goths

Although it is one of several Germanic tribes that have existed since ancient times, it is especially famous for having played a large role in the crisis of the ancient Roman Empire and the loss of its western territories. First of all, more than half of the reasons why the Roman Empire experienced a crisis in the 3rd century were due to the Gothic rebellion. As a large-scale magic bandit and pirate, he frequently penetrated loopholes in the imperial army's defenses and plundered and massacred civilian cities. As a result, the Roman Empire suffered damage not only to the frontier but also to key provinces, and even emperors died while dealing with the Goths. As a result, tax revenues decreased significantly and the defense budget became insufficient, making it impossible to maintain defensive forces or conduct expeditions or conquests . A vicious cycle of infinite decline occurred, with repeated invasions by other foreign enemies such as Persia . At the end of the empire, they plundered even the capital city of Rome within 800 years, and took over the entire province of Italy and Hispania and established a country, causing the Roman Empire to lose its western territories.

The name remains as a historical and cultural term called Gothic , and is not unfamiliar to people. The style of cathedrals in Northern Europe before the Renaissance was referred to as the Gothic style, as the people of the Renaissance compared it to the unrefined Goths.[1] , which is not a very good expression. Still, the original name, Gothic, is recognized as a great cultural style today, so it is better treated than the Vandals, who have earned the stigma of vandalism , which is synonymous with cultural destruction . The Goths were a large-scale people who had led most of the Germanic tribes loosely until the 3rd century, so the treatment was not excessive.[2]

It is said that the Goths originated from the Git people who lived on the island of Göteland and in the Götaland region in southern Sweden, but there is no archaeological evidence. Whether the Git are Goths is still controversial.[3] It is presumed that they originally lived in what is now Poland or the Baltic Sea. Later, by the time they invaded the Roman territory, they were living in what is today southern Romania and western Ukraine .

The Goths were later referred to separately as Visigoths and Ostrogoths . For reference, there is a theory that 'vis' and 'ostro' originated from words other than direction, and Cassiodorus, a Roman politician who was active in the Ostrogoths during the reign of Theodoric the Great , called them visgoths, in contrast to ostrogoths. Until then, the Visigoths did not call themselves Visgoths. Therefore, it is believed that it is correct to label them according to East/West according to the previous opinion.


Late Ancient Migration[4]

Although some Gothic sects served in the Roman army from the late 2nd century onwards (their presence is also recorded in the wars against the Sassanids and Gordians in the 3rd century), it was not until the Crisis of the 3rd century that the Goths began to influence history.[5] It was from that time.[6]

The full -scale influence was taken to the Huns who have crossed the Eurasian continent in the 4th century AD and moved to Rome. In the meantime, the Donggot was destroyed around 370, and the Westgotti crossed the Donna River in 376 and entered the Roman Empire, and over decades through the Balkan Peninsula, Italy , and Gaulia ( France ) to Hispania ( Spain ).

Rome, whose state administration was gradually going to the end , accepted them at first and tried to catch two rabbits at the same time, stabilization of the northern border and revitalization of the border economy. throw away In the end, Fritigern, the leader of the Goths, defeated the Eastern Roman army at the Battle of Hadrianopolis, inflicting heavy losses. Even Valens , the emperor of Eastern Rome at the time, high-ranking and middle-ranking generals of the Eastern Roman army, and two-thirds of the main field army were all killed in this fight.

The great emperor Theodosius I seemed to have managed to subdue the Goths, but just in time the Sasanian dynasty Tensions escalated with Persia , and they ended up concluding an alliance agreement that allowed the Goths to settle entirely within Roman territory. Rather than defeating those who were despised as barbarians, they accepted them as allies and even allowed them to reside in the country. Originally, ancient Rome tried to realize the purpose of making the most of manpower and resources by having these 'savage' tribes settle within its borders and steadily implementing an assimilation policy. However, at the end of ancient Rome, the settlement of the 'savage' tribes within the border itself was not a problem, and due to domestic circumstances, these tribes could not be suppressed as much as they were in their heyday, and the tribes that entered the border began to play a game.

Afterwards, the Visigoths settled in Pannonia and served the Roman Empire for a considerable period as an allied tribe. However, when the East-West cooperation system was paralyzed by incompetent emperors after the death of Theodosius , they quickly changed their stance and began to attack Western Rome, but were defeated by Stilicho . However, in 410, under the command of the chieftain Alaric, they occupied and sacked Rome, causing an unprecedented situation.[8] Before entering Rome, Alaric delivered the following mysterious Latin sentence to the Roman citizens as an ultimatum:

Afterwards, he was assigned to Aquithania by each other and settled as an alliance, and in the battle with Atilla, he participated as an alliance for each other, and he also defeated the Huns by sacrificing the king. After the 450s, when each other became more close, he attacked the surrounding streets in earnest, occupied the entire southwest France, and entered the Iberian Peninsula to occupy the remaining regions, and expelled the Suebi, who were the lords of the region , to the northwest.

The East Got, who had settled in Panonia, where the King of the Huns died in the middle of the 5th century , and settled in Pannonia, where the King of Theodorik was crowned, he destroyed each other and defeated Odo Akers ' forces, which occupied Italy, and settled in Italy. The Donggot tribes occupy each other's territory, including the Italian peninsula, which is the kingdom of Donggot.

The weight of the Goths is by no means light in that they sacked Rome, the capital of the traditional great empire, and inflicted a fatal blow on the prestige of the empire.

[10]

Serot was defeated by Frank King Clovis, who was lacking in competition in the 507 battle, and killed him to King Alarik II. This loses the territory of France today, except for Cepti Mania (southern France).[11] Sergot was evacuated to the Iberian Peninsula and gathered the power again. At this time, the Great King of the East Goth was restored instead of the young king . However, for the next 50 years, he finally unified the Iberian Peninsula, defeating all of the Evi Kingdom, the northern northern northern Iberia and the southern East Roman forces. But the chronic kingship struggle was still there. Eventually , the Sergot kingdom was destroyed by the Islamic forces , which invaded the Gibraltar Strait in 711, which was more than 100 years later , but the remaining forces of the Asturiaus were reunited, and later divided from the Asturias kingdom , and drove the Islamic forces with the Leskista to develop into the Spanish kingdom .

On the other hand, the Ostrogothic kingdom, which reigned on the Italian mainland, lived peacefully in the form of one country, two systems between the Romans and Ostrogoths during the reign of Theodoric the Great, but began to fall when he died in 526. His maternal grandson, Athalaric , succeeded him as king, but because he was 10 years old at the time of the accession, his mother Amalasuntha , daughter of Theodoric, served as regent. Atalaric died in 534, the eighth year of her reign, and Amalasuntha was crowned her queen, then appointed Theodoric's nephew Theodahad as her co-king, who, rather, was Theodahad . was murdered by the trick of The Eastern Roman Empire used this as a pretext to invade the Ostrogoth Kingdom in 535, and after 18 years of war called the Goth War in Italy, Dalmatia, and Pannonia, the Ostrogoth Kingdom was eventually defeated by Justinian I of the Eastern Roman Empire in 553. destroyed by Narses .[12]

Afterwards, not a few Ostrogoths were taken to Anatolia and put into the anti-Persian front, and some were organized into a unit called Gotograiki (Γοτθογραῖκοι), which was transformed into a core elite unit of the Eastern Roman Empire. Among the minority tribes that were deployed to the front lines of the Islamic Empire, not a few Bulgars deserted or betrayed Islam, while the Ostrogoth soldiers served the Eastern Roman Empire surprisingly well. The Ostrogoths who remained in Italy were incorporated into the regular army of the Byzantines and later fought against the Lombards and prevented their invasion of Italy. It was thanks to the efforts of soldiers from the Ostrogoths that Rome was able to protect Rome's territory and culture within Italy.

However, the troops of the Donggotians, which were transferred to Armenia, were later renamed the Optimates Forces, which caused side effects such as rebellion when the empire was difficult because of the onslaught of the Islamic Empire. Although they did not surrender to the enemy, they killed the emperor who made the treatment cool and lost his position as a combat unit when Constantine V. In total, it is not clear what happened to the Donggot people of Italy, Armenia, and Balkan Peninsula, but it seems that it was eventually fused to the East Roman Empire, just as the Kingdom of the Sergot was destroyed by Islam.[13]

Since the establishment of the Swedish kingdom around the 11th century, the Git tribe has gradually fused with the North Svia , establishing its identity as a Swedish.[14] As a result, the name of the Goths, who enjoyed an era, remained only in Götaland and Gotland.[15] For reference, the Goths lived in the Crimean Peninsula at the time of the invasion of the Huns , and some of them remained without leaving. See Theodo Principal . The Goths on the Crimean Peninsula were dominated by the Hun, Avar, East Roman Empire, and Genovanes, but survived until the 18th century. However, Russia , who took control of it , moved to the northern part of Azov and then married the Ukrainian and Russians, and gradually assimilated it .

There was a time when there was a Goth craze in Sweden, and they claimed that "Sweden has the historical succession rights of the Goths and the right to rule all of Europe by succeeding the Goths!", but of course, the rest of Europe lightly refuted and ignored this. In 1434, when the fame of the Goths had not yet faded, there was an argument between the Swedish and Spanish representatives over the historical succession rights of the Goths at the Council of Basel. There is an anecdote where the Spanish side argued that Spain, as a descendant of the Visigoths with heroic tales of war, was the true descendant of the Goths, rather than the barbarians who had been hiding in remote villages, calling themselves their homeland, and interrupted the Swedish ambassador. The official title of the King of Sweden was "King of the Swedes, the Goths and the Vandals," but since 1973, when Charles XVI Gustav ascended the throne, he has only used the title "King of Sweden."

The Goths were descended from Ulfilas (Wulfila), an Arian Christian missionary during the reign of Constantius II.[16] converted to Arian Christianity. So in the end, they were unable to integrate with the Western Romans who believed in Catholicism . Meanwhile, Ulfilas translated the Bible into Gothic for missionary work, a portion of which still survives today and is recognized as an invaluable resource for the study of the East Germanic language, which has limited data.

The Crimean Goths, who lived on the Crimean Peninsula until the middle of the 18th century, also used Cream Goth.[17] In the localized assimilation, the goth was also disappeared.

Only the Korean spelling is different from Goth, a type of subculture, but the English spelling is the same. So, there is a misconception that these Goths, like modern Goths, also had a lot of body piercings, but in reality, Goths have only a handful of records or relics of body piercing. In fact, most of the body piercings that are popular in modern times were developed in India rather than Northern Europe, and in pre-modern times, first aid was not well developed, so piercing could be quite dangerous in environments such as Northern Europe where it is difficult to obtain medicine.