Pope

The Pope (敎皇, Pope, Papa) is the head of the Catholic Church , the head of a diocese of the Catholic Diocese of Rome, and the head of state of Vatican City .

Today the Pope is simply Rome Beyond the bishop of a diocese , he is an international leader representing the Catholic Church around the world. In particular, the fact that non- Italian popes have continued to hold office since the election of John Paul II from Poland in October 1978 shows that the papacy is no longer limited to Italy . This is thanks to a structure in which cardinals from around the world participate in the election of the Pope, helping the Pope represent the Catholic Church around the world.

The Pope is basically the Bishop of Rome, but in modern times, the political meaning of the Pope's office has expanded through the interaction between churches from all over the world choosing the Roman Church and the Roman Church leading the world churches at the same time. In addition, as the bishop of the Diocese of Rome, the Pope is connected to local churches, and at the same time, through the College of Cardinals, he has established himself as a symbolic figure and actual head of the Catholic Church around the world.

As such, the Pope has the authority and authority as the center of the Catholic Church, and is the second respected position after the saints of the church, including the Virgin Mary and the 12 Apostles .[1]

Traditionally, for many years popes were mostly from Italy or France . However, in 1978, during the Cold War, a new era began with the election of John Paul II from Poland , a communist country in Eastern Europe . He was followed by Benedict XVI from Germany , Francis from Argentina and the first pope in the Americas , and Leo

Although the early popes often had Greek names, most were actually Italian . This appears to be because there was a practice of using Greek names in honor of Jesus giving Simon the name 'Cephas ( Peter )'. This practice continued into the Middle Ages, but gradually declined over time. There is also an impact of the growing distance from the Greek Orthodox Church .

On the other hand, if the cardinal is informed by the cardinal, the Vatican citizenship is automatically obtained. On the contrary, whether the pope will give up its nationality other than the Vatican, it is not cultural, so it runs to the Pope's choice, except Francis and Leo XIII[3] The popes gave up their nationality and lived as a Vatican single national. There may be concerns that if the Pope maintains a relationship with his home country, it may be biased to the country , so it is not necessary to leave only the Vatican citizenship.

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Any man who has received the Catholic Sacraments of Baptism and Confirmation can do this. In other words, theoretically, it is possible for a priest or monk to be elected without having to be a cardinal. In fact, in the Middle Ages, there were several cases where a layman, let alone a bishop , was elected pope for political reasons by exploiting this, and there were many more cases where priests or monks were elected pope. There are even hermits .

Assuming that this historical situation is reproduced in the current Catholic Church Act, there is a provision that allows the elected to be ordered as soon as possible after the Pope is elected as a pope.

There are no cases of actually elected, but the priests of the Eastern Catholic Church have equally to be equal. When the Eastern Catholic Church is elected as a pope, it is not defined whether the party should be converted into Latin liturgical liturgical liturgical, but the Pope is an interpretation of the Latin Diocese, the Latin liturgical parish, so it is interpreted that it must be converted into Latin liturgical to govern the Roman parish.

When the Pope dies or the Bishop 's Bishop is vacant, the constellation is placed under the supervision of the cardinal. This is SEDE VACANTE in Latin[4] It is called. Among the audit prayers of all masses around the world, the bulb for the pope is omitted.[5] If the apostle was vacant due to the death of the Pope, the Vatican held a funeral mass at an appropriate time, and when the liturgy regulations allowed before and after , they could give a mass in honor of the dead pope.

In addition, the heads of administrative agencies, including the State Council of State, are suspended or dismissed, and unlike the president's authority system, even the Vatican's chief of State may not be able to represent the pope's duties. During this period, the administration of the Vatican and the Catholic Church is in charge of the Cardinals but very limited. Only the Gungmu Division, who holds the pope's funeral and supports the election, continues to work, and the Vatican Ambassador, the Bishop of the Roman Diocese, and the Bishop of the Vatican City, continue their diplomacy and pastoral activities. The Vatican Post Office also issues a stamp on the vacancy of the Apostle seat during this period.

In the vacancy of the Apostles, the three -story portion of the Pope's sentence is used in the Umbraculum. This indicates that the Pope is absent and cannot use a unique sentence, and the Cardinals symbolize the deputy of the Vatican's secular tasks. Umbra Cool Room is a kind of shade (canopy) that is originally included in the pope's clothing and decoration, symbolizing the authority of the Apostle and Church.[6]

Usually, in monarchical countries, when the king dies, the throne is immediately passed on to the successor ( prince ). And in a republic, it is common to elect a successor before the predecessor's term ends. Therefore, cases where the head of state is vacant rarely occur, and such a leadership vacuum is considered a very exceptional phenomenon.[7] Additionally , even when a position is vacant or the leader is unable to perform his or her duties , the power vacuum is minimized through temporary positions such as regent or acting president .

However, since the Pope cannot pre-determine a successor or create such a temporary office, the vacancy in the Apostolic See is not an exceptional phenomenon, but a phenomenon that inevitably occurs due to the nature of the Pope's office. Accordingly, various systems, including a coat of arms, were prepared to be used during that period, and this period is not viewed simply as a vacuum of leadership, but is characterized as a period in which Catholics around the world prepare through prayer to elect a good Pope.

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Since the 4th century, the Popes have lived in the Lateran Palace near the Basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano, but after the end of the Avignon captivity , they have been living in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican . There was also a palace owned by the Pope on the Quirinal Hill in downtown Rome , but it was confiscated by Vittorio Emanuele II during the War of Italian Unification and is now the official residence of the Italian President. Meanwhile, the bishop's seat, or papal seat, in the Diocese of Rome is not in St. Peter's Basilica , but in the Basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano . This is why the Popes used the Lateran Palace as their official residence for nearly 1,000 years until the Avignon Captivity . The previous Pope Francis continued to reside at the Santa Marta Guest House, where he had been living since he was a cardinal, so it was not used as an official residence during his term. After the death of Pope Francis, the newly elected Pope Leo XIV decided to return to the papal residence in the Apostolic Palace. Afterwards, after remodeling, on March 14, 2026, the Apostolic Palace resumed its function as the Pope's residence for the first time in 13 years.

The symbol of the pope is white . So the Pope always wears white means . The reason why the Pope wears white means is that white is a noble color that symbolizes gods from ancient times and only a metabolite. Thus, the Pope wears white means in that he is the best shepherd, the ground representative of Jesus Christ . This white means can be maintained even after the Pope's Papa Emeritus, so Benedict XVI has always wore white means in the official statue until he dies.

It is said to be the same as below unless it is a special situation such as foreign tours or interviews with foreign guests. It is said that there is no holiday because of the exception of the triple prayer, various prayer times, and meditation. Therefore, more than any other country leaders, they are more likely to be overworked.

Below is the work of the former Pope Francis. reason

The Italian railway operator, Trenitaly , has three to four passenger cars and an Italian state -owned passenger airline company ' Alitalia '[8] The Italian Air Force is operating the H-3D 31-2, called Elicoto del Papa. Perhaps when the Italian Air Force unifying the H-3 Sea Series as the AW101 series, the Pope-only helicopter will change.

When you do external activities using land, you will be on a dedicated vehicle. Often, when the pope comes out in a movie , you may ride on an unusual car. The pope -only car is called Papamobile and is a bulletproof material. Papamoville's vehicle number is SCV . However, after the Pope Francis, it rides a SUV or a small car that is converted into a general non -disinfectant.

An Italian non-stop comedy called <Le Comiche>, which was released in Korea as <IQ 100> , also features a papamobile that the pope rides.

The Pope has no private plane like Air Force One , a US presidential aircraft . It is somewhat unexpected that the Pope, who is a spiritual leader of the Catholic Church and a state enemy of the Vatican city, has no private plane. The Vatican has been using a private aircraft every time the Pope's foreign visit.



It is customary for the pope to rent an aircraft of ITA, the Italian national flag , when departing from Rome , and to board the national flag of the visiting country when returning from a foreign visit. For example, when Pope Francis visited Korea, he came to Korea on an A330 chartered flight by Alitalia , and used a Korean Air Boeing 777 when returning to Rome .

The Pope's ride aircraft is not a private plane such as Air Force One , but a private airliner. It is somewhere in the fuselage to tell the pope's ride[9] It is only a small Pope's sentence. In addition, the pope's seat is not a first class but a lower level. This is because the Alifet Airlines airliner has only business class and economy stone without first class. The only privilege of the Pope is to sit alone in the first line of business class.[10] When the flight returns to the starting point, it usually rides ordinary passengers and returns.

English -American media call the Pope's plane called 'Shepherd One', the 'good shepherd' of the Bible verse.[11] It is named after Shepard and Air Force One, a US presidential aircraft .

PAPA in Latin[12] Or SUMMUS PONTIFEX[13] It is called.[14]

When calling the pope , it is called His/Your Holiness .

In Latin , there is another expression that refers to the father , which means 'biological father', which means the father as a legal manager. Therefore, in terms of the etymology, it is indicated as 'father', but in the standard Korean dictionary , the synonyms of the Pope are registered with the synonyms of the pope , the law king , the law king, the law, and the Roma Law King. In Korea, initially, it was called the "enforcement emperor" in the sense of 'the person who led the people to God and influenced God, and also called the Bishop in the sense of being in charge of all the doctrines taught by Jesus Christ . Then, the `` Pope and `` Gyo -jong , which reduced the emperor, were mixed, but they were completely settled as the pope became widespread. In 1992, the Pope was finalized as an official term after discussing the Terms Committee at the Spring General Assembly of the Korean Catholic Church . In North Korea , it is called the Roman law king .

Recently, there has been criticism that the title Pope is overly authoritarian, saying it is reminiscent of emperor or monarch . On March 21, 2013, Bishop Peter Kang Woo -il (then chairman of the Korean Catholic Bishops' Conference ) , who celebrated the Mass commemorating the enthronement of Pope Francis at Myeongdong Cathedral , used the title 'pope' instead of pope in his homily. “ The reason was that the word ‘pope’, which describes king and emperor, did not feel appropriate when revealing the evangelical soul and life of the person who chose the name of Saint Francis of Assisi .” Bishop Kang had already considered replacing the Pope's title with 'pope' since 1990, when he was chairman of the liturgy committee of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of Korea, and he once again used the term 'pope' in media interviews during Pope Francis' visit to Korea in 2014.

However, in the current Korean church, there is no reason to change the existing term ‘pope’ to ‘pope’. Even if 'pope' has a somewhat monarchical connotation, this is also true of 'pope', which uses the character marujong (宗). Rather, if you look at the origin of the Chinese character, the Chinese legendary Three Emperors and Five Emperors, which are the origins of the character ' wang' (皇) , did not pass down their positions through lineage but passed them down to others of virtue, so 'pope' is a more appropriate expression for the elected head of the church than 'pope'.[15] There is no need to necessarily recognize the church system as a democracy. Academically, the papal office is viewed as a type of monarchy, and it is clear that the papal office is a service position for the church, but considering the visible form of the church system, the term 'pope' can be seen as appropriate. The emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was also an elected emperor elected by the electors in the imperial election, but no one says anything about the title of emperor.

However, this argument is also not completely sound, because it overlooks the fact that even within the church, the Pope is not understood as a despot in the traditional sense. Academically, it is true that the papacy is a monarchy , but in the first place, English monarchy and expressions in other Western languages ​​with the same root simply mean that one person is mono -archy rather than having the despotic color of 'king (王)' or 'emperor (皇)'. This 'one-man leader' monarchy is politically similar to 'monarch', but the nuance is clearly different.[16] The familial connotation of the Latin word Papa and the understanding of the papacy in the Catholic Magisterium.[17] There is room for a translation that reflects the word more accurately and is more faithful to the etymology.

However, considering the reality that 'Pope' has been defined as the single official term of the Korean Church and has been actively used over a long period of time, and that the term 'Pope' has easily settled not only in the Korean Church but throughout the Korean-speaking community, it is not very likely that the term 'Pope' will change in the short term. Even Bishop Kang Woo-il, the person who made the alternative term 'pope' famous, kept the official church term 'pope' and used it in official appearances, such as during presentations as chairman of the Korean Catholic Bishops' Conference . # # ‘Pope’ was only used in media interviews, etc., depending on personal preference. Furthermore, considering that, in addition to the term 'Pope' itself, other words derived from or related to the Pope have never reached the point where words such as 'Holy Pope' have been proposed as a replacement for 'Vatican', the existence of the alternative vocabulary 'Pope' is only an event, rising to the surface occasionally.

Meanwhile, 'Pope (敎宗, Zhaozong)' refers to the Pope in the Greater China region , including China and Taiwan , while in Japan , Pope (教皇, Kyoko) and 'Roman Pope (ローマ法王, Roman Hoo)' are used interchangeably. In Japan, from the Meiji Restoration until the 2010s, he was referred to as the ‘Roman Pope’ in official documents of the Japanese government at home and abroad and in major Japanese media such as NHK and Yomiuri Shimbun .[18] Japanese Catholics have been using the title Pope since John Paul II visited Japan in February 1981. The reason the Pope is called 'the Pope' in Japan is because during the translation process, the word originally used as a counterpart to Dharma-raja in the Chinese translation of Buddhism 's Avatamsaka Sutra was used to refer to Buddha, including Shakyamuni , and even religious leaders. Instead of this expression, which has strong Buddhist overtones, the Catholic Council of Japan preferred the word 'pope', which emphasizes the meaning of 'teaching' like in Korea, but it was not widely spread due to the small congregation. The two titles were used interchangeably by the Catholic Church and the secular world, but with Pope Francis ' visit to Japan in November 2019, the Japanese government and NHK began using 'Roman Pope (ローマ教皇, Roman Kyoko)' as the official name.[19] # In Vietnam , it is called Pope (Giáo hoàng), and the situation is similar to Korea in that proposals to use the old term Pope (Giáo tông) are sometimes raised.

Additionally, the Pope had a tradition of referring to himself in the first person plural, 'we', in public appearances, which originated from the Majestic plural of European monarchs.[20] This appears similarly in expressions in the Bible and the Qur'an of Islam . However, John Paul I broke this tradition and referred to himself as 'I', giving a refreshing shock to many people.[21]

The Latin PAPA (Papa) , which is translated as the Pope , is a word that originally used as a nickname for the father in classical Greek , but it was changed from Latin to be named (flat). Then, both Greeks and Eastern Churches and Western Churches who used Latin began to call the priests , bishops , and bishops as POPA. Even now, in the Orthodox Church in Greece , Russia and Serbia , clergy are called POPE.[22]

On the other hand, in the Western church, this use gradually narrows meaning, and in the early 3rd century, PAPA is used as a respect for a senior clergyman.[23] In the 5th century, it was mainly used to refer to Rome's bishops, and from the 8th century, it was solidified only by the name of Rome's bishop.

The official word PAPA was officially used, and until then, the title of 'Roman Bishop' was used as the official name. However, it is a bit different from PATER, another Latin word that means father , and PATER is a biological father and PAPA is the father of legal manager. Anyway, PAPA wrote in a word of bishop , but gradually reserved as a pope.

Summus Pontifex which translates to Supreme Pontiff in English[24] Also translated as 'Pope' in Korean.

Originally, Summus Pontifex literally translates as 'high priest' and in some passages of the Vulgate[25] It was used to refer to 'high priest'. However, similar to Papa, the meaning was gradually narrowed to mean pope.

If you write only Pontifex (Pontif)[26] Narrow it means the pope.[27]

Officially, there are many titles that have been more than 2000 years old. The official title of the Pope according to the Annuario Pontificio is as follows.

Although not included in the Vatican Almanac, the customary names still in use today are:

As in the case of realizing the monarch of another monarchy, it must also comply with strict rituals and procedures when indicating the pope. The principle is to kneel and kiss the fisherman's ring .[30] Today, however, the leaders of secular countries (especially secular countries) do not have this formality.

It was a rule for men to wear a black tailcoat, but a black suit and a tie of a non-too flashy color would be considered polite enough.

Women must wear black long-sleeved clothes and a black headscarf as a dress code[31] , there are women who are privileged to wear white, such as the Papal Cascade . Among Catholic monarchies, only the queen or queens of countries recognized by the Holy See as "Supreme Catholic Monarchs (Rex Catholicissimus)" are granted this privilege. The first ladies of republican countries, such as presidents and prime ministers, or queens or queens of non-Catholic royal families are not granted this privilege.

Currently in Spain Bourbon royal family , Belgium Saxe-Coburg-Gotha royal family , Luxembourg Grand Duchy of Nassau Weilburg , Monaco House of Grimaldi ,[32] It is a privilege held only by five royal families, including the Savoy family, the former ruling royal family of the Kingdom of Italy .

As of 2016, Queen Rocacasolano, Spanish in Spain , Queen Sofia , Queen Matilda in Belgium , Wangbi Paola , Luxembourg Maria Teresa Grand Priest[33] Seven people , including Monaco 's Charlin Witstock , received this privilege. Relevant articles

As the post-authoritarian atmosphere became stronger during the reign of Pope Francis, the atmosphere was relaxed to allow women to wear neat and simple colored suits without having to wear black clothes and black veils.[34] Also, even if it is colorful and patterned clothing, it is not considered disrespectful to wear it during an audience if it is formal, traditional clothing from a specific culture. When Ambassador Oh Hyeon-joo of the Embassy of the Republic of Korea to the Vatican was appointed as the new ambassador, she wore hanbok and had an audience with Pope Francis . During Pope John Paul II 's visits to Korea in 1984 and 1989, first ladies Soon-ja Lee and Ok-sook Kim also wore hanbok.[35] During Pope Francis ' visit to Korea in 2014, President Park Geun-hye, who was the head of state , wore a brightly colored suit.

Kanosa's humiliation is a symbolic event that shows the power of the Pope in the Middle Ages, but before and after the incident, the Pope's power was not so strong. A few years later, Kanosa's humiliation is not mentioned that Gregory VII was abused by Heinrich IV . In fact, in the Middle Ages, the Pope constantly competed with the secular monarch, but most of the history of humiliation. In the beginning, the Pope was in the heyday, compared to the heyday , compared to the French kingdom or the Holy Roman Empire , so it was almost impossible for the pope to fly and overcome the kings or emperors, no matter how secular power.[36] Nevertheless, the Pope had a greater influence than the actual physical power, which could contain the king or the emperor, which was the result of the bizarre power structure of the medieval society represented by feudalism . This was due to the existence of the ripples , and the king and the posts maintained their dominance through legitimate new agreements, and many of them were similar to the king. Because of this, they were more likely to push the king and become king if they had just 'legitimacy' to oppose the kingship. In this situation, when the king or the emperor ate the ripples, the existing banks were canceled. At this time, if the ripples were retracted, the seal contract could be maintained, so the humiliation of Canosa could happen.

Of course, if the military power of the king or the emperor was strong, he was able to overpower the ripples, nabal, ignore, and backlash, and to subdue and change the pope with force, but if there were images with similar military forces, they could have a cause of pushing the king by ripples. The Pope of the Middle Ages used the political situation in Europe, which was distributed due to feudal agent, and steadily expanded its influence to a subtle tightrope between the emperor, the king and the emperor. Until the 11th century, the Pope was recognized as the emperor of the emperor, but from the mid -11th century, the pope's power became stronger and caused the Crusades , which had a great influence of the Pope as the forefront of the pope. But for a while, the failure of the Pope's Crusaders' War , and during the 13th century, the German enemy collaborated, bullying the pope, and after that, the Pope's influence was rapidly weakened, and after a while, Avignon was not a great influence in history. As such, some of the Pope have abused authority and corrupt, and many believers have escaped to Protestantism through the Reformation.[37] In 1517, Luther's Reformation occurred, and Protestant countries independent of Catholics did not care about the pope at all. Even in the Catholic world, Spain, with its heads of South America as a colony, no longer listened to the pope. In 1527, Emperor Karl V (Carlos I) raised Sako Di Rome to conquer Rome and surrendered the Pope, and Spain excluded the Pope's influence, and his religious judge reigned as Spanish Catholics. So Germany was only Germany at the end of the 15th century. Eventually, the pope became politically ignorant after the feuds of the absolute monarchy of the feuds to contain secular power.

Catholics, which were hit hard by the Reformation, worked hard to dispatch missionaries to destructive countries to break through new demands, due to the rapid growth of the 19th -century South American immigrants, where the transportation between intercontinental ships was smooth , and the influence of Catholicism increased. Originally, Catholics in South America were not so strong with the Pope of Europe, and many areas were virtually separate from Catholics.

With the development of 20th -century telecommunications and transportation, South Americans have seen the pope, who have not known their faces, on television , and the Pope in St. Peter's Cathedral, which shows the extreme of magnificence and splendor, has come to the sacredness that is different from the bishops and priests of the village cathedral. In addition, in 2013, the Pope from South America was elected. Thus, in South America, the influence of Catholics is large and there is a pope at its center. In addition, since the 20th century, the population has increased naturally in Africa and Asian countries, which have already been expanded to Catholic missions in Africa and Asia, and have already become Catholic or have already established Catholics, and the population of Catholics has increased as the population of Catholics has increased. In Europe and North America, which has been traditionally the home of Christianity since the 20th century, the religious influence of Christianity, including Catholics, has greatly reduced, but Protestant countries, including the United States and other Protestant countries, have been reduced not only in Catholics, but also Protestants' cosovers, immigrants from the Catholics, and the discrimination against existing Catholics has been eliminated. Ironically, the influence of Catholics has risen. For example, in Canada , the United States , Catholic believers are currently overtaking Protestant believers, and in the United States , Catholicism has expanded as Hispanics , which have been immigrated from the Catholic region, were large in large scale. Eventually, after the Pope from South America, he was elected a pope from the United States, which was hard to imagine in 2025 .

In modern society , the Pope's influence, the world's largest religious Catholic chief of Catholics , is very large. In most countries of the world, it is the enemy of the country, which is an independent country, and receives the same honor as other enemies, and it can be said to be strong in world diplomats. Even now, the Pope says about the important issues of the world, and it is published in the media in each country, and now the Pope has a significant influence on religion, politics, diplomacy and culture around the world.

In Korea, when the Pope visits Korea, it provides the same priesthood and courtesy as the visit of other heads of enemies. When the Pope Francis arrived at Seoul Airport, 21 ramps were used to the top of the state as defined in the military ceremony (17 were used for the ministers and 19 prime ministers were used), which shows that the pope's authority is the same level as the head of the state . right. In general, when the Pope visits other countries or attends international events, the ranks are generally higher and prioritized than the secular state leaders. This is due to the tendency of countries with many Catholics to be distributed throughout the world throughout the world as a leader of a huge Christian sectator, a border that transcends borders .

Forbes ranked sixth in the world's world power rankings. This is the next level of the world's major leaders of the world , the US President , Chinese President , Russian President , and German Prime Ministers , higher than the Lord of the Lord Saudi Arabia . Of course, the Forbes ranking is not absolute, and the ranking changes every year, so it's a good idea to check it for reference.

St. Malaki Omor has a document that the 12th -century monk predicted 112 Pope in Latin two or three words .

Here, the sun's report or solar eclipse is John Paul II , and the glory of olive is Benedict XVI . John Paul II was born during a solar eclipse and died during a solar eclipse, and the symbol of the Benedictine Monk , the origin of the Pope's name of Benedict XVI , was olive, and the Pope Francis's Pope's name (Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardonne), who was named by Pope Francis, was a Peter's Italian version (Pietro). It is said that the pope is the last time, but it is more interpreted than a dream. The reliability is already significantly reduced in that it has been forcibly attracted to the pope to fit the prophecy .

Of course, the words of St. Pius X upon awakening from fainting in 1909, " Alas, I do not know whether it is I or my heir, but when he descended from the papal throne and left Rome , he had to step on the corpses of his brothers. " A terrifying prophecy became a hot topic, but there is also a view that regards it as just an anecdote related to the third prophecy of Our Lady of Fatima, which predicted the assassination of the pope, which had nothing to do with the above prophecy .

The contents of the pope, including the Poe XIIIII , or Paul Vix , are very different. In the beginning , there were many conspiracy theories and speculation of the nuclear war notice over the third prophecy, which was far later than the first and second prophecies , and even at the time when the prophecy was released, many conspiracy theories were poured out. I will leave the decision of the reader whether the prophecy that predicted that the chief of the world's largest single organization would be assassinated would be trivial. In any case, this situation is this, and there are few reliable materials except for the public announcement of the church. In addition, Benedict XVI , who actually descended from the apostle seat in February 2013, enjoyed the full -time pope as a full -time pope and died at the age of 95 in 2022 .

The Pope is a representative occupation to be avoided. Many of the past popes said that they were not personally comfortable with the position of pope, and this tendency has not changed from ancient times to modern times.[42]

The Pope is the Bishop of Rome and the head of state in Vatican City, so there is so much to do and it is difficult.

As the Bishop of Rome, the Pope must take responsibility for the Catholic Diocese of Rome , which is very difficult. You can easily see this just by looking at St. Peter's Basilica , which is extremely large and very difficult to maintain. It is hundreds of years old and the entire cathedral is covered in cultural festivals, so maintenance costs are greater than tourism revenue. Still, it would be better to have one, but there are four basilicas in the Diocese of Rome. The Pope couldn't handle it all by himself, so he had to appoint a separate chief priest. With over 2 million believers in the Diocese of Rome alone, this alone is too much to handle.

Being the head of state of Vatican City further increases the difficulty of the job. As the head of state, he must govern the territory and act as a diplomat. Even though Vatican City is the smallest country in the world, the difficulty of governing is not low due to the influx of tourists. The difficulty of diplomacy was so high that during the ancient Roman Empire , he was the top candidate for martyrdom , and in the Middle Ages and modern times, European powers often interfered with the Pope. If they did not like it, they arbitrarily dethroned or even killed him, and there were many such cases. A position where you can lose your life even though you have done nothing wrong cannot be attractive. In modern times, it seems to have become easier as Europe has become more peaceful, but in reality, this is not the case at all. In modern times, there are over 200 countries, many of which are hostile to Christianity. How to build relationships with them is a big task.

So the Pope has to suffer from an enormous burden. Immediately, religious achievement, honor, and economic income are guaranteed to be quite high just by the position of cardinal, while the Pope is the head of state of Vatican City and the representative of Catholicism.

In fact, there is a lot more work than the life of a cardinal, and the personal life becomes much more difficult. In fact, being a cardinal does not mean that life is easy. Since they serve as bishops of dioceses or ministers of departments under the Vatican, they have to take on quite heavy responsibilities and perform a variety of tasks. It is by no means a comfortable position. Even more so, the life and role of the Pope are more difficult than that of the Cardinal.

Just looking at the workload, it is too much for the elderly cardinals to handle. Work at least 14 hours a day, 7 days a week. Unless there are really special cases, you cannot retire and work until you die. There is no such thing as a holiday. Holidays are not days of rest, but rather busier days. In particular, since ordinary believers are more likely to participate in church events on weekends than on weekdays, the Pope also becomes busier on weekends accordingly, but this does not mean that there are no believers who go to church on weekdays, so they have to work on weekdays as well. Moreover, unlike other positions that are only good for their own jurisdiction, the Pope has a duty to care for all Catholics around the world, so he must travel abroad from time to time. Naturally, taking a plane for a long time is quite tiring for the already elderly Pope.

It is also a problem to relieve stress, but the leaders of the world are relieved by pursuing the pleasure of using power, but because of the religious leaders, they are always required to be diligent/frugal/sincerity, so they cannot swing the power given as a leader. If it is the Middle Ages, it is not in modern times. For example, Benedict XVI was a German, so I enjoyed beer , but I couldn't drink enough to be taken as a pope. It is in contrast to the fact that the world's leaders can drink until they become a quill.

Because they are celebrities, for safety reasons, even the smallest details of their personal life, such as going outside for a walk or visiting a favorite restaurant and ordering a favorite menu item, are completely blocked. There may be someone trying to assassinate the Pope, and believers may gather when the Pope goes outside, which could lead to a safety accident. You have to be careful about even the words you say. After being elected Pope, Leo XIV called his brother, but was unable to speak properly because of the reporters. Even the leader of a democratic country has a term limit, and the leader of a dictatorial country has the option of abdicating to his successor and remaining as his predecessor if the decision is not made, but the Pope is a lifelong official and cannot go to his hometown even after death and must be buried in the Vatican.

And the major of priests is theology . It is not political science or kingship . However, when you become Pope, you must act as a supreme leader. I have to immerse myself in politics, which I thought I would never have a relationship with. Of course, there is no way the priests would know things like Caesarea, so they would suffer greatly. From power struggles within the Vatican to diplomacy, there are so many things to use political science and emperor studies for. If you are not skilled in Vatican politics, you are likely to become a powerless pope who cannot reform the corruption of high-ranking priests, their unscrupulous behavior, and this organization.

Theology is usually not difficult. There is a case where Honorius I, who was not an antipope but an orthodox pope, was branded a heretic. This problem arose because of his lack of academic knowledge rather than because he was a heretic or tried to go against orthodox beliefs. Opponents of papal infallibility cited the case of Honorius I, and this issue was also discussed at the First Vatican Council. For more information, see Honorius I on the English Wiki . John XXII was also caught up in the theological controversy over the beatific vision and was suspected of being a heretic, but he was not treated as a heretic because the beatific vision was not a doctrine of the Catholic Church until he declared it as an official doctrine and he ultimately recanted his views. Theology is so difficult that even popes are suspected of heresy, and when you become pope, you have to get involved in theological controversies even if you don't like it. It can't be pleasant.

The expectations of ordinary believers also act as a burden. The general public has a strong desire to have a pope who is deeply religious and good, so if you do not meet their expectations, you will be criticized as a 'bad pope'. It's not just about doing well yourself; when something unpleasant happens in Catholicism, the Pope is the first person to look at. If things are not handled properly, he will be severely criticized and recorded in the history books as an ‘incompetent pope, a bad pope.’ In this way, it is not unreasonable for clergy to avoid being elected pope.

The problem that a non-Italian pope faces is that he has to adapt to Italian culture. Some might ask why it was difficult to adapt to Italian-style food, clothing, and shelter, but Francis found the espresso too bitter, so he added hot water to make it a cafe Americano , and had to listen to nagging comments like, “Pope, you’re ruining the coffee.” The pope's special attire, the mantum, is so large that he cannot walk without the help of his attendants, and his hat, the zucchetto , flies away whenever the wind blows. He also has to adapt to his residence, Sado Palace . You might think it's comfortable because it's a palace, but if a Korean was elected Pope, he would realize that he doesn't have an ondol in his house. Even if the Pope's power improves living conditions, suffering from homesickness cannot be prevented. Even if you try to visit your hometown, it is not easy because the schedule is so tight. Even if he survives and resigns, he cannot return to his hometown. I just have to endure it.

At this level, it would be natural for him to be extremely reluctant to be elected pope, but there were still many who wanted the position. In any case, since he is the head of the Catholic Church, he has very powerful authority. This was especially true during the humiliation of Canossa and the Crusades , when the papacy was powerful , and many people resorted to all kinds of scheming tactics to gain the position of pope. Once you become Pope, you can use your power to amass enormous wealth, and you can drive down anyone you don't like by accusing them of being heretics. For ambitious people, this is a position worth aiming for at least once. In any case, the Pope during the Middle Ages and Renaissance was elected through fierce political strife and was a powerful figure who competed for enormous interests and international influence in the name of being a symbol of peace, so it was natural. However, this is an advantage that only works for those who are black on the inside, and is not an advantage at all for true priests. Gaining power and becoming someone who engages in bribery, money laundering, buying and selling, corruption of relatives, and behind-the-scenes politics is not what a priest who dedicates his life to faith and service wants. Of course, some clergy may have good intentions and want to become pope, but given the various challenges in the cause world, it really takes a big decision. Crucially, the papal throne is not a position one can sit on just because he or she wants to.

The modern pope has become more of a spiritual leader who prays for peace as the leader of a global religious community without real power, so many ambitious people seeking power have disappeared. As the interest in eating them decreases, the number of insects also decreases.

Although not much remains of the reactions of popes elected in ancient and medieval times, it is said that Gregory If you look at the English wiki that covers this election, 1268-1271 papal election , you will see the story of Philip Benigne, who criticized the cardinals when a new pope was not elected two months after the election began, and then ran away when he was in danger of being elected pope. Modern researchers consider this story to be unreliable, but to the extent that such a story was created, it seems that there were cases in the Middle Ages when people were not happy with the position of Pope. Just looking at Hadrian VI, he was not happy when he was elected pope.

The reason why this phenomenon occurs is due to the political dynamics of the Vatican. There are bound to be various factions in the Vatican, each with their own candidate. Ambitious people would seek the papal throne by siding with one of these factions, but it is not easy for a particular faction to completely overwhelm its opponents. If this happens, the conclave will be unable to elect the pope and will inevitably fail, and if this goes too far, people will become angry and cause chaos, such as locking the cardinals in the cathedral, tearing off the roof, and limiting meals to bread and water. In the end, the cardinals select a moderate priest who does not belong to any faction and has good character to entrust him with the papal throne, but in most cases, these people do not seek the position of pope. Naturally, there is no way the Pope-elect would be happy after being struck by lightning in a dry sky. This is the case with Gregory

Of course, there were people like that even in modern times . This is the case with Paul V, who was elected in a conclave in May 1605 . Since he did not belong to a specific faction or had any ambition, no one paid attention to him at first, but as various factions fought and a brawl broke out, causing chaos that even resulted in the cardinal being the only cardinal in the history of the conclave to suffer a serious injury with a broken bone, all factions began to look for a compromise candidate, and in the process, he attracted attention. When he saw that the votes were gathering for him, he turned pale and desperately declined, but was eventually elected.

When the conflict between various factions is fierce, votes may flock to older candidates. The idea is to entrust the papal throne to someone who will not live long, and then join forces to aim for the position of the next pope. The 83rd Pope Conon was elected for this reason, and if you look at the history of popes, there are quite a few people who were elected in this way.

There are cases where a candidate receives majority support from the beginning, but even in these cases, there are problems. Everyone wants it, but there are times when you don't want it. If this happens, the unfortunate situation of someone being forcibly elected pope even though he or she does not like it will happen.

Most popes elected in modern times do not actively want to be pope. This is because there are many people who fall into one of the two cases mentioned above. After being elected Pope, Leo Pius​ John Paul I asked people not to elect him pope, but he was elected pope. When Benedict Pope Francis also canceled a round-trip ticket to and from Buenos Aires around the time of the conclave, but was unable to use the return flight after taking office as Pope. Leo​

In 2025 Conclave , Cardinal Cristorval Lopez Romero, the Morocco Labat Bridge, said, 'I have no ambition to be a pope. Such a role cannot be imagined. If I am elected as a pope, I will run to Sicily. The person who wants to be a pope is thirsty for power. ' Of course, this is not because of the expression of 'Ao I don't want to be a pope', but because of the burden of heavier positions, but in any case, it is inevitable. See Leo XIII/

In response to this, there was a joke that among movies about the Pope, < We Have a Pope > , where the president-elect runs away saying he can't be Pope, is more realistic than <Conclave> , which is a secret struggle for the Pope . If it doesn't seem a little realistic, imagine that you are a retired sergeant in the military who is about to be discharged, and that the last sergeants have to vote among themselves to elect one person who will be discharged from the military and stay in the military for the rest of his life. The important thing is that there is no vacation or discharge for the person selected. You have to work in the military until you die, and when you die, you are buried in a cemetery within the military base. You will immediately get a sense of what it feels like (...)

Real-life politicians still enter politics with the intention of doing it on their own, but the route from ordained priest to bishop, cardinal, and pope is not something they do because they want to, but rather a position where they obey and accept the nomination whether they like it or not. Even so, once he becomes the Pope, he will do his best to become a good Pope. However, the reality was a gutter, and many popes failed to achieve their goals and were frustrated.

The reason for the failure is that the abilities required to become a good Pope are too high. To solve the various problems listed in the paragraph above, you need to be deeply religious, good-natured, and have excellent capabilities as a politician, but that is very difficult. It cannot be easy for someone who has not studied political science to demonstrate a high level of political power. Even if it possesses all of the elements , it has been proven countless times throughout history and throughout history that politics can be fatal if the surrounding circumstances and environment do not support it, that is, if luck is not on its side .

During the ancient Roman Empire, the level of difficulty was not this high. At this time, the oppression of the Roman Empire was severe, so survival was the priority. There was no such thing as a papal decree, and since there was no interest, there was little chance of a rogue person, such as a corrupt high-ranking priest, appearing. Therefore, most of the Roman bishops of this time were canonized as saints, but the 36th Pope Liberius failed to become a Catholic saint due to a misunderstanding that he judged Athanasius a heretic. Still, this person avoided being labeled as a bad pope by being canonized as an Orthodox saint, but the 50th Pope Anastasius II suffered the disgrace of being the first bad pope as both the Catholic and Orthodox churches refused to canonize him as a saint because he brought confusion to the church.

In the Middle Ages, it became very difficult to become a good Pope. With the creation of the Papal States, an era has arrived that requires the high abilities mentioned above. From this point on, bad popes began to appear in earnest, and the reasons were varied.

An example of a failure due to lack of political power is Hadrian VI, a Pope during the Renaissance . He was aware of the problems within the Catholic Church of his time and implemented a reform policy, but the vested interests and citizens of Rome united in opposition to the reform, and in the end, he ruled for only 20 months and died of overwork and fever. The Roman citizens rejoiced at his death and abandoned most of his policies. 부패한 교황으로 넘쳐나는 르네상스 시기의 교황임에도 불구하고 훌륭한 인격과 신앙심을 갖고 있었으며, 카를 5세 의 가정교사를 지낸 덕에 인맥도 있었음에도 불구하고 실패한 것이다. However, it was Sacco di Roma that returned to Rome's vested interests and citizens who had ignored reform , and only after Rome burned did Catholicism reform. It is an added bonus that Pope Clement VII , who ultimately burned down Rome without reforming, has been stamped into history as a bad pope.

An example of a failure due to lack of physical strength is Pius III . Although he was a Renaissance pope, he showed signs of reform, but his body was so weak that he died 26 days after becoming pope.

Even if you work hard, you may still be criticized. John XXII, the pope during his captivity in Avignon, was a great administrator and made many achievements, including sounding the church's finances. However, he was embroiled in a controversy over poverty with the Franciscans and a theological controversy over the beatific vision, and was accused of being a stooge of France. It may have been unfair to John XXII, who was elected against his will in the conclave held from 1314 to 1316, on the grounds that "he is 72 years old and will die soon," but even to this day, his evaluation is not high. The Popes who were in captivity in Avignon were unable to overcome the stereotype that they were puppets of France. However, the current academic consensus is that the seven popes who ruled in Avignon were grossly undervalued, and John XXIII , elected in 1958, chose the name John in honor of John XXII (among other reasons).

Ambitious people who aimed for the position of Pope also did not have good results. Many of these people had outstanding political power, but they lacked the faith and goodness that were necessary to become a good pope. We can see how the Pope, who has excellent political skills, is a master of scheming, and has an excellent ability to see the trend, is evaluated in modern times and has achieved many achievements . It would be nice if he was ambitious and had both faith and goodness, but such a pope was not common.

In particular, lack of piety and goodness is a shortcut to becoming a bad pope. Stephen VI initiated the 'Corpse Synod' in which the dead pope's body was dragged out, found guilty, and the body was thrown into the Tiber River. Sergius III started a courtesan politics in which prostitutes or lovers influenced politics, and his mistress was the infamous Marozia, who controlled four popes . The description of John XII cannot be put into words, and Urban VI tortured and then executed the cardinals who rebelled against him. There is nothing to say about Benedict IX, who sold the papal throne for money. It is natural for those who do not make an effort to become good popes to become infamous.

There are some popes who have no chance of becoming good popes. This is the case with those who were placed on the papal throne by a secular monarch. Antipope Leo VIII ascended to the position of orthodox pope through the power of the Holy Roman Emperor, Otto I , and most of what he did was to hand over rights to Otto I and his family. There was no other option for those who were established as puppets of secular monarchs.

There are also popes who commit fraud for the benefit of the church. Stephen II received a papal decree in return for tolerating the usurpation of the Frankish king Pipinus III, confirming his nominal papal supremacy. The document used at this time was Constantine's donation . This document was evidence that religious power was superior to secular power, but it was discovered to be a forgery by Lorenzo Valla , a pioneer in philology. Opinions differ as to who the forger was, but the Pope's involvement in the crime was a huge scandal. However, the 207th Pope Eugenius IV committed a crime by ordering Bala to be burned at the stake and banning his books. Fortunately, the 208th Pope Nicholas V made a wise decision to pardon Bala and appoint him as a professor of rhetoric at the Vatican, so the stigma did not grow any further.

Most of the popes of the Renaissance period are evaluated as lacking in piety and goodness. Sixtus IV , who had a strong will and ruthlessness and systematically secularized the Vatican; Innocent VIII , who was incompetent, suffered from a chronic illness, and enjoyed luxury; the most corrupt pope , Julius II , a warmonger who disrupted Vatican politics ; Leo There were many popes who were shameful no matter where they were presented, including Clement VII, who burned down Rome. The clergy under the Pope were no different, and even the murderous robbers thought themselves to be upright and holy compared to the clergy. Hadrian VI, who tried to reform the church, can be considered a different species.

You might think that bad popes mainly come from the Middle Ages or Renaissance, but that's not necessarily true. The Italian Renaissance is thought to have ended after the 219th Pope Clement VII, who burned down Rome, but the 221st Pope Julius III was one of the worst popes of all time. Therefore, later popes did not use the name Julius. Paul IV, who will be introduced below, was also a modern pope. It was difficult for modern popes to be evaluated as good popes because many of them failed to adapt to the rapid social changes of modern times.

Modern popes seem to be generally well-received, but there can be many bad popes among them. This is because evaluating the Pope has to wait hundreds of years. Popes who are well-received now may be branded as shameful popes in the future no matter where they appear. As of Pius

Even blessed people and saints cannot feel at ease. Pius IX was so religious that he was beatified, and he was highly regarded for not compromising with Italian state power until the end during his time in captivity at the Vatican . However, he was overly rigid and became involved in a kidnapping case, which caused a lot of talk. Opponents tried to throw his body into the Tiber River, but were stopped by the police. Blessed Urban II was the Pope who started the Crusades , and as the evaluation of this war changed over time, the evaluation of him also fluctuated.

Usually the Pope also exists. This is a case where there are merits but also mistakes. Still, these people completed their term without any major accidents, so they did not leave a bad name for future generations. In the case of Honorius II, who will be mentioned in the paragraph below, he carried out excellent reforms within the church, but was not very successful in foreign policy and was unable to resolve the turmoil in local politics. Still, it is clear that he did his best, and he did not make any big mistakes that would leave him infamy in history, so he did not become a bad Pope. What frustrates younger popes is that even becoming pope is usually very difficult. As you can see from the paragraph below, Honorius II had a personality far superior to that of the ordinary clergy of the time and had abilities of his own.

There are also popes who have many achievements but are evaluated differently. Saint Pius V was so religious and capable that he was said to have “never seen a pope so pious,” and left behind many achievements. However, he was also criticized for “treating humans like angels, ignoring their weaknesses, and being overly stubborn and principled.” Protestants were persecuted mercilessly, to the point where even Catholics screamed that it was too strict. If you worked on Sunday and got scolded for being a 'blasphemer of the Lord's Day,' it was worth it. In fact, Pius V himself blamed himself for being too lenient (...) Although he was a saint from a Catholic perspective, he was clearly not the pope he wanted to worship.

However, age is not a criterion for success or failure. John​​ And Innocent I, who came to the throne at the age of 23 and died at the age of 39, accumulated many achievements and was canonized as a saint, proving that even though he was young, he could be a good pope. However, it is nearly impossible to be elected in your 20s, and it is even more difficult to be recognized as a great pope. In 2000 years, there was only one such case: Innocent I.

If a pope is considered a failure, he may suffer hardships after death. Paul IV had a very bad reputation for his intolerance, strictness of policy, intolerance, persecution of Jews, and nepotism. After his death, Roman citizens rioted and stormed the Inquisition, killing the inquisitors, beheading statues of Paul IV and throwing them into the Tiber River, and ripping off his coat of arms from churches and monuments. His body was hastily buried by church officials who feared it would be damaged by the mob, and even in modern times, his reputation is very poor. What is unfortunate is that he tried to reform the problems of the Catholic Church of his time. The intention was good, but there was a problem with the method, so it was a huge failure.

If it is too infamous, younger popes may avoid it on their own. Antipope John XXIII was heavily criticized for interfering with efforts to resolve the great schism in the Western Church and was branded the 'worst pope', and subsequent popes stopped using the name John. However, in 1958, Cardinal Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was elected Pope, and he demoted John XXIII, mentioned above, to antipope and crowned himself as John XXIII . It took over 500 years for the name John to be used again.

Still, there is such a thing as a genius in the world, and a person with character, faith, and political power became the Pope. A representative example is Leo I , who was greatly respected for protecting Rome from invasions by the Huns and Vandals, and was given the title of Archpope. However, there are only three popes including him who are called the Great Pope. You can see how difficult it is to succeed as Pope. In fact, there is no need to become a great pope, and it would be enough to just be evaluated as a successful pope like Innocent I, but that is too difficult.

However, if you receive the grace of the Lord, you can surprisingly easily(?) become a good pope. From a non-religious person's perspective, it was a stroke of luck, as the 231st Pope Clement VIII made achievements such as making peace with France and implementing strict rule of law to lower the crime rate. However, there is also a dark side, such as practicing anti-Semitism. Nevertheless, the reason why he is inevitably remembered as a good pope is because he received a petition to ban 'Satan's drink', and after drinking it himself, he praised it highly and blessed the ingredients of the drink. The problem is that the drink was coffee. Naturally, all coffee lovers in the West cannot help but remember Clement VIII as a good pope. Looking at this, it would be best for the pope-elect to work hard to become a good pope instead of lamenting their bad luck(?).

If it is so difficult to become a good pope, one might say that it would be okay to refuse the election when elected pope in a conclave, but in Catholicism, obedience to the authority of the Catholic Church, which is the mystical body of God Jesus Christ and one with Jesus, is considered a doctrine and a virtue, so refusal is virtually impossible. Most cardinals who are eligible to be elected pope are in a position to take an oath of obedience as parish bishops and other superiors of the church. However, if a cardinal who is supposed to be an example to others refuses to serve as the pope entrusted to him by his fellow cardinals under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, it is a seriously dishonorable act. Also, in reality, at the time of receiving permission to ascend to the throne, it would be difficult to have the courage to say that you cannot do it because everyone except yourself is staring at you with eyes that say 'please accept it' (...).

Then, I would say that it would be okay to say in advance that you cannot sleep before starting, but this is also difficult. As mentioned in the 'Reactions of the Pope and Candidates' paragraph above, John Paul I and Benedict This is because, in the cardinals’ eyes, “this kind of person is fit to be the Pope.” Even though he was not a strong candidate like Paul V, if he was surprised, he did not even have time to put his words down in advance.

Still, laying the groundwork in advance was somewhat effective. Roberto Bellarmine, who was one of the leading candidates for the conclave in which Paul V became a victim(?), was safely eliminated after desperately shouting, “I am not the Pope.” However, he could not become Pope anyway because he was under severe control from other factions. Since he was a person who could not be elected from the beginning, the saying that he could not do it worked. When Pope Paul V desperately shouted that he could not sleep while voting, no one listened to him.

However, there was someone who refused the papal throne even though he was chosen. Honorius II , the 163rd Pope, is that person. He became a candidate for pope with the support of the Frangipani family, but the opposing Pietleoni family put up Celestine II against him , and after securing support through lobbying, he held a coronation ceremony and was attacked by the Frangipani family. After a clash between the two families, Celestine II was seriously injured and resigned, shouting, "Please help me, I won't be pope." The Frangipani family replaced Honorius II. After being crowned Pope, he attempted to allay the discontent of the Pietleoni family by paying enormous bribes. Honorius II, seeing this, resigned in front of all the cardinals, saying he did not want to become pope like this. Of course, Celestine II, mentioned above, resigned to save his life, so he neither resigned voluntarily nor refused the papal throne. In any case, this was a huge decision since no one had voluntarily refused the papal throne until then. It was a very disappointing result for the Frangipani family, but they could not dispute it because Honorius II was right.

However, Honorius II's refusal failed. All the cardinals voted again on the spot to select a successor, and Honorius II was re-elected unanimously. Since all cardinals are recorded, there must have been cardinals who supported the Pietleoni family, but even they do not seem to have rejected 'a true priest who abandoned the glorious papal throne for righteousness.' In the end, Honorius II had to sit on the papal throne until his death, and although some dissatisfied forces supported Celestine II, they quieted down a year later, and Honorius II is still recognized as an impeccable orthodox pope. Although it was not the result that Honorius II, who threw away the papal throne with the determination to throw away everything, expected.

The 192nd Pope, Celestine V, was originally a reclusive monk, but when a new Pope had not been elected 27 months after the conclave, he sent a letter saying, "If you do not elect a Pope quickly, you will be punished," and was unanimously elected Pope. Frightened, he refused to become pope and ran away, but failed, and became pope thanks to the persuasion of the cardinals. However, he was not good at politics and had no intention of becoming Pope, so he abdicated during his lifetime. However, this abdication was due to Cardinal Benedetto's false information that "there was already a precedent", and contemporaries believed that Celestine V was intimidated by Benedetto and gave up the papal throne. Afterwards, his successor, Benedetto , imprisoned Celestine V until his death. However, the cost of defrauding the unanimously elected pope of his position was enormous. He was attacked by his opponents at Anagni, slapped by Sionna Colonna, a supporter of Celestine V and head of the Colonna family, whose relatives had been murdered by Benedetto, and beaten and imprisoned by French soldiers. The citizens of Rome rescued him, but he died a month later, and after his death, he suffered the humiliation of being accused of being a heretic who had usurped the papal throne. His mistakes led to the Avignon captivity , which led to the fall of the papacy and left him with a name as one of the worst popes.

As seen above, it is useless to express your intention to refuse as soon as you are selected. This can be seen just by looking at the fact that Honorius II and Celestine V did this and were pushed by the cardinals to sit on the papal throne. These two are the only ones who have even tried to refuse. Things became even more difficult after John Paul II issued the edict written above. In the movie We Have a Pope, there is a strong overtone that Melvin, who was elected pope, accepted the papacy without any intention, but was swayed by the atmosphere and accepted it haphazardly, which reflects this reality.

Even if it is impossible to refuse the papal throne, resigning is not impossible. Since the Pope is also a human being, it is natural to think about quitting and retiring. There are Popes in history who have resigned of their own accord, but such cases are very rare.

The 18th Pope Ponciano was arrested and exiled by the Roman Empire on September 28, 235. At this time, the antipope Hippolytus of Rome was also arrested. Before being exiled, he jointly resigned from his position with Hippolytus for the sake of unity in the church, reconciled with Hippolytus, and is said to have been martyred with Hippolytus in exile a month after leaving office. Since his martyrdom was certain at the time of his exile, he had a legitimate reason to resign, as someone else had to become pope to prevent chaos in the church. However, although nominally arbitrary, there was an external factor: the Roman Empire.

It is said that the 141st Pope John Because the record is short, detailed information cannot be written.

Benedict IX, the youngest pope in history and the 145th, 147th, and 150th pope, is the first person in history to voluntarily resign from the papacy, but his achievements are three-term pope, selling the Apostolic See, and being elected pope despite his family reputation. As can be seen, there are so many problems that this is off topic.

Gregory VI , the 148th Pope , purchased the papacy from Benedict IX. Although the way he took the papal throne was impure, Gregory VI, who was a pious man in his own way, tried to reform the church, but as both Benedict IX and the 146th Pope Sylvester III claimed that he was the real Pope, confusion increased, so he asked the Holy Roman Emperor to intervene. At the Council of Sutri, the claims of Benedict IX and Sylvester III were rejected. However, at the meeting, it was pointed out that even though Gregory VI did not want to become pope out of personal greed, it could definitely be seen as prostitution, and Gregory VI accepted this and resigned from the position of pope. He later died in Germany, but Father Hildebrand, who assisted Gregory VI, was later crowned as the 157th Pope Gregory VII and took the name Gregory to honor Gregory VI.

As mentioned above , the 192nd Pope, Celestine V, voluntarily gave up the Papal See.

The 205th Pope Gregory ​There is controversy as to whether this was truly done of one’s own will.

The 265th Pope Benedict XVI voluntarily gave up the papal throne due to health issues. Even though I wanted to obey, I couldn't because my body wouldn't obey me. For the record, Benedict XVI became the first pope to abdicate 598 years after Gregory However, there have been opinions since the time of his retirement that he may have actually left office after being embroiled in a power struggle within the Vatican.

Looking at the records, it appears that there are many Popes who resigned voluntarily, but it is very rare for Popes to be recognized as truly resigning voluntarily. Ponciano was martyred due to oppression by the Roman Empire, John It's not obvious. There are only two popes who clearly resigned voluntarily: Celestine V and Benedict XVI. Even if we assume that Gregory XII resigned voluntarily, there are only three. We can see how rare it is for someone to voluntarily step down from the papal throne.

The fallout after his voluntary resignation is also enormous. When Celestine V voluntarily abdicated, people thought he had abdicated under duress, and the result was as written in the paragraph above. When Benedict

And it is natural that resignations are rare. This is because if the Pope abdicates, it means that there is a big problem in the Catholic Church. No matter how large the Catholic organization is, even if there is a bad day, something of that magnitude does not happen easily.

As you can see from the various reasons listed above, humans cannot live long in this environment. Many popes did not live up to their mandate, and if we take into account the external factors that cause a pope to die quickly, the results are disastrous.

A look at the English Wiki list of popes who died violently reveals how much danger the pope was exposed to. In ancient times, many people were martyred , and in the Middle Ages , some were killed , starved to death , or poisoned after losing in power struggles . Some people even died after falling from the mules they were riding while marching on the battlefield . Still, since the one who died after being slapped for doing something naughty, no pope has died an unexpected death, but even after the Middle Ages, the danger remained. The modern pope, Pius VI , was captured by Napoleon's army and died while imprisoned in Valence, and Hitler seriously considered arresting Pius XII and then having him executed by firing squad. The attempted assassination of John Paul II shows that the life of the Pope is not safe even in modern times.

In modern times, the danger has been greatly reduced thanks to security in Italy, but modern popes ascend to the throne at a young age and suffer from heavy work and stress, which is why most of them die from overwork or illness. Benedict XVI was often called a Sith Lord because of his resemblance to Darth Sidious , and one of the reasons for this was overwork. After voluntarily abdicating, his health recovered greatly and he became the longest-serving pope in history. This shows how hard the position of pope is on a person. So much so that there is an old joke that says, ‘Becoming the Pope is the fastest route to heaven .’

Because it is such a difficult position, the only pope who lasted more than 30 years was Pius IX (reigned from 1846 to 1878), who was on the papal throne for 31 years and 8 months. Peter was said to have been active as an apostle for about 34 to 37 years from the establishment of the church to his martyrdom, but because it was so long ago, the period of activity is not clear.

According to the English Wiki list of extant pope tombs, there are about 100 tombs remaining, and even fewer are in complete condition. This is because the tomb was destroyed for various reasons, such as the body being lost in the process of martyrdom, being destroyed in a war, or being burned in a fire at the cathedral. See English Wiki's list of tombs of non-existing popes .

There were many cases of martyrdom during the ancient Roman Empire, so many people do not know where the Pope's tomb is. A known example of a tomb from this period is the Calixtus Catacombs, where popes from the 2nd to 4th centuries were buried . However, after Christianity was recognized, people were buried in the cathedral cemetery, not the catacombs. In general, the tomb of the Pope is often located in a cathedral in Rome, but there have also been cases where he is buried in cathedrals in Germany, Italy, and France.

The first pope to be buried in St. Peter's Basilica was Leo I. Because he was a person from so long ago, there were many stories, including being combined with other people's graves. It is also a tomb favored by many popes, perhaps thanks to the discovery of Peter's tomb (presumed to be) in the basement of the cathedral. However, the old building of St. Peter's Basilica was demolished by Donato Bramante, the chief inspector appointed by Julius II to build the new cathedral, destroying many of the papal tombs in the process. After the new cathedral is completed, many popes will be buried underground here.

The tombs of the Basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano were destroyed by two fires in 1308 and 1361, and the sarcophagus containing the body was also damaged, so the remains were scraped up and buried together. Therefore, the number of tombs existing in this cathedral is relatively small compared to its history.

There is also a pope who is buried in a monastery rather than a cathedral, and that person is Benedict IX, who is well-known as a three-term pope. However, his tomb was destroyed during World War II. Still, it was better in cases where tombs were provided, and the locations of the tombs of the antipopes were often not properly recorded. If you look at the English Wiki's Tombs of the Anti-Popes, you can see that unless they were canonized as saints or in special cases, they were buried in an unknown location and then forgotten.

Sometimes the tombs of popes are extravagant, but sometimes, like Paul VI , simple tombs are prepared according to the wishes of the deceased. Sometimes, a pope who has been canonized as a saint is put on display in a glass coffin.

In modern times, there has been a strong tendency for people to go to their hometown and be buried in a Roman cathedral. For example, even if a Korean becomes Pope, he cannot return to Korea after his death and must be buried in a cathedral in Rome. You can decide which of the cathedrals in Rome to be buried in, but it is better to give up going outside of Rome. This is why the Pope cannot return to his hometown even after death.

In 1054, East -West Squadron was very complicated because theological, cultural and political reasons were combined. Political issues include the Pope's debate. In the church of the East Roman Empire, Peter's successor, Pope and Orthodox Church, admit that the Bishop of Rome is the best of the bishops, but the expression of the best is honorable, and the Pope has no right to dominate the other bishop.

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the five bishops of Rome , Constantinopolis , Alexandria , Antianokia , and Jerusalem were located in the equal status of each other, called Pentarchia (παρα), and Roman bishops had the 'honorary level' as the representative and mediator of Pentarchia. Over time, I think that the bishop of Rome has been left out of the church unity of Pentarchia, insisting that the Bishop of Rome is the absolute head of all churches and has the real level of the church.

This problem also stems from differences in theological opinions regarding the rock of the church and the keys to heaven. Apostle Peter, who confessed his faith by the power of the Holy Spirit, saying, "You are Christ, the Son of the living God" (Matthew 16:16), was established as the rock of the church by Christ, received the keys to heaven, and led the churches in all regions. Unlike the Catholic Church, which sees him and his successor, the Pope, as "the supreme head of all churches and the head of all bishops," in the Orthodox Church, despite the fact that Christ established Apostle Peter as the rock of the church and bestowed him with the keys to heaven, he suffered the Crucifixion. Based on the fact that the power of the keys to the kingdom of heaven was given to all of the disciples before this (Matthew 18:18), and that the Holy Spirit descended on all of the eleven apostles except for the traitor Judas Iscariot (John 20:21-23), it is believed that all the apostles were equally established as the rock of the church by Christ, received the keys to heaven, and led the church in the area where they were each missionary.

Thus, the Orthodox Church sees all the bishops with a valid apostle inheritance.

The Eastern Orthodox Church recognizes that all bishops recognize the Bishop of Rome as the best chairman and pentarchia of the church, not because the bishop of Rome is higher than other bishops in a vertical position, but the bishop of 'Old Rome (παλαά μς), which can represent all the equivalent bishops in the horizontal position. Seeing it, the chief judge and the final judge of all churches and bishops are seen as the World Council and Council Norms. Thus, the Orthodox Church describes the pope's level as 'the first in the middle (π μ ααύ ί)'. And in 1054, after the church divided into the East -West, the first role of the Bishop of the Bishop, the first place in the Bishop, was the second place in the bishop and the bishop of the new Roman (έα ώμη ) .

Additionally, the Eastern Orthodox Church does not recognize the infallible authority of the Pope. The Orthodox Church emphasizes only the infallibility of the Church. Orthodoxy teaches that the Church is infallible and completely incapable of corruption.

To sum up, the Orthodox Church sees that even if the Bishop of the Rome is the best bishop in the church, it is not possible to have an absolute level of the whole church because it is in equal positions with other bishops in apostolic positions and abilities.

Orient Orthodox Church also rejects the Roman level of water level and unlimited. The Orient Orthodox Church does not believe any bishops, including the Pope, or even the vice president of Alexandria, the representative of the Orient Orthodox Church, are on the prestigious church council.

Protestants have little known about Peter 's actions after Jesus' death , as Catholics did to honor Peter as the first pope.[43] The concept of a pope is denied on the grounds that most of the spread of the gospel was carried out by the Apostle Paul and that there is little evidence that Peter died in Rome . (Reference article "Summary of the Roman Papacy" )

Additionally, they claim that the 'rock' is Peter 's 'confession and faith', not Peter's 'personality'. This claim is causing controversy because it denies the Catholic position, ‘the authority vested in the person of Peter.’ In medieval philosophy, the question of whether 'faith' rather than 'people' can be the object of blessings, etc., has become a moot point.

It is also one of the main arguments of Protestantism, whether or not the authority in Peter's personality or the authority in faith, whether or not the authority is inherited, and the so -called apostle inheritance is not specified.[44] Thus, Protestantism seems to be the king of the church and other than the great priest Jesus , and the Pope cannot be the head of the church.[45] The logic of Catholicism, however, is that the Pope is the earth agent of Jesus through Peter's authority.

In summary, the basis of the pope is still a controversial and sensitive topic between Catholics and Protestantism .

In particular, Protestants in other countries, as well as in Korea, are often hostile to the Pope and Catholics. It is not a characteristic of Korean Protestantism, but a tradition of Protestant, not only the founders of Protestantism, such as Martin Luther , Jean -Calvin , Ulrich Zwangli , as well as later John Wesley . However, Martin Luther 's 95 rebuttal rebuttal, which is the filial piety of the Reformation, does not deny the pope's authority, but talks about the realistic and doctrinal limitations. Some Protestant heresy, which is severely immersed in some conspiracy theories and eschatology, is in extreme generationalism, the Pope is an antichrist and posts a reliable conspiracy video and material on the Internet.

Not only the fundamentalists, but also the church unity athletics and the progressive Protestant person, such as people's theology, are critical or rejected for Catholic conservatism and authority. Originally, Protestantism and Catholic can be different in many ways in connection with the presence and meaning of the priest , and it is the pope at the pinnacle of its authoritative order. In addition, one of the most important identities of Protestantism, 'Manager theory' and 'Churchism',[46] It has a horizontal structure between believers , and the pope's position is a structure that confronts these two identities. As a result, moderates consider the Pope as a representative of neighboring Christianity with a different tradition.

The overall position of the Anglican Church on the Pope and its authority is the same as other Protestant denominations, but the faith of each Anglican believer is closer to the high school/low church/Gwangpang Church, and the nationality or the nationality / parish .[47] Since the Anglican Church does not touch the religious tendencies of each believer, it varies greatly from the class that claims to unite with Catholics to the host hostility of Catholics. Like any other denomination of Protestantism , you can see the believer's faith attitude to some extent, so Anglican believers[48] Be careful when talking about the Pope or the Catholic Church before.

The Anglican Church was at the time of Henry VIII 's divorce and heirs, the England Church and Wales Church, and the Owleland Kingdom and the Spanish Kingdom, Holy Roman Empire, over the issue of taxation of the church and the church property.[49] Since it comes from political conflicts centered on the Catholic Church, the interpretation of the pope is slightly different from the Reformation of Martin Luther above.

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