Sámi

The Sámi (or the Saami) family are the northern European Scandinavian Peninsula ( Norway , Sweden , the northern region of the Finland ) and Cola Peninsula , which are mainly called Sápmi . It is a ethnic minority living in the Arctic Circle area of the White Sea Eyes . Sami means land.

The population is about 130,000, and the Samere belongs to the Uralians .

It is also called the LAPP, but the word "Rafin or Lapland, which is a taching that is made by foreigners , is considered insulting the Sami, and it is not desirable to mention it in front of them. In the past, the Nords were called Finnr, Finnas, and therefore, all of them were written in ancient Nordic literature , such as Saga . The names of Norwegian northernmost Finnmark and Finnsnes are also derived from here. In modern times, in the northern part of Norwegian, it is rare to call the Sami as the pin, but it is considered to be very rude as with the previous Raf.

It was a tribe that lived in a cold land earlier , so it was almost impossible to farm and focused on nomadic and hunting. Until modern times, the Sami were the main daily routine to grazing Elk or reindeer in the summer and to raise or hunt to farms in the cold winter, and they have been living with meat, dairy and leather from Elk or Reindees. But in modern times, many parts have been assimilated to modern civilization. The entire Northern Europe, but in many cases, vitamins are consumed through fruits and herbs in midsummer.

Like Finns , they are greatly influenced by the genetic influence of the Ural- Siberian natives who migrated from east to west , so the gene frequency of paternal haplogroup N is high, with East Asian/Siberian genes reaching an average of 25%. Like other Finn-Ugrian peoples, they have been mixed with Europeans for a long time, so most of their genes are of Western Eurasian (European) descent, and their appearance has a strong European feel. Unlike other Nordic peoples, many people have short and stocky bodies, and many are former sports players. Also, the average height is relatively short. The incidence of type 1 diabetes is also among the highest among all ethnic groups around the world.

Although it varies from country to country, it is quite autonomy. In addition, the nomadic people who stick to the Sami traditional lifestyle can freely cross the border for the grazing of Elk and reindeer . The use of firearms is allowed for hunting for livelihoods, and the Public broadcasters in the Nordic region are broadcast together without having a channel in each country. Finland 's Lapi is the largest residential area of the Sami. Other areas where the Sami lives include Kara Shock in Norwegians , where more than 90% of the population is the Sami.

The proto-Ural people, the ancestors of the Sami people, appear to have begun a massive westward advance from Siberia to the Atlantic coast between the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age approximately 4,000 years ago. The indigenous people of Lapland , where the Sami people currently reside, are presumed to be descendants of members of the Ahrensburg culture , a late Paleolithic culture that flourished throughout Germany and Poland from 12,900 to 11,700 years ago . They lived while maintaining their own culture and language until around the 5th century AD, so they used Old Lapland, a language that did not belong to the Indo-European or Uralic language family. It is presumed that after that, primitive Ural people came in from Siberia , assimilated these indigenous people, and mixed blood with Indo-European peoples several times to reach what it is today.

Since Sweden and Norway have formed the kingdom, they have been far from the main residence of the Vikings, and because of the cold and bad, the Vikings have been notorious for Europe , and since the Scandinavian Peninsula has been Christianized, they have long been able to maintain autonomy. However, the Sami, who entered the southern part of Norway, seemed to have partially assimilated to them as they were mixed with Norwegians . Sometimes they were pressured by the southern Norway or Swedish central power, but they were so cold and poor that they were able to maintain autonomy for a long time.

But as time goes by, Norway , Sweden , and Russian authorities are gradually trying to achieve their central power. The 15th -century collaboration became the land of the Moscow Principal , and as the Russians migrated to the Cola Peninsula, the Russian Orthodox Church evangelism was carried out from the 16th century . The Sami of the Finnish , who were dominated by the mainland of the Russian or the Russian Empire , have changed their languages with the Swedish and Norwegians. If there is a lot of Russian borrowed in Finland , Sweden and Norwegian Samere have many Swedish borrowers. In the mid -19th century, the Norwegian authorities made a massive discrimination policy and cultural suppression policy against the Sami under the name of modernization. In the 19th and early 20th centuries , he had a large riot as well as the suppression policy and alcohol, and even suffered infertility surgery or even exhibited in a human zoo because of the inferior races . In any case, it is believed that many Norwegians were assimilated when they were mixed with the Norwegians. However, in the mid -20th century, as the reaction to the oppression policy was created to guarantee the rights of the Sami, the Sami were beginning the civil rights movement, and the schools were taught by the activists of these organizations and organizations.

As a result, the voices of the Sami were raised, and the perception of the Sami was completely different in the mid -20th century as the perception of the Sami gradually changed in the politics. However, in the case of Norwegian , there was a dispute with the central government for the construction of the dam until the 1970s. And on August 15, 1986, the independent flag was recognized, and from 1992, February 6 was set as the Sami -Chinese Day, and the Sami Council began to be formed separately in 1993.

Unfortunately, the Sami are directly threatened by the existence of livelihoods and traditional cultures directly by global warming . It's raining a lot, and it's frozen on the snow, and the reindeer can't get a moss food. It is as if the Greenland , the same Arctic culture, disappeared and became a victim of global warming. #

A legal dispute between the Sami people and a wind farm builder in northern Norway resulted in a lawsuit by the Sami people in northern Norway. #

After the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, exchanges between Russia and the Sami people living in Norway, Sweden and Finland have been severed. #

 more detailsSami documentcastPlease note.

Sami, a unique language of the Sami, belongs to Uralians, such as Finnish and Estonian . This language is a minority language of Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Russia, but it is designated as local official language in Sweden, Finland, and northern Norway, and efforts to preserve Sammy are continuing. However, Samere has a significant difference in each region, so there is no unified grammar system. However, northern Samere users overwhelm the majority of Samere users.

Originally, it is a traditional house that is called 'Go -ti' , and there is a tent and a clay house. Inside, it was a huge or shelf that could smoke a bonfire , and it was tradition to live with a chair or bed without a chair or bed . The Russian Sami imitated the wooden house Izba and built a hut called т па.

In modern times, most Sami live in modern houses.

Originally, there were their own folk beliefs , and there was also a tradition of worshipping reindeer and bears. Shamans (more precisely, baksu) were called 'Noaidi' , and were considered by the common people to be a link between the human world and the afterlife, and they were even believed to be able to transform into birds, reindeer, and salmon. And when a person died, they believed that they would go to a happy world called saivo, where their family and ancestors were waiting for them, and they would pitch tents and hunt as in this world. Also, when they performed rituals, they used traditional drums with images of gods carved on them as instruments. They would pile up stones in a specific place like a shrine, or they would worship a rock that was considered sacred, which was called 'Sieidis'.

Surprisingly, Christianity began to spread only in the 19th century.[1] , Northern Europe was influenced by the Lutheran Church , and Russia was influenced by the Orthodox Church .[2] In particular, in Northern Europe, Lars Levi Laestadius (1800-1861) created the ' Laestadian Revival Movement ', which combined a simple worship style that was completely different from the state church , abstinence from alcohol, and a movement to eliminate superstitions . The Lutheran branch that arose from this revival movement even spread to the United States and Canada through immigrants.

The most widely known one of the unique traditional play culture was a board game called the Tablet , and Sweden 's famous biologist Karl von Linde went to the area of Sami to investigate the reindeer , leaving a record of the game for the residents and spreading to Europe after the mid -18th century.