refer to it as the North Atlantic Terrorist Organization, citing cases of military intervention such as the Kosovo War and the first Libyan Civil War .
It is a paean to NATO.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization training news aired on Daehan News in 1961 #
North Atlantic Treaty Organization training news aired on Daehan News in 1961 #
18. mass media
Since it has the reputation of being the world's most powerful military organization, it is not uncommon for creative works to show that the enemy is robbed or completely destroyed to show its strength.
- Something surprising happens in Tom Clancy 's Bear & Dragon . Russia joined and joined forces with the United States to take down China. However, it is later disbanded in Tom Clancy's End War .
- Appears as the BLUFOR faction in ARMA 3 . In fact, the majority of troops are American troops, and they appear quite helpless. First, he is taken over by the Altis Army (AAF), which became independent from Greece, and is driven out of the island. He gathers his strength and launches a counterattack, but depending on the route, he succeeds in surrendering the AAF in the true ending. However, in the other route, the bad ending, as soon as the protagonist seizes the strange new weapon, the Canton Protocol Strategic Alliance Treaty ( CSAT ) brings overwhelming power and annihilates the US military under NATO once again. Except for fixed-wing aircraft and artillery equipment (MLRS), everything from rifles to tanks and helicopters are at a severe disadvantage compared to CSAT.
- It also appears frequently in World War III films such as World in Conflict and Wargame: Red Dragon .
- In the Area 88 comic book version, there is a scene where a woman from the military steals a NATO aircraft and flies to the Middle East to meet the main character.
- In Super Power 2, it appears as an alliance treaty under the name of the North American-European Collective Defense System (NATO). Since it was NATO in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the remaining Eastern European countries except Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic are not members. Unlike reality, if the diplomatic relations between member countries are not good, some countries may withdraw and later disband. Turkey may be the first to withdraw, followed by Luxembourg. It is common for relations between member states to deteriorate and break up. If NATO disbands, only the Western European Union (WEU) will remain as a European alliance.
- In the Black Hair US Army, an Asian edition NATO organization is named after NATO . The United States, Australia , China, Japan, and Unification Korea were founded to contain communist rights. If you read the name of the organization in Korean, you read it as a Pato , so Eugene Kim and the readers responded well, but they were surprisingly well and fed Mao Zedong .
- In Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War, several special forces are dispatched to stop Perseus and his Warsaw Pact allies.
- In Salt, when Evelyn Salt infiltrates the White House, she disguises herself as an officer dispatched from NATO.
- In Battlefield 6 , due to the assassination of the Secretary General and the Mediterranean piracy incident, many European countries lose trust and withdraw, which greatly weakens their power, and puts them in conflict with Pax Armata, an anti-American multinational private military corporation that seeks to seize world hegemony by recruiting them.
- In the Kremlin crisis , it appears as a military organization of the United States and the First World. If the United States falls, its member countries will gradually withdraw. As member countries continue to withdraw, the Labor Party government eventually comes to power in the United Kingdom and announces the dissolution of NATO and the end of the Cold War at a summit meeting with the Soviet Union. Interestingly, the name of the military organization created by first world countries that survived the fall of NATO is the Collective Security Treaty Organization .
- In Hearts of Iron IV, when the World War ends, the Allies can be reorganized into NATO.
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20. look around
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[1] This motto was chosen by André de Staercke, Chairman of the NATO Council, to reflect the spirit of consultation envisioned by Paul-Henri Spaak, then Secretary-General of NATO. When De Starck visited the residence of the chief magistrate in San Gimignano, he saw the Latin phrase animus in consulendo liber engraved on the magistrate's chair and borrowed this quote. This is a phrase from Gaius Salustius Crispus 's history , De coniuratione Catilinae. This motto is displayed on the wall behind the chairman's chair in the main conference room of NATO headquarters in Brussels.[2] This is a translation by American classicist Charles Anthon (1797-1867).[3] Former Italian Defense Chief of Staff.[4] Adjunct Commander, U.S. European Command.[5] In the case of official languages of member countries, based on the introduction page of the official website[6] Administrative work in Luxembourg is mainly done in French, so English abbreviations and French abbreviations are mixed.[7] In Korea, NATO is pronounced NATO, but in the UK and the US, it is pronounced NATO.[8] In Brazil , a non-member country, it is written as OTAN.[9] However, the position of Irish is narrow, so in reality NATO is more widely used.[10] When used as an abbreviation, the English abbreviation NATO is simply replaced with Cyrillic characters. Pronunciation is me too .[11] Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte in Spanish[12] Originally, in Germanic languages, the modification of adjectives to nouns was mainly done as prepositional modifications, whereas in the Romance languages, various uses of prepositions and postpositional modifications of adjectives to nouns were the mainstays. Just looking at the North Atlantic, it is called North Atlantic Ocean in English, but in French, a Romance language, it is called L'océan Atlantique nord.[13] Organizzazione del Trattato dell'Atlantico del Nord in Italian[14] They are also from the Warsaw Treaty Organization, which was the opponent of NATO . It is also unusual that these countries are anti -run or friendly countries in the West.[15] However, French President Emmanuel Macron strongly opposed the opening of the liaison office, saying, "The scope of NATO should not be expanded" out of concern for China. Since all agenda items must receive unanimous approval from NATO member states, it is expected to take some time to be realized.[16] Canada's Dominion at the time[17] At that time, the Fourth Republic of France . France withdrew from the NATO integration forces in 1966 and re -joined in 2009, and maintained its status of member states even after withdrawal. French nuclear development was the cause of friction. He re -joined as a member country in the 1990s, re -joined the NATO Military Commission in 1995 , and re -joined the NATO integration forces in April 2009.[18] The Second Republic of Portugal at the time[19] It is the only NATO member country without a military.[20] Greek kingdom at the time[21] In fact, Egypt had a history of applying together with Turkiye to become a full member of NATO in 1950, when it was the Kingdom of Egypt, but it was not accepted.[22] On May 5, 2022, it became the first Asian organization to become a regular member of the NATO Cyber Defense Center (CCDCOE) . It was the fifth non-NATO country, and the only new member country that was not a NATO member. Currently, after South Korea joined, other countries have joined. With this membership, the National Intelligence Service of the Republic of Korea will participate in joint training and policy research hosted by NATO in the future. #1 #2[23] It was a partner country, but its partner status was revoked due to the Russia-Ukraine War, and it has now become a hostile country like the Soviet Union.[24] It is an organization within NATO established for the purpose of NATO's cyber defense in the wake of Russia's cyber attack on Estonia in 2006.[25] Korea was invited a total of five times during the 34th, 35th, 36th, 37th, and 38th meetings under Presidents Yoon Seok-yeol and Lee Jae-myung. However, he did not attend the 37th meeting due to the worsening diplomatic situation due to the situation between Korea and Iran, a trading partner.[26] Finland officially joined NATO in April 2023, and Sweden in March 2024.[27] Similarly, Russia's accession to the European Union has been discussed.[28] For example , there is a speech given by Al Gore at the “New Traditions” conference held in September 1994 to coincide with the withdrawal of US troops from Berlin .[29] Russia was uncomfortable with NATO's involvement not only in Kosovo but also in the Yugoslav war .[30] Moldova claims to be constitutionally neutral, and joining is not as easy as Georgia due to the Transnistria issue.[31] Reference: A Study on Foreign Security Strategies of Poland and Ukraine in the Post-Cold War Era, Hyunik Hong, Sejong Institute , 2015.[32] In fact, Sweden and Finland applied for NATO membership in April 2022, but due to conflicts with Turkey and Hungary, accession negotiations were delayed, and they joined in April 2023 and March 2024, respectively.[33] The South Osetiya War has a high anti -support feeling, but the Christian population is more than 80%, so it has a very conservative culture, and it is also negative for the opposition, which has a religious policy such as pro -immigration, religion, and sexuality.[34] American diplomats, politicians, historians. During the Cold War, he is well known as the father of the blockade strategy, the core of the US policy.[35] Kramer, Mark; Shifrinson, Joshua R. Itzkowitz (1 July 2017). "Correspondence: NATO Enlargement—Was There a Promise?". International Security. 42 (1): 186–192. doi:10.1162/isec_c_00287. ISSN 0162-2889. S2CID 57571871.[36] To easily explain with an example, as shown above, in 1994, Russia and NATO signed the Partnership for Peace (PFP) to strengthen reconciliation and cooperation in the post-Cold War era. In May 1997, the NATO-Russia Founding Act (NRFA) was signed at the NATO meeting in Paris, France, which led to the creation of the NATO-Russia Permanent Joint Consultative Council (NRPJC). However, apart from this, the relationship was not easy. During the 1999 Kosovo War during NATO's air raid on Serbia, Russian Prime Minister Yevgeny Primakov, who was on his way to the United States for a meeting with Bill Clinton to protest the bombing of Serbia, an ally and friend, ordered the country to return. This marked a total reversal of the Yeltsin administration's pro-Western foreign policy. Also, in June of that year, amid internal strife with NATO over independent jurisdiction over the disputed area, a situation occurred in which Russian troops moving in armored vehicles from Pristina Airport in the Kosovo region faced off with Norwegian and British troops from NATO, which had been incorporated into the Kosovo military.[37] The point of view itself is different from that of defense/criticism because it does not consider the element of legitimacy at all and only examines the causes and consequences of actions.[38] Britain also belongs to this axis, but Britain has continued military cooperation with the United States to maintain global influence since the end of the British Empire era, and France has continued to strengthen its military since Macron took office, while Germany has absolutely neglected national defense since the end of the Cold War.[39] Eastern Europe also tried to disarmament a little thanks to the shield of the United States, but after seeing the forced annexation of the Crimean Peninsula, they switched to maintaining their current forces. In other words, even Poland, which was most active in military modernization, did not even have the energy to worry about the unauthorized occupation of the Crimean peninsula at the time.[40] Also, some time passed after the collapse of the Cold War, and the country switched to a volunteer military system in the late 1990s and mid-2000s, and at that time, young people were in their 40s and became voices in politics. After the Ukraine War, there was strong opposition from young people who called for the reinstatement of conscription, leading to conflict with the older generation and vested interests, and harsh voices from young Germans saying that it would be better for Germany to be occupied.[41] However, it was not officially designated, and was designated de facto in 2003 during the George W. Bush administration. In other words, it is not an explicitly specified de jure.[42] The United States and Saudi Arabia do not have a mutual defense treaty. However, Saudi Arabia signed a strategic mutual defense treaty with Pakistan, a global partner country.
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