Monaco

It is a European city-state on the Mediterranean coast . It borders France to the northwest and is classified as Western Europe and Southern Europe . It started as a trade base against the Kingdom of France built by the Grimaldi family, a prestigious family in the Republic of Genoa in the 10th century . According to Article 9 of the Monaco Constitution, Monaco is a religious state whose official religion is Catholicism .

Its land area is the second-smallest in the world after the Vatican . Among the full members of the UN , it is the least. The area is approximately 11 times that of Dokdo (0.187453km ² ) and smaller than that of Yeouido . The population is also small, around 33,000. However, because the land is so small, the population is very large compared to the land.[10] Population density is the highest in the world.[11][12]

The whole country is France It is surrounded by the Alpes-Maritimes department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Legion. Unlike the Vatican , which has a wall that serves as a border and can be distinguished from Italian territory, Monaco faces the border with France across a narrow one-lane alley, and in most cases, there are even no border signs, so it is not easy to distinguish. It is even common for the border between Monaco and France to exist within one building, as in the case of Varler .

Because buildings are densely packed on the narrow land between the mountains and the sea, it is called the Hong Kong of Europe . As it is Europe's representative entertainment city with a thriving gambling and entertainment industry, it is often compared to Las Vegas in the United States and Macau in Asia .[13] In particular, in the case of Macau, there is a shortage of land compared to the population, so the characteristic of expanding the territory by reclaiming the sea is the same as Monaco.

The name of the state came from the legend of Hercules , and it was originated from the temple that Hercules passed by.

It is a red and white flag, with both colors symbolizing the Grimaldi family, the family of the Prince of Monaco. The current flag was designated as the official national flag in 1881.

The flag is similar to the Indonesian flag or the Polish flag . Because of this, they asked Indonesia to change their flag, but the request was rejected because Indonesia has a long history just like Monaco. The two flags have different vertical and horizontal ratios; the Monaco flag is 4:5, which is closer to a square , and the Indonesian flag has a higher horizontal ratio than the Monaco flag, at 2:3. The color scheme is the same as the Indonesian flag, with only a different aspect ratio.

Monaco vacancy. It is derived from the Grimaldi family coat of arms consisting of red and white diamonds and is believed to have been used since the 17th century.

French flag during the French occupation of February 24, 1793 - February 14, 1794.

French flag during the French occupation, February 14, 1794 - May 30, 1814.

Flag of Monaco, May 30, 1814 - April 4, 1881.

Monaco flag used from April 4, 1881 to the present.

 more detailsMonaco/Director documentcastPlease note.

See the Monegasque Hymn . It is unusual in that it does not contain any lyrics praising the monarch, even though it is the national anthem of a monarchy.

In 1191, Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI granted the area near Monaco to the Republic of Genoa , making it the territory of Genoa. Later, in 1215, Monaco was founded by Genoa as a trading base by exploiting nearby lands. In 1297, the Grimaldi family, an influential Genoese family , took over by force, but were defeated by the Genoese government forces in 1301 and returned to Genoese territory. Afterwards, several times from April 10, 1301 to September 12, 1331, from August 15, 1357 to January 1395, from December 19, 1395 to May 11, 1397, and from November 5, 1402 to June 5, 1419. It was ruled by Genoa. However, the persistent Grimaldi family managed to purchase Monaco with money in 1419, along with the right to rule it from the King of Aragon , who had been the nominal lord of the Rock of Monaco (Rocher de Monaco) since 1353 , making it officially the base of the Grimaldi family. It became a protectorate of Spain in 1525, and in 1612 , Honoré II declared himself Prince. In 1641, King Louis XIII of France granted him the title of duke , and his sovereignty as a principality was recognized. After that, when the Republic of Genoa fell under Napoleon Bonaparte in 1793 , it was briefly ruled by the French First Empire .

The Principality of Monaco, which had temporarily fallen, was revived with the fall of Napoleon in 1815 , and at the Congress of Vienna , Genoa and the entire Liguria became the territory of the Kingdom of Sardinia and Piedmont , making it a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia and Piedmont. The Grimaldi family also returned and remained a small, semi-independent state, but in 1860, with the Treaty of Turin signed by the Kingdom of Sardinia and Piedmont for the unification of Italy, the Nizza region surrounding Monaco was transferred to the French Second Empire , and it became surrounded by French territory. Meanwhile, two cities in the eastern part of Monaco were occupied by the French army. Even before being occupied by the French army, this region had been dissatisfied with excessive tax collection by the Grimaldi family, and in 1848, before the French army took over, it declared its own independence and attempted to incorporate it into the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont. Afterwards, it remained a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia and Piedmont, and was incorporated into France's Alpes-Maritimes with the signing of the Treaty of Turin .


This is the map. The blue part is the territory of the Free City of Menton-Rochbrunn , and the orange part is the current territory of Monaco. After its territory was shrunk, Monaco turned to casinos and tax havens.

Previously, it was an absolute monarchy , but when the Monégasque Revolution occurred in 1910, Albert I gave in, adopted the Constitution of 1911, and became a constitutional monarchy . Immediately after World War I, Albert I had no successor except Louis (later Louis II , reigned 1922-1949), and a succession crisis occurred, putting the country at risk of being annexed by France in the future. Louis's only daughter, Charlotte Grimaldi, was an illegitimate child and was therefore ineligible to succeed, but the next presumptive heir, his maternal cousin Wilhelm von Urach , was a duchy of the German Empire , so the French Third Republic put pressure on Charlotte to be chosen as Louis' successor. Charlotte was officially enrolled into the Monaco family and awarded the title of Duke of Valentinois. However, due to the weakness of legitimacy in that she was not born through formal marriage, Charlotte transferred her right of succession to her son in 1944.[14] The son who succeeded to the throne of Monaco was Rainier III, famous as the husband of Grace Kelly . In fact, even before that, Monaco had two female monarchs ( Claudine and Louise Hippolyte ), and there was a succession crisis each time.

In the Second World War, Monaco Grand Province Louis II declared neutral . However, the majority of Monaco inhabitants were Italian, and France was confused in Korea because the Visy government was established.

In 1943, the Royal Italian Army invaded and Monaco came under the control of a fascist regime, and German troops were also stationed there. However, Monaco police officers who received secret orders from Louis II took risks, such as warning Jewish residents to leave the country before being hunted down by the fascist regime. Immediately after the fall of Benito Mussolini , it fell under the occupation of Nazi Germany . Louis II's grandson Rainier supported the Allies , and Monaco's independence was restored with the Allies' victory.

On October 12, 1962, the Monaco crisis occurred when a large number of French taxpayers flocked to Monaco and attempted to evade taxes due to Monaco's tax exemption policy, and President de Gaulle blocked Monaco. This was portrayed very dramatically in Grace of Monaco (2014), in which Nicole Kidman played the role of Princess Grace Kelly, who was struggling to prevent the crisis in Monaco . In the movie, it looked as if De Gaulle would turn Monaco into ashes at any moment, but in reality, six French tax officials blocked the Monaco-Nice road and made daily checks to collect taxes, resulting in a blockade that worsened traffic congestion. Le Monde compared this to the US blockade of Cuba in 1962 and ridiculed it as a child's play. Negotiations were concluded in 1963, and an agreement was reached that French citizens residing in Monaco would have to pay taxes to France, and companies that earned more than 25% of their income outside Monaco would also have to pay corporate taxes to France.

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Monaco is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary system ruled by the Prince . The Conseil National consists of a total of 24 members. Of the 24, 16 are elected from local districts and 8 are elected using the proportional representation system based on party votes.

It is effectively a French protectorate, and France has great influence.[15] For example, unlike other countries with a parliamentary system, the Prime Minister (Secretary of State) of Monaco is not the leader of the majority party, but is appointed by the Prince of Monaco from among those recommended by the French government. Before 2002, the prime minister had to be French (French citizen), but since then, the constitution has been amended to allow Monacos to become prime minister . But even now, a Frenchman is the prime minister. Real power is held by the Chairman of the National Assembly, the leader of the majority party.

There was even a treaty stipulating that the country would be annexed to France if the royal family's compensation was cut off, but this clause was removed when renewed in 2005, so concerns about the country going bankrupt have diminished. From France's perspective, there is no benefit to be gained by swallowing up such a small country.

Because Monaco is a small city-state with a population of less than 40,000, the entire administration of Monaco is managed by Monaco. It is held at the City Hall (Commune de Monaco). The 10 districts are for statistical purposes only, like legal districts in Korea.

Renaissance, which was once in the parliament, is a party created to represent the interests of employees working at Monaco Cathedral, so it is impossible to gauge its political position or inclination.

In the 2023 general election, the Monaco National Union won a landslide victory, monopolizing all seats (24 out of 24 seats).

Monaco -gun has only 255 troops. Anti, the world's smallest army, is slightly different from Babuda -gun (245). It is also ambiguous to create an officer training course, so the officer is sent from the French army . The role of the soldier also serves as a personal bodyguard, firefighter, customs guard, and chairman of Monaco. It is protected by France, a military powerhouse in the first place, so it does not require great military power.

The only countries that have embassies in Monaco are France , Italy , and the Knights of Malta , and the remaining countries that have established diplomatic relations with Monaco serve concurrently as honorary consuls or embassies of those countries in Paris . Meanwhile, the Principality of Monaco is in France Paris , Belgium Brussels , Germany Berlin , Italy Rome[16] , Portugal Lisbon , Spain Madrid , United Kingdom London , USA It has an embassy in Washington, D.C. and a consulate general in New York , USA.

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Monaco maintains close ties with France. It is common in Europe to put up a sign on the border, but the city itself is so compacted that if you cross a street from a building in Monaco, you can see a building in French territory .

Historically, Monaco has been deeply related to France, and Monaco has spent his territory in France in the 19th century. Monaco is a French speaker and a Francohony member country under France . The defense is in charge of Monaco defense in France. It was not a UN member until 1993 because France was acting as diplomatic rights .

The historical relationship between Italy and Monaco is deep. The Grimaldi family, the principal family of Monaco , was an influential noble family in the Republic of Genoa, and before Nice , then called Nizza, was ceded to France by the Treaty of Turin in 1860, the Principality of Monaco was a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, the predecessor of the Kingdom of Italy . Originally, Nice was an area where Ligurian , a dialect of Italian , was widely spoken, and the Monaco dialect is also a type of Ligurian. Italian is also spoken in Monaco. However, it was also invaded by Mussolini 's fascist regime .

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As of 1970, per capita GDP was already in the $12,000 range.[17] , 20,000 and 30,000 dollars were also stamped in 1972 and 1977, respectively.[18] $50,000 in 1986, $100,000 in 2003[19] , exceeded $200,000 in 2021.

GDP per capita clearly ranks first in the world, but because the IMF excluded Monaco from the statistics.[20] In fact, Luxembourg officially ranks first in most statistics. The reason it was excluded from statistics is because the majority, over 70% of Monaco's population, are permanent residents, not citizens . Most permanent residents of Monaco are people who immigrated after accumulating enormous wealth in other countries, and because they significantly change GDP per capita, statistical errors become very severe. In countries with large populations, it doesn't matter because the number of citizens is much higher, but this is not the case for Monaco because it is a country with special conditions even among small population countries. Monaco's permanent residency is much easier to obtain than in other countries, but citizenship is much more difficult to obtain. In order for a foreigner to obtain citizenship after obtaining permanent residency, he or she must completely renounce his/her original nationality in addition to long-term residence conditions.[21] Several complex conditions must be satisfied. Therefore, in Monaco, there are many wealthy elderly people who have given up their citizenship and have been repeatedly granted permanent residency, living there for over 20 years.

Until 1995, the Monaco franc (Franc Monégasque) was the currency, but because it was such a small country, only coins were minted on its own. Even at that time, French francs were used for banknotes, and minting was done at the Paris Mint. Its value with the French franc was 1:1, and the Monaco franc was said to be nominally usable in France and Andorra .

Since then, he has changed to France in France in 1996, and the euro has been common since 2002.

The highest density in the world is the highest density of the world, with 30%of the population. Simply one of the three neighborhoods means more than 1 billion assets.

It has the largest Jewish population outside of Israel .[22] According to demographics, 2.9% of the population believes in Judaism . As for the reason why there are many Jews in Monaco, first of all, France, which Monaco relies heavily on in all aspects, has a maximum Jewish population of 550,000 in Europe, accounting for about 1% of the total population. This is because Monaco is a country in which millions and billionaires of the world invest a lot, so many rich Jews have invested and migrated to Monaco.

Although the latitude is over 40 degrees, it is always hot with a Mediterranean climate, so there is almost no cold in winter, so it is suitable for spending the last years of life without cold.

However, as mentioned above, it must be taken into account that the majority of Monaco residents are permanent residents, and as of 2020, the number of Monaco citizens is small, approximately 9,500.

The postal code is La Post , a subsidiary of La Post Monaco.[23] Because it is managed, it is in the postal code system of France. Monaco is the 980xx band out of the five -digit French postal code.

Monaco is the longest -life country in the world. According to the 2017 CIA The WorldFactBook, Monacoin lives on average 89.4 years. It is four years longer than Japan. The average life expectancy of men is 85.6 years old and the average life expectancy of women is 93.4 years old. Indeed, it is long enough to be phenomenal. However, this may be a trap of statistics from the life expectancy, including permanent residents, and the millionaire of other countries with many older countries acquiring a lot of Monaco permanent residence for the end of life . Monaco is a country that is about three times the number of permanent residents, and there is no statistics of the few people who have been born and lived only in Monaco, so the life of pure Monacoin is unknown.

It is one of the world's very well -known countries because it is very easy to carry out security activities because of the characteristics of many tourists visiting and gathering a variety of millionaire . In addition, it is a country with a lot of police in the world . As of 2011, 519 out of 36,371 people were police and 1 police officer per 70 people.

Over 500 police personnel in a 24-hour intensive police management system[24] Thanks to the night patrol system, in which 60% of all police officers are deployed every day, and more than 400 CCTVs installed in every corner of the street, even if a crime occurs, it takes less than a minute to be dispatched to the crime scene, and the criminal can be transported out of the country. It is said that if there is a risk of escape, the border can be closed within 3 minutes and the criminal can be apprehended.

There is a railway operated by French National Railways . The route from Nice to Italy passes underground throughout the Monaco section. Monaco-Monte Carlo Station, the only railway station, straddles the French border. This station has a whopping 14 floors underground due to the nature of Monaco, which has a mountain behind it and has a large elevation difference. What is even more surprising is that roads are connected to both the 0th floor (ground floor) and the 14th underground floor. This is a station where you can feel the enormous difference in elevation of Monaco.

There are also buses from Nice to Monaco. Buses to the tourist town of Eze, east of Nice, often go to Monaco.

Transportation within the principality includes city buses . Of course, there is no airport and only one heliport . Considering that the entire country's area (2.2㎦) is smaller than the area of ​​nearby Nice Airport in France (3.7㎦), it can be seen that it is physically difficult to create a proper international airport. To catch a flight, you have to go to a nearby French airport.[25]

Monaco has only one university, the International University of Monaco, a private three-year university founded in 1986, and the language of instruction is English . There are seven state-run kindergartens and elementary schools and three secondary schools (Collège Charles III, Lycée Albert 1er, Lycée technique et hôtelier de Monte-Carlo). There are also two private schools, including the Monaco International School.

As in the document above, it is known as a country that hosts casinos , entertainment, and Formula 1 racing competitions, so much so that it is called the Macau of Europe . Among them, casino commerce is representative, and Monaco is a country that has been growing the casino business since the 1800s. Therefore, not only Europeans, including French and Italians, but also people from all over the world come to Monaco to play casinos. However, Koreans with Korean nationality should never visit casinos here and gamble because they can be punished for gambling as stipulated in the Korean Criminal Act. It's better to stay in a hotel instead of a casino, or go to the F1 racing competition for a limited time, so it's better to go to the competition or just watch the sea.

The F1 racing competition was also held, and the competition was also held by the wealthy rich who had cars in the early 1900s, when cars were gradually produced.

Monaco has been holding the International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo every January since 1974. Unusually, North Korea has been consistently sending athletes to this competition for quite some time and has been winning many awards.

Since it is historically and geographically close to France , the official language is French . In addition, Ligurian, the Monaco dialect, and Italian are also spoken. Above all, because Monaco is an international tourist destination and a place where people of various nationalities (about 130 countries) live, English is spoken as much as French, the official language.

The TV station was founded in 1954 as Télé Monte-Carlo (TMC).[26] was opened, and in 1984, viewing became possible in some areas of southern France close to Monaco. Meanwhile, on September 1, 2023, the new state-run TV Monaco was launched.[27]

It is a country very famous for motorsports. In particular, the Monaco Grand Prix of Formula 1 is famous. It has been held since 1929 and has a very long history among the Formula 1 Grand Prix. It has been the only city circuit on the calendar for a long time in the history of Formula 1, so it is still known as a city circuit. Currently in F1, Monaco national Charles Leclerc is active as a Formula 1 driver for Scuderia Ferrari .[28]

The opening of the WRC is also held every year in Monaco under the name Monte Carlo Rally .

There is also a motor sports team of Monaco nationality who participates in Formula E. It was co-established by Palanka Pastor, the owner of Venturi Auto Mobil and the famous American actor Leonardo DiCaprio , and developed and competed independently until the 2018-19 season, but began using the Powertrain of Mercedes-Benz EQ from the 2019-20 season. Former Formula 1 drivers, such as Nick Hite Felt , Jacques Bill Brainuve , and Felipe Masa , have entered after the F1 retirement.

Olympic Games since 1920[29] Although the team participated (in the winter in 1984), the size of the team was inevitably small, so there have been no medals to date.

Although the Football Association was founded in the 2000s, the Monaco national football team still does not appear on the international stage because it is a sovereign country, but is not a member of FIFA or even a member of UEFA. Because of this unique location, it is possible to witness the unique sight of players from Monaco, such as Olivier Boscali , playing for the French national team .[30] AS Monaco FC also appears in Ligue 1, the French league.

Until 2012, the UEFA Super Cup was held at the Louis II Stadium . Louis II Stadium is also the home stadium of AS Monaco FC, where Park Joo-young played.

The Masters 1000 Monte Carlo Open, one of the ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tennis tournaments in which nine tournaments are held every year, will be held. However, it is not held in Monte Carlo, Monaco, but in a French border city adjacent to Monaco.

Historically, it has been greatly influenced by French and Italian cuisine, and the dumpling-like food called Barbajuan is famous, as is the baguette sandwich called Pan bagnat .

In romance comics , it often appears along with Liechtenstein as the town where the fairytale prince on a white horse lives.