Sweden/History

It is a document describing the history of Sweden . Sweden, along with Denmark, has established itself as an indispensable regional power in the history of Northern Europe, especially near the Scandinavian Peninsula . It can be said that it left a big mark in European history, such as fighting over the hegemony of the Baltic Sea with Russia and Poland .

Because many of the Germanic tribes that were at odds with the ancient Roman Empire originated in Sweden, the ancient Romans often left detailed records of the region despite their remoteness. Tacitus wrote in his book Germania that the Suiones had many ships and a powerful force. The Teutonic tribe during the Roman Republic, as well as the Goths, who devastated the Roman Empire in the 4th century AD, mainly arose in the area that corresponds to the territory of today's Sweden. The Swedes also kept records of their kings and heroes in runes and oral tales, but much of this was recorded in the Middle Ages. It was lost before scribes could copy it.

At the beginning of the Middle Ages, the Vikings , the so-called Nords, differed greatly in dialect, culture and direction of trade between what is now Norway and what is now Sweden and Denmark. While the Norse people of the whole of Norway preferred to advance in the west, that is, the Atlantic direction, such as the northern part of the British Isles, Guernsey Island, Jersey Island, and Iceland, the Norse people who lived in central Scandinavia and Denmark lived in the Eastern European coastal area and the Eastern European coastal area in addition to the Western European coastal area . Water transportation was actively pioneered. The Norse dominated the trade routes connecting the Black Sea and the North Sea and accumulated enormous wealth. Considering that gold coins of the Abbasid Caliphate and Saman Dynasty and Buddhist statues of Central Asia are found in the ruins of the time, it can be assumed that the amount of trade was considerable. As Norse towns gradually grew, an early form of kingdom was established in Sweden.

Sweden's early history is made up of myths and legends, which contradict each other because it is difficult to determine how much of it is true. Considering that it was the best among the three Norse brothers, it is very surprising, but Sweden's national formation process is less known than its rival Denmark and Norway, which were treated as inferior. In particular, there is almost no documentary evidence.[2]

According to legend, the Wingling royal family, which originated from Freyr, the god of Norse mythology , ruled Denmark and Sweden, and Harald I Harpagri, who first unified Norway , is also said to be a descendant of the Wingling royal family. # Sweden's full-fledged history, confirmed as fact, began with Svea Rike (meaning 'country of the Svea people') built by the Svea people near Lake Mälaren near Uppsala. Publius Cornelius Tacitus , a historian of the ancient Roman Empire , already mentioned the existence of Svea Lyche around 100 AD, and Rurik and the Varangians who founded the Russian Principality of Kiev are also known to be from the Svea tribe.

At the end of the 10th century , Eirik VI , who ruled the Uppland region, defeated his nephew Stirbirjon at the Battle of Pirisvellir and was crowned King of Sweden, earning the nickname 'Victorious King (Segersäll)' and becoming the first king in Swedish history centered on the Mälaren region. The reason for using the title Eirik VI is to mean that he succeeds all previous legendary Swedish kings . However, although Eirik VI is known to be a descendant of the Wingling royal family, it is unclear whether he himself used the family name Wingling. Historically, the dynasty founded by Eirik VI is called the Munsö dynasty. And some even deny the existence of Eirik VI himself and view Olof Shetkonung, Eirik VI's son and Sweden's first Christian monarch, as the first king.

When Eirik VI died in 995, Olof Shetkonung of Sweden ascended the throne as King of Sweden. According to Adam of Bremen, who wrote early Norse history, Erik VI became king of Denmark in 994. It is said that he drove out Svend I to the Kingdom of England and ruled Denmark until his death in 995, but when Erik VI died, Denmark was taken over by Svend I. And now it is recorded that Olof was in conflict for the Danish throne, but they reconciled when Olof's mother, Sigrid, the widow of Erik VI, remarried Sven I. However, since King Svend I was not driven out to England but was attacking England during the period when Erik VI was said to have ruled Denmark, the record of Bishop Adam of Bremen is being questioned about its authenticity.

In any case, the alliance between Olaf Shetkonnung and King Sven I of Denmark appears to be true, and Sven I actually participated in the downfall of Olaf I Tryggwisson of Norway. In 1000 AD, King Ulav I of Norway attacked Pomerania, the land of the Wend people , and with the aim of returning to Norway, King Sven I of Denmark joined forces with King Olof of Sweden and Erik Hokonarsson, Count Rade, and launched an attack. In the Battle of Svolder, which took place in this way, King Ulav I was in a desperate situation, having to deal with a total of 70 ships with 11 ships, and was eventually captured by Count Erik of Rade and thrown into the sea.

Although Count Eric of Rade was entrusted with the rule of Norway, sovereignty was ostensibly divided between Denmark and Sweden, and Olof Schönkonung acquired Tröndelag in Norway, Sven I of Denmark became the de facto ruler of Norway.[3]

Olof Shetkonung converted to Christianity for the first time in Swedish history in 1008 and began using the Latin royal title ' REX ' . He was canonized as a Christian saint after his death in 1022. However, according to the records of Bishop Adam of Bremen, most of Sweden still maintained its traditional beliefs. In 1015, King Ulav II, the 5th generation descendant of Harald I, the first king of Norway, was baptized as a Christian in 1013, returned to Norway in 1015, and established sovereignty over all of Norway in 1016. And Olof II of Norway began a dispute with Olof Shetkonung of Sweden. Olof II asked Olof Shetkonup's daughter, Ingrid, to marry him, but Olof Shetkonup married Ingrid to Grand Duke Yaroslav I of Kiev of Russia. As war became imminent, in 1019, Olof Shetkonung of Sweden reconciled with King Olaf II of Norway and married his other daughter, Astrid.

In 1022, King Olof Shetkonung of Sweden died, and his son Anund III Jacob became the new king of Sweden. His original name was Jacob, but the Scandinavian name Anund was later added. Anund III Jacob, like his father Olof Shetkonung, maintained an alliance with Olaf II of Norway. When Anund III Jacob, supported by King Ulaf II of Norway, began to threaten Denmark , the Danish regent Ulf Jarl revolted in 1026 and placed Canute's young son, Hareknut, on the throne. Accordingly, Canute, who returned to Denmark with the English army, defeated Ulf Jarl and won the Battle of the Helge River against the Swedish-Norwegian fleet in the same year. And in 1028, he bribed Norwegian landowners into revolting against the Norwegian king, Ulaf II, and then took the Norwegian throne. After Canute died, he supported Magnus I against Sven, who became the king of Norway, and restored him to the throne of Norway.

With the death of Emund II in 1060 , the Munsoe dynasty was cut off, and Stenkil, who succeeded to the throne as Emund II's son-in-law, was the first count (Jarl) of Sweden and was from Västergötland , not Uppsala . As a result, Sweden's ancient royal lineage was cut off, which meant a lack of legitimacy. Also, at that time, Sweden had not yet been completely converted to Christianity, so the conflict between paganism and Christianity was serious. Crucially, Stenkill, who had a relatively powerful force, died in 1066, six years after taking the throne, and the chaos of a civil war over the throne began in Sweden. First, Erik VII Stenkilson, presumed to be Stenkill's son, and Erik VIII, a pagan, fought a civil war for a year over the throne, and both died. In 1067, Stenkill's son Halsten was crowned king of Sweden under the throne of his younger brother, King Inge I. However, Halsten's royal authority was very unstable and he was eventually dethroned in 1070.

Afterwards , Anund IV , a Russian Kievan Rus , took the Swedish throne, but as a Christian, he rejected Sweden's traditional beliefs and was deposed in 1075. And from 1070, Haakon, who had been ruling the area of ​​Gotaland, the land of the Gota tribe in southern Sweden , took control of all of Sweden. Some people skip Anund IV and consider Haakon to be the next king after Halsten. However, Halsten, who had been dethroned since around 1080, was restored to the throne of Sweden with the help of Pope Gregory VII. Pope in 1081 According to the bull of Gregory VII, the initials 'A' and 'I' are referred to as co-kings of Västergötland. Here, the initial 'I' clearly refers to Inge I, but there are theories that the initial 'A' refers to Halsten and Haakon. Also, some records say that Inge I became king after Haakon's death.

Because Inge I was a Christian and showed disdain for traditional Swedish beliefs, he was dethroned in 1084 and the throne was temporarily taken over by his brother-in-law, Sven, who was a pagan. However, he regained the throne by killing Sven in 1087 and worked to spread Christianity until his death in 1105, but his son Lamballe died young before him, so the throne had to be passed on to his older brother Halsten's two sons, Philip and Inge II. However, the Stankill dynasty was suddenly cut off when Philip in 1118 and Inge II in 1125 both died one after another without leaving any heirs.

Afterwards, Magnus I , the son of King Nils of Denmark and Margareta, daughter of King Inge I, claimed the Swedish throne, and the Göta tribe in southern Sweden recognized Magnus I as king. However, in opposition to Magnus I, the Sveans of Uppsala chose Lambal, presumed to be a member of the Stenkill dynasty, as a separate king. Although Lamballe was killed by the Göta tribe after only one year of reign, Magnus I was never recognized in Västergötland, and was eventually expelled from Sweden in 1130 by Sverker I, a native of Östergötland ( eastern Gotaland ) who was chosen as king of Västergötland (western Gotaland) . However, Sverker I's royal authority was not very stable, and after his death, the throne passed to Erik IX from Västergötland, and thereafter, chaos ensued as the Sverker family and Erik family fought each other for the Swedish throne and took it alternately.

After the Stenkyll dynasty was discontinued in 1125, there was confusion over the throne, but in AD 1130 , Sverker I , a native of Östergötland (east of Gotaland), became the new king. King Sverker I worked hard to Christianize Sweden and built monasteries in various places in Sweden, including Alvastra , Nydala , and Varnhem . At this time, in 1152, as a special envoy of Pope Eugenius III, an English- born Italian Albano Bishop and Cardinal Nicholas Breakspear was dispatched to Scandinavia to reorganize the church organization, leading to the creation of the Nidaros Archdiocese in Norway. Sweden also attempted to establish the Archdiocese of Gamla Uppsala, but it failed because pagan forces were still strong. For reference, Cardinal Nicholas returned to Rome in 1154 and was elected Pope Hadrian IV .

Despite his long reign of 26 years, Sverker I's royal power was not very stable, and he was suddenly assassinated in 1156, so the throne passed not to his son, but to Eric IX, a native of Westergötland (western Gotaland) . Later, during his reign, Erik IX contributed greatly to the Christianization of Sweden, and together with Henry, Bishop of Uppsala, he spread Christianity to the Finnish region where the Asian Finns lived as part of the Northern Crusade , creating an opportunity for Sweden to dominate Finland in the future. Because of this, Eric IX became widely recognized as a Christian saint , even though he was never officially canonized by the Pope. Meanwhile, according to legend, in 1157, when King Erik IX was praying before leaving for an expedition to Finland, he saw a yellow cross in the blue sky , which is where today's Swedish flag originated.

Eric IX, who left behind outstanding achievements, was assassinated in 1161 and failed to pass on the throne to his son. Afterwards, Magnus II , the son of Inge I 's granddaughter , briefly took the Swedish throne, and he is suspected of being the mastermind behind the assassinations of Sverker I and Erik IX. In the end, Magnus II was murdered by Karl Sverkersson, the son of Sverker I, just one year after his reign. Afterwards, Karl Sverkersson ascended the throne as Karl VII, and Sweden came under the control of the Sverker dynasty again.

At the time when Charles VII ascended to the throne, the Christianization of Sweden had already been almost completed through the efforts of Erik IX, so the creation of the Archdiocese, which had been promoted during the reign of Sverker I, finally came to fruition. In 1164, the Archdiocese of Uppsala was established and became independent from the Archdiocese of Lund in Denmark. Although Karl VII was a capable ruler, he was assassinated in 1167, only six years into his reign, without being able to secure the hereditary right to the throne. As a result, King Canute I, the son of Erik IX, who was in exile in Denmark, returned to Korea and succeeded to the throne, and Sweden came under the rule of the Erik royal family again, and a custom was created in which the Sverker royal family and the Erik royal family alternately succeeded to the throne. Although Charles VII's two younger brothers rebelled in Östergötland, King Canute I suppressed all of the rebellions in 1173. Now, Knut I ruled Sweden stably, building numerous fortresses, including Stockholm , in 1187.

When Canute I died in 1196, the custom of succession to the throne alternately between the Sverker family and the Erik family continued, and Sverker II, the son of Karl VII of the Sverker family, was crowned king again. During his accession to the throne, Sverker II received a lot of help from Birjer Borsa, who had been appointed as Jarl by King Canute I and became the second in command of the kingdom, so when his first wife died, he remarried Birjer's daughter Ingrid. And when his patron, Birjer, died in 1202, Sverker II appointed his son , John I, who was only one year old, as Jarl in order to stabilize the royal power.

Even after Sverker II ascended the throne, Canute I's sons stayed in the Swedish palace, but in 1203, they began to seek the throne and were exiled to Norway. Later, in 1205, the sons of Canute II invaded Sweden with the support of the Birkleks , an influential force in Norway , but Sverker II defeated the sons of Canute I at the Battle of Elgaros and executed three of his four brothers. However, the youngest son , Erik Then, this time, Sverker II attacked Sweden in 1210 to regain the throne with support from Denmark, but was killed in the Battle of Yestrillen .

Now that Erik However, because he died suddenly of high fever on the island of Visingsø in 1216, the Swedish nobles hastily elected John I, the son of Sverker II, as king in order to exclude the intervention of the Pope in the process of electing the throne. In this way, John I of the Sverker royal family became king of Sweden and gained legitimacy by holding a coronation ceremony in 1219, but he died suddenly in 1222 without being married, so the Sverker royal family was suddenly cut off.

After the sudden death of King John I, Erik XI's son, Erik However, because Eric XI was too young, Canute II, a distant relative of Eric And when Eric XI grew up, he tried to oust Canute II in 1229, but was defeated and had to be driven out to Denmark. Afterwards, Canute II held a formal coronation ceremony and ascended the throne, but because Canute II died in 1234, Eric XI was able to return to Korea and be reinstated as king.

Now, Erik Then, Jarl Birjer Mannusson, the Swedish chancellor and second-in-command in the kingdom, succeeded in electing his son, Waldemar I, as king, citing the fact that he had married Ingeborg, the sister of Erik XI, and that he inherited the blood of the Sverker royal family through his maternal line. In this way, the long-standing dispute between the Sverker and Erik families over the Swedish throne came to an end and the new 'Folkunga' dynasty began.

In 1250, Jarl Birjer Mannusson's son Waldemar was elected king of Sweden, marking the beginning of the new Polkunga dynasty. Since Valdemar's mother, Ingeborg, was the daughter of Erik However, because Waldemar was only 11 years old when he ascended the throne, his father, Jarl Birjer, became regent and ruled Sweden until his death. And after Jarl Birjer's death in 1266, Valdemar took over his father's reign as king, but his younger brother Magnus became Duke of Sweden and inherited his father Birjer's position, and now began to claim the Swedish throne.

Crucially, because Valdemar had an affair with his younger brother, Jutta, and had a child with his wife, Sophia, the daughter of King Erik IV of Denmark, he had to go to Rome in 1274 to apologize to the Pope. Magnus revolted in 1275, dethroned Valdemar, and crowned himself king. However, with Denmark's intervention, Valdemar was able to rule Gotaland in southern Sweden. For reference, Magnus was the first official king of Sweden under the name 'Magnus', but as usurpers and opposing kings were included in the dynasty genealogy, he was named 'Magnus III'. In addition, because Magnus III declared himself the monarch of the Goths living in southern Sweden in 1278, he used the title 'King of the Goths (rex Gothorum)', which led subsequent Swedish kings to use the title 'King of the Swedes and Goths'.

Afterwards, Magnus III began to organize a large-scale ruling system for Sweden. First, in 1279, through the Aalsnö Convention, the upper class of commoners were allowed tax exemption in exchange for swearing allegiance to the king and providing war horses in wartime. They became a noble class called 'fralse', meaning freedom from taxes. In addition, Magnus III reorganized the church organization so that bishops were elected by the council of each diocese and could only be punished by the Inquisition according to church law. He also granted tax exemption to the church, allowing the Church of Sweden to grow into a third force that kept the aristocratic power in check. Lastly, Magnus III systematized the state council in which the existing clergy and nobles participated and formed the Senate (Riksradet), which included nobles, bishops, members of the provincial council, the king's military, legal advisors, and chancellors. These senators stayed in their territory during normal times and gathered only when a meeting was convened.

Magnus III reorganized Sweden's ruling system after founding the Pulkunga dynasty, but failed to do everything in his power to plan the succession. When Magnus III died in 1290, he nominated his eldest son, Birjer, as his successor, but because he was only 10 years old, he was unable to rule directly. In the end, he had to appoint Thorgils Knutsson, a distant relative and 'constable' who was in charge of the army, as regent and rule through the Senate. Accordingly, Torgils began to rule Sweden based on the support of Swedish nobles, and in particular, resumed the conquest of Finland, which had been suspended during the reign of Erik IX, and took control of western Karelia in 1293, establishing a fortress in Vyvory and confirming the border with Russia .

In 1302, Birjer's younger brothers, Erik and Valdemar, each took over Södermanland. He was appointed Duke and Duke of Finland. Afterwards, Erik and Waldemar expressed their ambitions for Swedish rule, and when the regent, Thorgils, began to stand against the church, which had grown into the third power in Denmark after Magnus III, they ousted Thorgils with the support of the church and started a civil war. And when Erik and Valdemar recognized the right of succession to the throne of Magnus Birjersson, Birjer's son, Birjer turned to the side of Erik and Valdemar, and Thorgils was executed.

Afterwards, a feud broke out between Erik, Waldemar, and Birjer, resulting in the Hotuna Incident in 1306, when Erik and Valdemar captured Birjer in Hotuna and imprisoned him in Nyköping Castle. However, in 1308, under pressure from King Erik VI of Denmark, Birjer was released, and for the next 10 years, the Swedish nobility was divided into two and fought among themselves. Although Birjör arrested Erik and Valdemar at the Nyköping party in 1317 and starved them to death in prison the following year, Erik and Valdemar's associates launched a counterattack and succeeded in ousting Birjör in 1318. And Magnus IV , the son born from Erik's marriage to Ingeborg, the only daughter of King Haakon V of Norway , was elected king through the National Assembly of Uppsala in July 1319. In addition, Magnus IV inherited the Norwegian throne through maternal lineage in August of the same year and became the king of both Sweden and Norway.

After the death of King Magnus III, who established the Swedish kingship, in AD 1290, the conflict between his sons and the Swedish nobles continued for nearly 30 years, but Magnus III's second son Eric, Duke of Sodermanland, and Haakon 5, King of Norway It came to an end when Magnus IV, the son of Se's daughter Ingebori, ascended the throne in July 1319 AD. And when Haakon V died in August of the same year, Magnus IV inherited the Norwegian throne and ascended the throne as Magnus VII, so Sweden and Norway became equal unions . However, since Magnus IV was only 3 years old when he ascended the throne, his grandmother Helwig of Holstein, mother Ingeborg of Norway, and Danish nobleman Knut Jonsson and Norwegian nobleman Erling Widkunsun formed the regency. Organized.

Although a rebellion broke out in Norway led by Erling Vidkunsson in AD 1333 before Magnus IV came of age and was suppressed, the regents ruled both Sweden and Norway without much trouble. In addition, at that time, most of Denmark's territory was being pledged as collateral for loans loaned to the Danish royal family by Gerhard III, Count of Holstein-Lensburg and John III, Count of Holstein-Plön, of Germany. When it was raised and requested to be returned to Sweden, the Swedish regency paid compensation to Gerhard III, Count of Holstein-Lensburg, and incorporated Skåne into Swedish territory.

In AD 1336, when Magnus IV turned 20, he was officially crowned King of Sweden and Norway in Stockholm, but in AD 1338, the Norwegian nobles rebelled once more. In the end, in 1343 AD, a great compromise was reached by the Treaty of Barberi, and the Swedish throne was inherited by Eric XII, the eldest son of King Magnus IV, but the Norwegian throne was succeeded by the second son as Haakon VI, and Haakon VI immediately ascended the Norwegian throne . It was decided that Magnus IV would be regent until VI reached the age of majority. Afterwards, King Magnus IV began drafting the 'Landslag' to completely abolish slavery in Sweden and unify local laws while reorganizing internal affairs. ' was also made. However, Magnus IV's foreign policy was not very successful. In AD 1348, he attacked the Novgorod Republic of Russia, but eventually failed because of the Black Death (Pest) that began to sweep northern Europe from AD 1350.

During his reign, Magnus IV caused a lot of discontent because he diminished the economic power of the nobility and the church in order to strengthen his royal authority. And in 1355, when the second son, Haakon VI , who had been appointed king of Norway , came of age , the alliance between Sweden and Norway came to an end and they were separated into separate countries again. Then , Erik Afterwards , Eric

Afterwards, Magnus IV launched a counterattack and signed an alliance treaty with Valdemar IV of Denmark on the condition that his second son, Haakon VI, who became king of Norway in 1359, marry Valdemar IV 's daughter Margrethe , and also made peace with his eldest son, Erik XII . In the same year , Eric However, because the Swedish nobles, led by John Gryff, approached Magnus IV's brother-in-law, Duke Albrecht II of Mecklenburg, and offered the throne to his son Albrecht, Magnus IV gave up on recapturing Skåne and entered into an alliance again with Valdemar IV of Denmark. And Magnus IV appointed Haakon VI as co-king of Sweden in 1362 and received support from Norway.

In this way, Magnus IV fought a joint front with Denmark and Norway, but in 1364, Albert of Mecklenburg , with the support of the Hanseatic cities in Northern Germany , led an army into Stockholm, Sweden, and succeeded in holding a coronation ceremony. Afterwards, a civil war broke out in Sweden for eight years between Magnus IV and the supporters of Albrecht of Mecklenburg, and in 1364, the forces of Albrecht of Mecklenburg defeated the Norwegian army of Haakon VI, who had supported Magnus IV, and captured Magnus IV as prisoner. Now, in 1370, Haakon VI signed a peace treaty with the Hanseatic cities on the condition of guaranteeing significant trade privileges, and the following year, with the support of King Waldemar IV of Denmark, he besieged Stockholm , but failed to capture it. Eventually, a compromise was reached between Haakon VI and Albrecht, and a peace treaty was signed in which Albrecht took the Swedish throne in exchange for the release of the captive Magnus IV.

In Denmark, after the death of Valdemar IV in 1375, there was no legitimate candidate for succession to the throne, so the Danish throne remained vacant for a while. And since Ingeborg, the daughter of Waldemar IV, married Henry III, the eldest son and successor of Duke Albrecht II of Mecklenburg, their son, Albrecht IV, emerged as a powerful heir to the throne thanks to the halo of his grandfather, Duke Albrecht II of Mecklenburg. However, the Danish nobles, who did not want their influence in Scandinavia to expand any further while the German family of the Dukes of Mecklenburg had already occupied the Swedish throne, refused this and elected Prince Oluf, the son of Valdemar IV's daughter Margrethe, who married King Haakon VI of Norway, as King Oluf II of Denmark in 1376 . And when King Haakon VI of Norway died in 1380, Oluf II ascended the throne as King Olaf IV of Norway , and Denmark and Norway now became a commonwealth. However, because Oluf II was still too young, Margrethe became regent.

Although Albrecht of Mecklenburg assumed the Swedish throne, he had to recognize the broad powers of the Swedish nobles' regency council. Among them, Bujonsson Griff, who made the greatest contribution to putting Albrecht on the throne, gained a whopping 1,500 farms and occupied one-third of Sweden's territory. Because of this, although Albrecht remained on the throne for 19 years, he exercised little control over western Sweden. Later, when Albrecht handed over land in major regions to German lords to create a base of support for himself, and only Germans were employed in important positions, the Swedish nobility rallied around Bujonsson Griff and kept Albrecht in check. And when Boo Jonsson Griff died in 1389 AD, the Swedish nobles now began a dispute with Albrecht over the inheritance of Boo Jonsson Griff's vast estates. And for this, she asks for help from Margrethe I of Denmark and Norway.

Originally, Margrethe had also been demanding the right to inherit the Swedish throne from Albert of Mecklenburg, who had usurped the throne from Magnus IV of Sweden, claiming that her son, Oluf II , was Magnus IV's maternal grandson. And since Oluf II had already become the king of Denmark and Norway and had strong military power, and the Swedish people were also friendly toward Oluf II becoming king, it was not impossible for Denmark-Norway-Sweden to be unified by Oluf II, but it was aborted when Oluf II suddenly died at the age of 17 in 1387.

Afterwards, Margrethe mobilized all of her diplomatic capabilities and succeeded in adopting Erik of Pomerania, the grandson of her older sister Ingeborg and the son of Wartislav VII, Duke of Pomeran- Stolf , to inherit the Danish throne and enthrone him as King Erik IV of Denmark. And although Norway was ruled by a National Advisory Council, Margrethe actually held all real power in Denmark and Norway. And in 1389, at the request of the Swedish nobles who were at odds with Albrecht, he succeeded in taking over most of the enormous estates of the deceased Swedish powerful man, Johnsson Gryff. From this time, Margrethe was declared the 'female monarch and ruler' of Sweden, and in February 1389, she attacked Sweden and won the Battle of Osle, and also succeeded in capturing Albrecht.

Afterwards, Albrecht was imprisoned in Lindholm Castle in Skåne for six years, and officially gave up Stockholm in 1395 in exchange for a large sum of compensation . Meanwhile, because Margrethe had already taken control of Sweden, she succeeded in enthroning Erik of Pomerania to both the Norwegian and Swedish thrones in 1396. Erik of Pomerania is named Erik III as the King of Norway and Erik XIII as the King of Sweden. Subsequently, in June 1397, Margrethe convened the three aristocratic councils of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden in Kalmar, southeastern Sweden, and succeeded in passing a union plan between the three countries, thereby establishing the ' Kalmar Union ' in which Denmark, Norway, and Sweden formed an alliance with each other. And Eric of Pomerania became the unified king of the three countries, and a joint coronation ceremony was held for the three countries on June 7 of the same year.

Although Eric of Pomerania was officially the unified king, Margrethe still reigned as the de facto ruler. However, Margrethe failed to ratify the three-nation constitution of the Kalmar League, so the Kalmar League took on the character of a federation of states rather than a single country. In this way, even after the formation of the Kalmar League, the three Scandinavian countries were still able to have their own independent noble councils and maintain their own laws and customs. However, in general, the leadership of the Kalmar Alliance was exercised by Denmark, while the remaining countries, Norway and Sweden, remained in a subordinate position. Margrethe, who left behind the feat of unifying Scandinavia, died in Flensburg in 1412 from the Black Death while waging a war to restore influence over Holstein in southern Denmark.

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Sweden's heyday ends , with Carl XVI defeated in the war against North Korea . Since then, the kingship is weakened and the constitutional monarchy has been introduced, and the power of the parliament has become stronger. The free era ended when Gustav III caused a coup d'etat, and Sweden maintained a premise monarchy until the constitutional monarchy was restored in the mid -19th century.

Gustav IV Adolph, crowned in 1792, participated in the anti-French alliance during the Napoleonic Wars in 1802 . However, he was attacked by Napoleon Bonaparte and lost Pomeranian territory in Sweden, attacked by the Russian Empire in 1808 and captured by Fredericks in 1809.[4] Even Finland was taken away by treaty . Eventually, after a coup, King Gustav IV Adolph was dethroned , and Carl XIII , who succeeded to the throne , had no descendants until he was old . was elected as

In 1812, however, Bernadotte betrayed Napoleon by joining the anti-French alliance, and attacked Denmark and occupied Norway . Since then, Norway has been ruled by Sweden in the form of a self-governing territory . See United Kingdom of Sweden-Norway . On the death of Charles XIII in 1818, Bernadotte took the throne as Charles XIV John , and the Bernadotte dynasty began. Rabulist riots in 1838, when the progressive journalist MJ Krussentorpe was convicted of slandering Charles XIV, led to the relaxation of press censorship and the development of parliamentary politics.

At the end of the 1800s, migration to the New World was active, with about 1 million people crossing over (about 20% of the total population) and migrating mainly to the grasslands of the central United States. Even now, many Americans with the name '~son' are their descendants. This great migration had an impact on the housing problem and the labor rights movement that emerged as Sweden entered its industrial development.

Sweden has achieved a lot of industrial development since entering the 1890s, and based on Kiruna 's iron mine and new hydroelectric power generation method, it begins to increase industrial production at a rapid pace.

In 1905, King Oscar II relinquished his claim to the Kingdom of Norway and Norway was divided. Since the breakup of Norway, Sweden has not been in an outright war.

It declared non-aligned armed neutrality and avoided the outbreak of World War I. The years 1917 and 1918 after World War I were turbulent. The radical left within the Swedish Social Democratic Labour Party left to form the Left Party (Vänster partiet) due to the Russian Revolution in 1917, and the conservative forces modeled on Germany also rapidly shrank due to the defeat of Germany in 1918. After this, the Social Democratic Party joined forces with workers to win universal suffrage, including women's suffrage, in 1921. Based on this, Sweden established a Swedish-style welfare state under the influence of Russian Bolshevism, which had previously conquered Finland and had a great influence in Northern Europe , with the Social Democratic Labour Party in power for a long time .

Production surged during World War I, as the German U-boat plan prevented British textiles from entering, providing a basis for growth for Swedish companies, and iron exports to Germany peaked during the war. . After World War I, the paper and pulp industries increased and iron exports declined.

Even in World War II, it maintained armed neutrality, but had a close relationship with Nazi Germany through the formation of Swedish Waffen SS units and iron ore trade . Also, when the Nazis invaded Norway at this time, Sweden lent the railways to the notice that they would invade if the railways were not given, and Norway quickly came under Nazi rule. This fact was much criticized by the Allies after the war, and there are a few old people in Norway who have left bad feelings towards Sweden. In addition , 8,000 Swedish volunteers participated in the war to help neighboring Finland .

But Sweden also had people like Oskar Schindler . Raul Wallenberg is Sweden's largest conglomerate , famous for being a 'respected conglomerate in society'. He is a member of the Wallenberg family. Wallenberg used his diplomatic status to forge counterfeit money to Jews destined for concentration camps . He rescued them by giving them back their Swedish passports to make them appear as citizens of a friendly country. However, right after the end of the war, he went to the Soviet Army Command to protect refugees despite opposition from those around him, and he disappeared after that. After 10 years, he was arrested and detained by Smersy , and the Soviet side revealed that he fell ill at the camp and cremated the body . believed

After World War II, he did not join NATO and WTO , but adhered to the status of neutral nations, leading Nordic Balance, Nordic Balance. However, he took a pro -US policy to serve as a northern side barrier of the Western world from the Soviet Union. Later, the government did not bias to one side, such as the government's officially criticized the involvement of the Vietnam War , but in recent years, the diplomatic documents of the recent release of diplomatic documents agreed with NATO when the war between NATO and WP occurred. Spetsnatsu 's major training penetration routes were in Sweden , along with Afghanistan and Chechen, which was why the Swedish army's intercourse was significant. Even Spetsnatsu penetrated to the front door of the royal palace through the sewer and was discovered by the guard and escaped at the end of the shooting .[5]

Sweden expanded welfare policies in all directions and implemented various advanced policies, making it very comfortable to live in, and it was also during this period that it began to accept many refugees . However, as the tax burden increased in the process, support for the Social Democratic Party , which had been in power for a long time, gradually decreased, and controversy over the construction of nuclear power plants arose in the early 1970s. From the mid-1970s to the early 1980s, the economy was somewhat stagnant due to the oil shock , and as a result, a coalition government of three conservative parties was briefly established. Still, even at this time, the Social Democratic Party was the 1st party in the parliament. In fact, Sweden at this time was already in a relatively worse situation than before because income was already the highest in the world and quality of life was maintained at the top, but overall, support from the existing regime was still high. From the mid-1980s, it gradually overcame the aftereffects of the oil shock and grew as asset prices rose rapidly. In the early 1990s, as real estate prices fell, the country went into recession again, but the recession did not last long and returned to growth in the mid-1990s.

After the collapse of communism, it virtually abandoned its policy of neutrality, and although it joined the European Union in 1995 , it still maintains its own independent policies, such as not joining NATO and refusing to use the euro . However, following Putin's invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the country is considering joining NATO along with Finland in May.

In the 2010s, dissatisfaction caused by global economic crises such as the global financial crisis and the rapid increase in refugees from the Middle East led to election campaigns by extreme forces even in Sweden, which is famous for its welfare state. However, it is said that it has risen relatively, but it is still a bit unreasonable to hold power in absolute terms, and since Sweden itself is a country with a lot of antipathy to the extreme right, the party that emerged in that way was worried about losing its image, so it internally purged itself and now it is against extreme forces in other countries. Compared to that, it has become a relatively mediocre party. The extremists who were swept away in this way created a new political party and are more blatantly extremist than before. However, single-handedly ruling seems far away.

On June 21, 2021, the coalition government collapsed when the Swedish Parliament passed a no-confidence motion against Prime Minister Stefan Löfven . #

Four days after riots broke out in Norrköping, eastern Sweden , due to a far-right group's burning of the Islamic scripture, the Quran, riots by far-right groups continued in southern Sweden, injuring 40 people. #

2024 in 2024 , breaking the neutral principles that have long adhered to Ukraine in 2022 I joined NATO .