Estonia

The Republic of Estonia (Eesti Vabariik), commonly known as Estonia (Eesti), is a republic located in the northernmost part of the Baltic countries in Europe .

Founded on February 28, 1918 , rebuilt on August 20, 1991 .[9] The area is 45,227 km2, which has an area of ​​about 45%. Latvia is located in the south , Russia in the east , and Finland is located after the Baltic Sea in the north . The capital is Tallinn , the main cities are Tallin , Tartu , Narba , and Farnu .

It is a country with a stable economy and a developed cutting-edge IT industry. It is also known as the country that developed Skype and Bolt . The currency unit was originally the Estonian kron , but since January 2011, the euro has been used.

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An unofficial state is a song that is treated as Mu Isama on Minu Arm . It was loved so much that it was called the last song for each music festival.[10] Even today, Estonians have culturally equal or equal or more meaningful meaning. After independence from the Soviet Union , it was discussed as one of the candidates for the official state, but it was excluded because it was somewhat difficult to call it a state. At the Peak Hermann Tower of Estonia, the Gyeongbokgung Palace of Korea or the Big Ben of the United Kingdom , the flag is raised every day with the country every day, and the national flag is made with the song every sunset. This is said to be obligations defined in the Estonian flag law.

One-third of the entire country is covered with dense forests, so it is called ' European Amazonia ' , and Soma National Park in particular is considered a natural heritage site with the best preserved pristine nature.[11] This place was created as a national park in 1991 when Estonia became independent, and the wild nature of Estonia formed during the Ice Age, including numerous swamps , lakes , and migratory bird habitats, has been preserved as is. Meanwhile, Lahema National Park, close to Tallinn, is also popular because it has a preserved wetland forest park.

It is largely composed of Ice Age terrain, and the weathered land is low and flat. The climate is humid, with extensive forests, marshes and pastures. Although not as high as in the Netherlands , the average altitude is low, with an average elevation of only 50 m and the highest elevation is only 318 m.

Oil shale (blood cancer)[12] Lime stone and wood are the main driving force of the national economy.

There are more than 1,400 lakes. Most are the smallest but the largest lakes, the 3,555 km2, Lake Peipus (Peipsi Järv). Historical events include the 'Battle of Ice' in 1242 by Nobo Road Alexandre Nepsuki , which defeated the Tutton Knights on the ice of Lake Payus. There are also a lot of river stems, so there are 162 km tributaries, VõHandu and Pärnu.

There are estimated to be more than 1,500 islands near Estonia, the two largest being Saaremaa and Hiiumaa.

It is a cold continental climate , but the average temperature is -5.9 ℃ in January, 16.8 ℃ in July, and the amount of annual steel is 600 ~ 750 mm. The minimum temperature ever was -43.5 ℃ recorded in 1940 in Jõgeva.

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As of 2024, the population including immigrants is approximately 1.32 million in Gyeonggi-do . It is slightly larger than the population of Suwon City . Population density is 31 people/㎢. The birth rate is 1.7 per 1,000 women in 2005, and the birth rate per 1,000 people is 10.66, and the death rate per 1,000 people is 12.86. The population is still decreasing due to the mass exodus of Russians living in Estonia.[13]

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68.7% of the total population is Estonian , and the remaining 31.3% are made up of Russians , Ukrainians , Finns , and Central Asian immigrants .

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Uralian Estonian , which belongs to the Baltic Finn Fish, is the official language. There is a Finnish language close to Estonian, but it has been changed in different ways for about 2000 years, so it is difficult to communicate except for basic dialogue. In Buruju and Pearl Baju in southeastern Estonia , Võro ​​Kiil 'and Seto Kiil ´ are also used.

Since there are many Estonians of Russian descent who immigrated during the Soviet Union, Russian is also widely spoken. In particular, in Narva in the east , more than 90% of the population is Russian speakers. The capital, Tallinn , also has a large Russian population, with some districts, such as Lasnamäe, having a Russian-speaking population approaching 60%. However, Russian speakers are concentrated only in the east and the capital, so it is difficult to find them in the west or rural areas.

Before World War II, many Baltic Germans lived[14] Some German have been used, but after World War II, many Baltic Germans are expelled to the mainland of Germany, and now they are not used well except for some elderly people.

Most people know how to speak at least two foreign languages: English , Russian , Finnish , German , and Swedish .

Since independence, there has been conflict with Russians over language issues . The ethnic Russians living in Estonia can be seen as a kind of minority within Estonia . Usually, when a minority makes up more than a quarter of the total population, the language of the minority is also designated as the official language.[15] However, due to various reasons, including anti-Russian sentiment, only Estonian is designated as the official language in Estonia. In fact, most people born in the 1990s are unable to speak Russian because they did not learn it unless they learned it or had Russian parents, and with globalization, English is being emphasized over Russian.[16]

Estonia is a very non -religious country. In the past, Christianity has traditionally believed in Christianity, but since its origin, indigenous beliefs were stronger than Christianity, and it became a non -religious country as it was far from European Christian culture under the influence of national atheism during the Soviet Union . According to the 2010 Euro-baro survey, only 18%of Estonian population was the lowest in Europe , and in the 2006-2008 Gallup survey, only 14%of the Estonian religion was important in life.

According to statistics in 2000, non-religious people were 70.8% of the population, 13.6% of the population believed in the Lutheran Church , 12.8% believed in the Orthodox Church, and only a few thousand others believed in Catholicism and Islam.[17] It is said that many people even believe in Buddhism . There are also people, like Finland, who try to reproduce their country's traditional mythology . As its location shows, this country was one of the last in Europe to engage in Christian missionary work. The Reformation broke out before the Baltic German nobles and urban merchants, as seen in historical records, and the native Baltic peasants living in the dense forests who lived in the dense forests were properly rooted in Catholic doctrine and religious culture. As a large number of German nobles and city dwellers who had been converted to Christianity moved over to Lutheranism in large numbers, it was impossible for Christianity to serve as a central point of national culture and ideology in the first place.[18] Rather, the spread of Orthodoxy under the Russian Empire was more stable and continuous. Therefore, although the religious affiliation is weak, in any case, considering the traditional majority religion, it is unique in Eastern Europe, where Catholicism and Orthodoxy are the mainstays everywhere.[19] The Protestant Lutheran Church was the majority denomination, and it was the largest eastern frontier region of the northern Protestant bloc.

Until 2000, Lutheran Protestantism was the largest denomination, but in 2011 statistics , Orthodox believers were 16.15% and Protestants were 9.91%, so the number of Orthodox believers reversed the number of Protestant believers.[20] In 2021, the proportion of Lutheran Protestants is only 7.7%, less than half of the Orthodox Church, and is decreasing over time.

For this reason, Protestant chapels in Estonia are often left destroyed during the Soviet era or renovated into restaurants like in other European countries.[21] Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church under Bartholomew I The Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople broke with the Russian Orthodox Church by declaring that it was under his jurisdiction , and Bartholomew I claimed that the merger of the Estonian Orthodox Church into the Russian Orthodox Church was forced by Joseph Stalin . Currently, the Estonian Orthodox Church is divided into the Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church, which belongs to the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, and the Estonian Christian Orthodox Church, which belongs to the Patriarch of Moscow. Among these, the Orthodox Church under the Moscow Patriarchate, which Russians mainly believe in, has collusion with Russia, and in July 2026, the Estonian Ministry of the Interior warned the Estonian Christian Orthodox Church to ' decide whether to serve God or the Kremlin ' and appoint a new archbishop within six months and sever ties with Patriarch Kirill. They also sent an alert threatening to forcibly disband religious organizations if they do not comply. #

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It has the best economic situation among the three Baltic countries , and is classified as an advanced economy in statistics from the United Nations Statistics Department (UNSD), the World Bank , and the IMF .[22]

Digital nomad visas are granted to foreigners who work online . Usually, foreign workers obtain residency status only if they receive an official work permit from the country where they plan to work, but Estonia's digital nomad visa has no such restrictions. While living in Estonia, you can travel to and from the 26 countries that have joined the Schengen Agreement without restrictions for up to 90 days. There is also an electronic permanent residency system that was introduced in 2014 and is issued for a fee of 100 euros.

The drug problem is emerging as a serious social problem. #

Absolute freedom of expression is guaranteed, perhaps because of the trauma of the Soviet satellite country. In other words, there is no offense of insult, defamation, and no civil liability.

(As of 2024) According to the Corruption Perception Index published by Transparency International (TI), it ranks 13th out of 180 countries, making it one of the least corrupt countries in the world .[23] For reference, in the same statistics, South Korea ranks 30th.

It is an educational powerhouse with the highest academic achievement among Western countries .[24] Statistics from the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) prove this, and since 2012, it has always ranked at the top among Western countries.[25]

Unusually, this country has separate Estonian-language schools and Russian-language schools, and Estonia's education system is usually compulsory up to secondary education. The school system is slightly different for the two types of schools, but both Estonian-speaking and Russian-speaking schools have a 12th grade school system. As of 1993, 142,000 students were enrolled in Estonian-language schools and 70,000 in Russian-language schools. Each school also teaches the other language. In the 2010s, even Russian-speaking schools strengthened Estonian language education by having more than 60% of their classes taught in Estonian during the three years of high school. Many Koreans and their descendants go to Russian language schools.

1937, during the First Republic of Estonia After the new university decree ( Ülikoolide Seadus ) issued on 24 September , higher education in Estonia developed into the system of the University of Tartu ( TÜ ) as a university and Tallinn University of Technology ( TalTech ) as a university.[26] In fact, these two universities are major educational institutions that have provided a core talent pool for the Estonian technology startup ecosystem, represented by Skype Mafia .[27]

As can be seen from the reputation survey above, the University of Tartu has been and is currently the institution with the highest authority and influence among Estonia's higher education institutions. 394 years ago , the King of Sweden It is a university founded by Gustav II Adolf and is considered the best comprehensive university in the Baltic countries . Next is Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia's only engineering university. This university is also a prestigious engineering university representing not only its own country but the Baltic countries.[28] These two universities mentioned above are evaluated as having made significant contributions to Estonia's academic, economic, and social development.

In addition, Tallinn University ( TLÜ ), Estonian University of Life Sciences ( EMÜ ), and Estonian Academy of Arts ( EKA ) are also universities representing higher education in Estonia.

The most famous Estonian film is My Little Companion . The Estonian title is 'Seltsimees laps'. For more details, refer to the Estonian film document.

As can be seen from the fact that timber resources are abundant, traditional rural houses in Estonia were common in the form of a log house topped with reed thatch, as shown in the photo above. However, these days, it is a level that can only be seen in places like folk villages.

Like other Northern and Eastern European countries, potatoes and rye bread are the staple food, and heavy meat dishes are well developed. Traditionally, due to a long period of domination by foreign powers, Swedish , Finnish , Russian , and German cuisines are produced . It was greatly influenced by Danish cuisine and was also influenced by the cuisines of neighboring Latvia, Lithuania, and Belarus. I also often eat a sausage similar to Korean sundae called ‘ Verivorst ’. And since it was a country belonging to the Soviet Union , there are many dishes from other countries belonging to the former Soviet Union, such as Georgian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, and Central Asian cuisine, and since there are a small number of Koreans in the country , Korean cuisine is also included.



There is also a food called ‘Kama’, which is similar to Korean misutgaru . The difference is that the main ingredient is oat powder and it is usually eaten mixed with yogurt . In Finland, it is also called 'Talkkuna', but it is more popular in Estonia. In fact, unlike in the East, where dishes similar to misutgaru are widespread, in the West, the concept of eating grain powder by just adding it to a liquid without kneading it is unfamiliar, so even Europeans find this food quite surprising.



Also, as a substitute for chocolate , there is a snack called 'kamatahvel', which is made by mixing this kama powder with milk fat and hardening, and it can still be easily found in Estonian supermarkets. The reason why this snack was created is problematic. When the cacao crisis occurred in the Soviet Union in 1976, only the Russian SFSR gave priority to the supply and management of cacao, leading to chocolate shortages in other republics. Then, the Kalev confectionery company in the Estonian SSR quickly created Kamatabel as a chocolate substitute. When the cacao boom stabilized in the 1980s, Kamatabell was discontinued, but when demand showed to some extent, production resumed in 2001 and is still sold at a great price.



Viru, a beer sold in unusually prismatic potion -shaped bottles, was sold for about 3,000 won at large supermarkets such as Homeplus from 2013 to 2015. It's not Japanese , but it tastes pretty good, so it's worth buying and drinking it at least once. Perhaps because of its shape, it looks perfect for use as a vase . Let's give the flowers beer instead of water . However, Estonian beer is practically divided between Saku in the capital Tallinn and A. Le Coq in Tartu, and it is said that this product is not very popular locally.

As can be seen from the historical event ' Song Revolution ', it is famous for its songs, so it is also called 'the nation of singing' and 'the country of chorus' . The 'Estonian Song Festival' (Laulupidu), where amateur choirs from all over the country gather once every five years, has a 140-year tradition that started in the city of Tartu. This event, which is held outdoors, creates a spectacle in which 30,000 choirs sing in front of hundreds of thousands of spectators, and not only all citizens of Estonia, but also Koreans living abroad come and sing along with folk songs and modern music. Currently, it is being held as laulu ja tantsu-pidu, a combination of a song festival and a dance festival, and the most recent was held on July 4-7, 2019.

Regarding classical music, the 'Yervi family', where all three fathers and two sons succeeded as conductors, is famous. His father, Neme Järvi (born 1937), served as principal conductor of the Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra in Sweden, music director of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra in the United States, and music director of the Romande Orchestra in Switzerland. His eldest son, Paabo Järvi (born 1962), served as Music Director of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra in the United States, Chief Conductor of the Frankfurt Radio Symphony Orchestra in Germany, Music Director of the Paris Orchestra in France, and Chief Conductor of the NHK Symphony Orchestra in Japan. Christian Järvi (born 1972), the second son of Neme Järvi, served as Music Director of the Vienna Tonkinstler Orchestra in Austria and Principal Conductor of the Leipzig Radio Symphony Orchestra in Germany.

Surprisingly, punk rock swept, and in Estonia, the first punk band Propeller was formed in 1978. But in 1980, the riots at Propeller's concert were forbidden to punk in Estonia. Punk was then allowed by Perestroika and Glanost, and numerous punk bands were formed. Subsequent Estonia Punk Bands include JMKE, Vannaskond, Generator M, Singer Vinger, Velikije Luki.

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Libonia Principal, Breast-Litosk Treaty, once had a German nomination. The capital Tallinn was called Reval at that time, but was gradually called by the original language.

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