Nobel Prize

Interest (that arises from miscarriages) is divided into five parts: those who have made the most important discoveries or inventions in the field of physics , those who have made the most important discoveries or developments in the field of chemistry , those who have made the most important discoveries in the field of physiology or medicine , and those who have made the most important discoveries in the field of literature It is given to the person who wrote the most outstanding works of ideology, the person who devoted the most to promoting friendship between nations, the abolition or reduction of armies, and the convening or promotion of peace conferences .

---

Alfred Nobel 's will

Nobel Prize Overseas Status · Domestic status
physics prize	Chemistry Prize	Physiology or Medicine	Literary Prize	peace prize	economics award
winner	winner	winner	winner	winner	winner

• Earth sciences ( geology , meteorology , oceanography ) are absent from the Nobel Prize categories.[13] However, prizes in physics or chemistry can be awarded for achievements in the fields of geophysics, geochemistry, which are subfields of geology, and atmospheric dynamics, atmospheric chemistry, which are subfields of meteorology, and ocean physics, which are subfields of oceanography . And that actually happened. Two of the winners of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics are meteorologists, and their research achievements were in the field of atmospheric dynamics, and 2021 was the first time that the Nobel Prize was awarded to meteorological research. Meanwhile , there is also a precedent for a person related to global warming and the environment to receive the Nobel Peace Prize .
• Since astronomy is closely related to physics, those who have made great achievements in the field of astronomy have the potential to win the Physics Prize, and there have already been several awards, including in 2019 .[14]
• In biology , the physiology mentioned in the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine can be seen as actually encompassing various fields of biology.[15] It belongs to the field of awards.
  • Although ecology is a field of biology , it is difficult to consider it included in physiology. However, there are cases where the Nobel Prize was awarded for research on animal behavior, which can be said to be included in ecology in the broad sense. That is, Karl von Frisch, who studied the dance of bees , Konrad Lorenz, who discovered the imprinting of geese and ducks , and Nicholas Tinbergen, an ornithologist and ethologist who was Richard Dawkins ' teacher, received the Nobel Prize in 1973 for their research on ethology. He has won awards in physiology and medicine.
  • In the case of botany , Richard Martin Billstetter won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1915 for his research on plant pigments including chlorophyll , Hans Fischer also won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1930 for his research on chlorophyll, and Sir Robert Robinson also won the Nobel Prize in 1947 for his research on alkaloids. Barbara McClintock , a female biologist who won the Chemistry Prize and was a pioneer in maize genetics , won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1983 for her plant genetics research on the ‘discovery of mobile genetic elements.’
  • In the case of paleoanthropology (evolutionary anthropology) and evolutionary biology , Svante Febo won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2022 for discoveries about the genome of the extinct hominin and human evolution.

• Due to the principle of this birthplace, there is a Nobel Prize winner, not a Korean who is registered as a birthplace. For example, an American, Born in Busan , was born in Busan in 1904, between his father, who worked in Busan Customs as a marine engineer , and a Japanese mother who grown soybeans and silkworms . When he was 8 years old, he went to Japan , and then went through the University of Data University in 1922 and devoted himself to research for 42 years .[24]
• If the country to which the place of birth belongs changes due to a change in territory, the place name of the area at the time and the name of the country that ruled the area are listed first, and the current place name and the name of the country that ruled the area are listed in parentheses.[25] For example, Marie Curie 's birthplace was listed as Warsaw, Russian Empire (now Poland), and in the case of Hans Bette , whose hometown was Strasbourg , which was part of the German Empire at the time of his birth but is now part of France , his birthplace was Strassburg.[26] (now Strasbourg), Germany (now France), and Albert Schweitzer, who was born in what was now part of the German Empire but is now part of France, is also written as Kaysersberg, Germany (now France).
• Charles Pederson above also wrote 'Pusan, Korea (now South Korea)' since 1904 was the time when the Korean Empire was still in existence. If you were born during the Japanese colonial period, it would have been written as Japanese Empire (now South Korea).[27]
• For reference, South Korea uses South Korea, not Republic of Korea. Former President Kim Dae -jung and Han River are all marked.

• When former President Kim Dae-jung received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2000 , MBC purchased exclusive broadcasting rights, but withdrew and the three terrestrial broadcasters jointly broadcasted the broadcast. Cable TV channel CTN separately purchased and broadcast the broadcasting rights to the awards ceremony and nine related programs.

• The 2024 Nobel Prize in Literature award ceremony for author Han Kang will be available on Chijijik .
  • December 8, 00:45: Lecture by Han Kang, winner of the 2024 Nobel Prize in Literature (1 hour and 30 minutes)
  • Dec 10
    • 20:50: Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony, Oslo (1 hour and 30 minutes)
    • 23:50: Nobel Prize Ceremony, Stockholm (1 hour 30 minutes)
  • December 11, 6:15: Nobel Dinner Speech, Stockholm (1 hour)

multiple Nobel laureates

[ Expand/Collapse ] organization International Committee of the Red Cross ( peace ) UNHCR ( peace ) individual Marie Curie ( Physics , Chemistry ) Frederick Sanger ( Chemistry ) Linus Pauling ( Chemistry , Peace ) John Bardeen ( Physics ) Barry Sharpless ( Chemistry )

• Group that won multiple awards
  • International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) - Peace Prize 3 times: It is the organization with the most awards, having received the award in 1917, 1944, and 1963, respectively, for World War I relief, World War II relief, and worldwide disaster relief . In 1963, the 100th anniversary of the founding of the ICRC, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, an affiliate of the ICRC , also received it. Also, in 1901, Henri Dunant , the founder of the ICRC, received the first Nobel Peace Prize for his contribution to the founding of the Red Cross and the Geneva Conventions, so it can be considered that he received it four times. In fact, when the ICRC celebrates its own Nobel Prize wins, it also includes the award of its founder, Dunant.
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) - Two Peace Prizes: in 1954 for the permanent legal protection of refugees and in 1981 for contributions to the migration, resettlement and improvement of treatment of refugees.

• The person who won the 2nd crown
  • Linus Pauling ( USA ) -Chemical Award, Peace Prize: The only person in the world is the only scientific award and a peace award. Pauling was a single award, unlike other two crowns, and could have been three crowns. Pauling was an anti-nuclear peace activist, and because he could not attend the overseas seminar because of the prohibition of departure from the US government, he did not see the X-ray photos of the DNA and gave a three-way structure to Watson-Creek. Even though the triple spiral structure itself violated the theory of Pauling itself, it could not realize it until the end, so it might have been the owner of the only three crowns if I could see the X -ray picture, the decisive evidence of the double spiral structure.
  • Marie Curie ( France ) - Physics Prize, Chemistry Prize: The first person in history to win the Nobel Prize twice and the only person to win science prizes in multiple fields. Her husband, Pierre Curie, also shared the Physics Prize in 1903, her eldest daughter and son-in-law received the Chemistry Prize in 1935, and her second son-in-law received the Peace Prize on behalf of UNICEF in 1965. Eve, the second daughter, joked about this, saying, "I am a disgrace to my family," citing the reason that her father, mother, older sister, brother-in-law, and even her husband had all won the Nobel Prize, but she was the only one who could not. In fact, she is also a best-selling author and famous pianist who has received several awards and decorations.
  • John Bardeen (USA) - Physics Prize 2 times: in 1956 for his research on semiconductors and the invention of the transistor , and in 1972 for his research on superconductivity .
  • Frederick Sanger ( United Kingdom ) - Chemistry Prize 2 times: in 1958 for the nucleotide sequence of insulin and in 1980 for research on nucleic acid sequencing.
  • Barry Sharpless ( USA ) - Chemistry Award twice: in 2001 for asymmetric catalyzed oxidation reactions and in 2022 for click chemistry.
• Family (Two Top) Award
  • married couple
    • Pierre and Marie Curie (winners of the Physics Prize in 1903)
    • Frederic Joliot-Curie and Irene Joliot-Curie couple (recipient of the Chemistry Prize in 1935) - Son-in-law and daughter of the Curie couple above.
    • Carl Ferdinand Corey and Gertie Theresa Corey (joint recipients of the 1947 Physiology or Medicine Prize)
    • Gunnar Myrdal (1974 Nobel Prize in Economics) and Alva Myrdal (1982 Nobel Peace Prize)
    • Edvard Moser and Mybritt Moser (joint recipients of the 2014 Physiology or Medicine Prize)
    • Abhijit Banerjee and Ester Duflo (joint winners of the 2019 Economics Prize)
  • father and son
    • Joseph John Thompson (father, Physics Prize, 1906) and George Paget Thompson (son, Physics Prize, 1937)
    • William Henry Bragg (father) and William Lawrence Bragg (son) shared the 1915 Physics Prize: At the time of the award, their son Bragg was only 25 years old and was the youngest Nobel laureate until Malala Yousafzai won the Nobel Peace Prize. And so far, he is the only father and son joint winner, and is still listed as the youngest winner in the field of science.
    • Niels Bohr (father, Prize in Physics, 1922) and Aug. Niels Bohr (son, Prize in Physics, 1975)
    • Karl Manne Jeori Siegbahn (father, Prize in Physics, 1924) and Kai Manne Beurrier Siegbahn (son, Prize in Physics, 1981)
    • Hans von Euler Kelpin (father, Prize in Chemistry, 1929) and Wolf von Euler (son, Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1970)
    • Arthur Kornberg (father, Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1959), Roger Kornberg (son, Prize in Chemistry, 2006)
    • Sune Berström (father, Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1982), Svante Febo (son, Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2022)[35]
  • father and daughter
    • Pierre Curie (father, Physics 1903), Irene Joliot-Curie (daughter, Chemistry 1935)
  • mother and daughter
    • Marie Curie (Mother, 1903 Physics Award, 1911 Chemical Award )
  • sibling
    • Jan Tinbergen (older brother, Prize in Economics, 1969), Nicolas Tinbergen (younger brother, Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1973)
  • sleep well
    • Christiane Nüsslein-Volhardt (aunt, Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1995), Benjamin List (nephew, Prize in Chemistry, 2021)

• Oldest/Youngest Winner[36]
  • Oldest recipient: John B. Goodenough (97 years, 4 months, 17 days, 2019 Chemistry Prize)
  • Youngest Laureate: Malala Yousafzai (17 years, 5 months, 1 day, 2014 Peace Prize)

• those who declined the award[37]
  • Jean -Paul Sartre -Literary Award in 1964. "The Nobel Prize is too biased to the West and the East has not received much. Also, when I receive the Nobel Prize, I reject my award because my actions and support remarks are replaced by the Nobel Prize." He also asked the Nobel Prize committee to be excluded from the list of candidates and warned that he would not receive a prize even if he was awarded. Nevertheless, the Nobel Prize Committee selected him as the winner of the year.[38]
  • Le Duc Toh - 1973 Peace Prize. North Vietnam's Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was jointly selected as the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize with then-US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger for his contribution to the end of the Vietnam War, but he declined the award on the grounds that peace had not yet come to his country.

• People who tried to refuse the award but ended up winning it
  • George Bernard Shaw - Literature Prize 1925. He initially tried not to accept it, but after receiving it, he sarcastically said, 'Only a devil wearing a human mask can make a Nobel Prize' . As he kept receiving letters close to begging, such as donating the prize money or adopting him, the show was also under great stress.
  • Richard Feynman - Physics Prize, 1965. He didn't like being famous, so he tried to refuse the award, but decided to accept it after hearing the reporter say, " If you do something like that, you'll become more famous. "
  • Bob Dylan - 2016 Literature Award. He was the first singer to be selected as the winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, but after the winner was announced, he was not contacted at all about it, nor did he express any particular opinion. There was controversy over whether he was refusing the award because of this. Then he broke his silence and announced that he had accepted the Nobel Prize . However, he did not attend the award ceremony in person, but the U.S. Ambassador to Sweden attended and read Bob Dylan's acceptance speech and then accepted the Nobel Prize on his behalf.

• People who were denied or blocked from receiving an award but eventually received it
  • Richard Johan Kuhn - Prize in Chemistry 1938
  • Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenand - Prize in Chemistry 1939
  • Gerhard Domark - Prize for Physiology or Medicine, 1939
    • The Nazi German government strongly condemned the selection of Karl von Osietzky as the winner of the 1935 Peace Prize and banned Germans from winning the Nobel Prize, so even if these people wanted to receive the prize, they could not at the time. Of course, the ban was lifted as soon as World War II ended, and they were all awarded in 1946.
    • In fact , Otto Hahn, the 1944 Laureate in Chemistry, almost got into it. The Royal Academy was embarrassed that the Nobel Committee had selected a German again and decided to postpone the official announcement for a year. After the Nazis were defeated a year later, it was awarded as a symbol of "Now even Germans can receive the prize!" Don't count as "rejected" because you didn't hear the presentation itself.
  • Boris Pasternak - Literature Prize, 1958. He was selected as the winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature for Doctor Zhivago , but declined the award when he came under pressure from the Soviet government and the Writers' Alliance because it contained content criticizing the Russian Revolution . However, the Nobel Prize organizers did not consider this to be a rejection, so they put the award on hold. In the end, after his achievements were officially recognized, including the publication of Doctor Zhivago in the Soviet Union, his son received the award on his behalf. Therefore, I received it.

• People who were refused or blocked from receiving awards and ultimately did not receive them
  • Karl von Osietzky - Peace Prize, 1935. At the time of selection, he was imprisoned by the Nazi German government, so it was impossible to receive the award, and he died in a concentration camp in 1938 without receiving an award.
  • Liu Xiaobo - 2010 Peace Prize. He was selected as the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, but the award was rejected by the Chinese government. The Chinese government even put Liu Xiaobo and his family under house arrest, preventing them from receiving awards. The Nobel Committee criticized the Chinese government's dictatorial behavior by awarding the prize directly to the empty chair prepared for him. This is the first case of an award being forcibly rejected and awarded to an empty chair since the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize winner, Karl von Ossiecki, during the Nazi Germany era . And the Chinese government took economic retaliation by banning the import of Norwegian salmon.

• sex ratio

  Field	man	female	sex ratio[39]
  peace prize	91	20	5.05:1
  Literary Prize	102	18	6.00:1
  Physiology or Medicine	212	14	17.67:1
  Chemistry Prize	180	8	22.50:1
  physics prize	215	5	53.75:1
  economics award	87	3	43.50:1
  entire	887	68	14.54:1

• Racial discrimination controversy (in the 1901-1950s)
  At the time, the Nobel Committee testified that the Nobel Prize is still early for Asians, and the controversy raised by accusing the Nobel Committee members' racist perceptions .
  
  In 1926, the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine selected the winners on the theme of explanation. Finally, two candidates of Yamagi and Ichikawa research team and Johannes Phoiologer were confronted with each other, and Johannes Phogwero insisted on the 'parasites causing the nation' based on the experimental study of the parasites , S.CARCINOMA, but this was at that time Yamagi and Ichika and Ichika's 'stimuli'. It was the result of conflicting with research. Some scientists were controversial against Phoevier's arguments, but in 1926, the Nobel Prize was awarded by the Nobel Prize. In 1937, however, Phoevier's research was completely wrong.[40]
  
  In relation to this, Folke Henschen, a Swede who was a member of the Nobel Committee at the time in 1926, attended the 9th International Cancer Conference held in Kyoto in 1966 and testified that “the reason Yamagi/Ichikawa did not receive the Nobel Prize was due to the racist perception of the Nobel Committee members at the time, such as comments such as “It is too early for the Nobel Prize for Asians.” Until now, there were only rumors about Asians in the Nobel Committee. Because the reality of the (actually Japanese ) discrimination theory was finally revealed through internal reporting, a great deal of controversy arose. Because of this, Yamagi and Ichikawa were mentioned as one of the victims of the racial/ethnic discrimination practices of Westerners , including the Nobel Committee at the time , and were also cited as an example of a scientist who unfortunately missed out on winning the Nobel Prize.[41]

• Controversy over ideological discrimination (in the 1950s and 1990s)
  At that time, the Nobel Prize was controversial that the countries in the government were easier to receive.
  
  For example, in comparison with the Nobel Prize and the first world pro -Korean awards, such as the Nobel Prize and the US and Europe, which were awarded by the second world's communist characters, between 1950 and 1990, during the Cold War , the first world is several times more. No matter how the second world was relatively inferior, it was common sense that if the actual scientific development was different in proportion to the number of Nobel Prize -winning, the two forces were not able to establish the confrontation of the two forces , and in the end, some of the science research facilities, funds, and public relations, of course, in various ways of the Western camps. It is claimed that it was inevitable.
  
  However, there is a argument that the number of Nobel Prize -winning and the confrontation between the Nobel Prize is not correlated. The invention and discovery of the Nobel Prize in the first place is very rare for the country to be completely monopolized and spreads rapidly throughout the world. On the contrary, there are many cases where there is a country that is invented and a country that makes money. For this reason, even if one side has 100 Nobel Prizes and the other is one Nobel Prize, the military and politically confrontation can be widened. In fact, there are currently four Nobel Prize winners in China and 390 Nobel Prize winners in the United States, but the two forces are currently forming a confrontation as a G2 . In addition, China has almost equally confronted with the United States, and no one regards the Nobel Prize selection against China because the number of Nobel Prize is much less.

• Controversy over local arrangement
  Peace and literary awards are controversial because they deliberately tend to be more localized and considered. In particular, the Peace Prize is a controversial award unlike other Nobel Prizes. Fundamentally, the award on the theme of ' peace ' is associated with the interests and political issues of each country , so unlike other Nobel Prize, the evaluation of the winner's achievements depends on the position of each member.
  
  In fact, there is a popular belief that literary awards in the East Asian region are given out every 10 years. There is also some agreement that literary awards have disadvantages depending on nationality and language used .[42] . On the other hand, there are cases where the award is not given due to issues with the author's nationality or political inclination . Tolstoy , who was the strongest candidate in the first round, was eliminated for advocating Christian anarchism against Russians, who have historically had an uneasy relationship with Sweden, and Borges , a great writer in South America, did not receive the award due to controversy over his support of fascist and dictatorial regimes.

• Sexual assault incident of the Swedish Academy
  In 2018, the scholarship was suspected of sexually assaulting 18 women by the husband of Katarina Prodenton, one of the Lifeters of the Swedish Academy, who was in charge of the Nobel Literature Awards , and the scholar's ripples were suspected of sexually assaulting 18 women . In addition, he has suspicion of sexually harassing the Swedish royal woman Victoria and leaking the list of Nobel Prize winners.
  
  As a result, the academic institute was paralyzed so that it could not proceed with the internal screening, and the literary award was canceled. The cancellation of the relevant article awards was only in the crisis of all human beings, such as World War II , and it showed a statue caused by sexual scandals. However, the number of winners was co -winning in 2019.

• Awards that do not overlap with the Nobel Prize
  • art field
    • Polar Music Award - Music award organized by the Royal Swedish Academy of Music . The so-called Nobel Prize of music.
    • Golden Bear Award , Palme d'Or Award , Golden Lion Award - the highest awards at the three major film festivals. The so-called Nobel Prize of the film world.
    • Ernst von Siemens Music Award -Award in the field of composition, command and performance. Compared to the Paula Music Award, which covers popular music, the water range is relatively narrow, but it is often mentioned as a Nobel Prize for classical music in the classical music world.
    • Andersen Prize - A prize for children's literature organized by the International Council on Books for Children and Young Adults in Denmark . The so-called Nobel Prize in Children's Literature.
    • Hugo Award - Science Fiction Award given by the World Science Fiction Conference . The so-called Nobel Prize of science fiction.
  • Science and engineering fields[44]
    • Fields Medal - The most prestigious mathematics award organized by the World Congress of Mathematicians .[45] [46]The so-called Nobel Prize of mathematics.
    • Abel Prize - Mathematics prize awarded by the Norwegian royal family. It is called the Nobel Prize of mathematics.[47]
    • Pritzker Prize - The most prestigious architecture award organized by the Hyatt Foundation . The so-called Nobel Prize of architecture.
    • Collier Trophy - an aerospace engineering award reserved only for American academics . The so-called Nobel Prize in aerospace engineering.
  • Humanities and Social Sciences
    • Johann Shhte Political Science Prize : The political science award organized by the Johann Süte Foundation in Sweden . The so-called Nobel Prize of political science.
    • Templeton Prize - A religious award organized by the John Templeton Foundation . The so-called Nobel Prize in religious studies.
    • The Pulitzer Prize is a journalism award exclusively for the American press . The so-called Nobel Prize of journalism.
• Award that overlaps with the Nobel Prize[48]
  • Lasker Awards - A medical award organized by the Lasker Foundation . The American Nobel Prize.
  • Wolf Prize[49] - Prizes in Agriculture , Chemistry , Mathematics , Medicine , Physics and Art , organized by the Wolf Foundation . Israel 's Nobel Prize.
  • Turing Award - The most prestigious computer science award organized by the Computer Science Society . The so-called Nobel Prize in computer science.
  • Eni Award - A prestigious environmental and energy award organized by Eni, an Italian energy company. Nobel Prize in environment and energy.[50]
  • Tyler Prize - This is the Nobel Prize in the fields of environmental science, environmental health, and energy.

• Although many of the Nobel Prize winners in the science/economics categories are academics affiliated with universities , Bell Laboratories and IBM have produced many Nobel Prize winners as private companies. There are eight winners from Bell Labs and six Nobel Prize winners from IBM, and their achievements are all representative of modern science. Of course, not all awardees achieved the award-winning research achievements while affiliated with their respective institutions. For example , Leona Esaki worked at IBM when she received the award, but she achieved her award-winning achievements while working at Sony .

• On the other hand, among the examples of Nobel Prize winners produced by private companies, Koichi Tanaka , who belonged to Shimadzu Manufacturing Company , left a record of being the only Nobel Prize winner in history to receive the award with only a bachelor's degree among all Nobel Prize winners in the field of science .

• Unlike the past, when the 80's winners have entered the oldest axis, as the average life expectancy increases, the winners of the 90s and over have been coming out after the 2010s. In addition, the winners of the winners have risen, and most of them are in their 50s and 60s.

• Eugene Garfield, who laid the foundations of academic citation analysis and scientometrics in 1965, found that early Nobel laureates published 5 times more papers than their fellow researchers, and received 30 to 50 times more citations than their peers. It was found that he had authored one or more masterpiece-level papers belonging to the top 0.1% in the number of citations in the field. Even today, analysis to predict the Nobel Prize award continues, centering on the authors of papers that have been cited more than 2,000 times. #

• Because it is an award with such strong authority, the university that the recipient of this award is from quickly emerges as a prestigious university .[51] Naturally, the winner is treated as the most famous person from the university.

• The 'Nobel Center' is planned to be built in Stockholm, Sweden as a museum-type facility that will comprehensively handle records and exhibitions of past Nobel Prize winners. Construction is scheduled to begin in 2027 and be completed in 2031 .

• 2020.01.11 ~ 2020.05.31 The Nobel Prize Special Exhibition was held at the Jeju Aerospace Museum . # But I didn't go as much as I thought in the aftermath of the corona 19 virus.

• The Ig Nobel Prize is a parody of the Nobel Prize . This award is given to funny or redundant research.[52]