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  King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | |
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incumbent | |
accession day | 2022 September 8 ( 300th anniversary) |
dynasty | [ Expand/Collapse ] |
Jeonggung | |
1. outline2. Phase3. symbol4. titles and honorifics5. authority
5.1. prerogative5.2. non-prosecution privilege5.3. head of the commonwealth5.4. king of the commonwealth kingdom5.5. commander-in-chief of the British army5.6. Supreme Ruler of the Church of England5.7. other rights
6. religion7. property8. succession to the throne9. regent10. Regalia11. List of British Kings11.1. Union of the Kingdom of England and Scotland
12. etc13. Ranking of longest-lived monarchs14. look around11.1.1. national defense of england
11.2. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, King of the United Kingdom1. outline
Dieu et mon droit God and My Rights |
The King of England is the monarch of the United Kingdom and the head of state of the United Kingdom , a constitutional monarchy . The British monarch is also the monarch of the Commonwealth and overseas territories.[2] He is also the head of the Church of England .
The current king is Charles III of the Windsor dynasty .
The current king is Charles III of the Windsor dynasty .
2. Phase
Due to its nature as an island country, England was located on the periphery of European history until the early Middle Ages , and the British royal family has exercised limited influence on Europe through exchanges with France since William I ascended the throne as King of England . However, since William was the duke of the Duchy of Normandy and acquired territories such as Anjou and the Duchy of Aquitaine (currently New Aquitaine ) through repeated marriage policies, he had a large territory that was close to half of France at the peak of the feudal era before the Hundred Years' War .[3] This was the time of Richard I , known as the 'Lion-hearted King' , who defeated Saladin 's army and occupied Acre during the Third Crusade .
The English royal family broke away from the traditional Catholic power structure and became the head of the church through the Order of Chief during the reign of Henry VIII . Afterwards, conflicts between Catholics and Protestants, and between Parliament and the king, clashed repeatedly over the generations. 18th century The annexation with Scotland stabilized the geopolitical landscape in Great Britain , but during the English Civil War , a republic was established, King Charles I was executed and the royal family was temporarily abolished. However, after the restoration of the monarchy in response to Oliver Cromwell 's tyranny and excessive solemnism, after the Industrial Revolution , England not only strengthened its national power, but also became a leading country in technological and economic development, and the status of the British king rose rapidly. The success of establishing colonies through the East India Company and creating a huge balance of trade also contributed to this development.
In the 19th century , the King of England exercised enormous influence around the world as the monarch of the superpower , the British Empire . He was not only given a title, but in fact, at the end of the 19th century, he had the highest status among European monarchs along with the German Emperor , Russian Emperor , and Austro-Hungarian Emperor .[4]
With the birth of many modern countries after the two world wars, the British Empire has also been dismantled and dismantled, but it is greater than Russia , combining the total area of the British and Commonwealth Kingdom , which is now reigned by the King of England .[5] In addition, the total population of these countries is 135 million , more than Japan (123 million in 2025), where the emperor is the head of the state .
The Windsor dynasty , the Royal Royal , is the most recognized among all royals in the world, so it can be regarded as a pronoun of the royal family. For example, the homepage and the official SNS account name is 'The Royal Family ' without the national name or a family name .
The English royal family broke away from the traditional Catholic power structure and became the head of the church through the Order of Chief during the reign of Henry VIII . Afterwards, conflicts between Catholics and Protestants, and between Parliament and the king, clashed repeatedly over the generations. 18th century The annexation with Scotland stabilized the geopolitical landscape in Great Britain , but during the English Civil War , a republic was established, King Charles I was executed and the royal family was temporarily abolished. However, after the restoration of the monarchy in response to Oliver Cromwell 's tyranny and excessive solemnism, after the Industrial Revolution , England not only strengthened its national power, but also became a leading country in technological and economic development, and the status of the British king rose rapidly. The success of establishing colonies through the East India Company and creating a huge balance of trade also contributed to this development.
In the 19th century , the King of England exercised enormous influence around the world as the monarch of the superpower , the British Empire . He was not only given a title, but in fact, at the end of the 19th century, he had the highest status among European monarchs along with the German Emperor , Russian Emperor , and Austro-Hungarian Emperor .[4]
With the birth of many modern countries after the two world wars, the British Empire has also been dismantled and dismantled, but it is greater than Russia , combining the total area of the British and Commonwealth Kingdom , which is now reigned by the King of England .[5] In addition, the total population of these countries is 135 million , more than Japan (123 million in 2025), where the emperor is the head of the state .
The Windsor dynasty , the Royal Royal , is the most recognized among all royals in the world, so it can be regarded as a pronoun of the royal family. For example, the homepage and the official SNS account name is 'The Royal Family ' without the national name or a family name .
3. symbol
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british royal flag | british royal coat of arms |
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royal history in scotland | royal coat of arms in scotland |
The king's symbols include the Royal Standard and Coat of Arms . Like the royal emblems of other monarchies, the royal emblem is the monarch's personal emblem and national emblem.[6] The royal flag is flown at the place where the monarch resides. For example, when the monarch is at Buckingham Palace , the royal flag is displayed at Buckingham Palace, and when the monarch is staying at Windsor Castle , the royal flag is displayed at Windsor Castle. When the monarch is absent, the royal flag is lowered and the Union Jack is hoisted. In Scotland, the King of Scotland 's own flag with the Scottish royal insignia is hoisted instead of the Union Jack. (
) Therefore, you can check where the monarch currently resides by looking at the flag hoisted on the building. In the 14 Commonwealth kingdoms other than the UK, there are separate royal flags and royal emblems.[7]
) Therefore, you can check where the monarch currently resides by looking at the flag hoisted on the building. In the 14 Commonwealth kingdoms other than the UK, there are separate royal flags and royal emblems.[7]3.1. Historical royal records
3.2. Historical royal emblems
Refer to the UK/Coat of Arms document.
4. titles and honorifics
4.1. style
The official titles given to Queen Elizabeth II on her coronation in 1953 are as follows:
By the grace of God, Your Majesty, King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and other kingdoms and territories , Head of the Commonwealth and Defender of the Faith His/Her Majesty (), by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of His/Her other Realms and Territories King/Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith title in England[8] |
- King/Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: A title held by the monarch of the United Kingdom . Before 1953 , 'King/Queen of Great Britain , Ireland ' was the official title, but the title was changed when most of the island of Ireland was separated into the Irish Free State .
- King/Queen of His/Her other Realms and Territories: Titles held by the monarch of the 14 Commonwealth realms, crown territories, and other overseas territories where the monarch is a non -British monarch. That is, this title includes the monarchy of Canada , Australia , New Zealand , Jamaica , the Bahamas , Belize , Grenada , Saint Lucia , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Antigua and Barbuda , Papua New Guinea , the Solomon Islands , Tuvalu , Montserrat , Bermuda , South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands , Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha , Akrotiri and Dhekelia , Anguilla , British Virgin Islands , British Indian Ocean Territory , Gibraltar , the Cayman Islands , the Turks and Caicos Islands , the Falkland Islands , the Pitcairn Islands and the Channel Islands .
- Head of the Commonwealth : The title held by the Head of the Commonwealth , and was added to the official titles when Elizabeth II ascended the throne. Unlike other titles, it is not a hereditary title, but is included as a personal title held by the monarch . Therefore, it may be removed from the official titles if William, Prince of Wales, does not succeed to the position of Head of the Commonwealth in the future .
- Defender of the Faith : This title was awarded to Henry VIII by Pope Leo X in 1521. After Henry VIII renounced the Catholic faith and established the Church of England , Pope Paul III stripped him of the title. However, Parliament passed a bill allowing Henry VIII to continue to use the title, and the title has remained in use to this day. Ahead of the coronation of Charles III in 2023 , there was discussion to change the title to "Defender of Faith," meaning "defender of all faiths," rather than a specific religion like the Church of England, but the change was ultimately not made. In Canada , " Defender of the Faith" was removed from the official title through a bill amendment after the accession of Charles III .
Although not included in the official title, the positions of the British king are as follows.
- Supreme Governor of the Church of England : Since Henry VIII declared the Edict of Supremacy, the King has been serving as the Supreme Governor of the Church of England . At the time, this title was the title of the person who actually governed the state church, but now it is a nominal title because the Archbishop of Canterbury actually manages the state church as the presiding bishop.
- King/Queen of Scots : A title used in Scotland to refer to the King of England. Originally, it was no longer used as the Kingdom of Scotland and England were merged into the Kingdom of Great Britain, but when the Scottish Parliament was created in 1999, Queen Elizabeth II allowed herself to be referred to as the Queen of Scotland, and at the time of the queen's funeral in 2022, the Scottish government and parliament referred to it as the Queen of Scotland, not the Queen of England.
- Duke of Normandy: Norman Duke, Guillaume II, won the throne of the Kingdom of England through the 1066 Battle of Hastings, and was crowned to William I, and the King of England naturally became the Normandy Duke. Later, after the end of the hundred years of war , England's territory, which had survived in France , was not deprived even when all of them were destroyed except for the channel system . Naturally, internationally, British sovereignty over Normandy is not recognized and is only a nominal title.
- Duke of Lancaster: Henry of Bling Broke, the son of Zone of Gont, was crowned Henry IV , inheriting the Lancaster Duke, inheriting the throne of the Kingdom of England , and naturally merged into the throne. To date, there is a Lancaster Principal as an institution that manages royal territory and property , and there is a position in the British government instead of the Lancaster Principal.
- Lord of Mann of Mann : It is a title obtained by becoming a royal territory of England when George III buys Man Island from Man 's Lord in 1765 . However, it is a nominal title because the royal territory, which is now enacted in 1872, is directly governed by the British Parliament .
- Military title
- Lord High Admiral : One of the nine Ministers of State, a title held as Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Navy .
- Head of the British Armed Forces: The title of the British Army.
- Commander-in-Cheif of the Army (Navy and Air Force): The title of the British Army is the title of the male monarch. The Queen has never served as the chief commander of the Navy Air Force, and in the case of Elizabeth II , the deputy army Philip Mount Bathton served as the chief commander of the Navy Air Force.
- Colonel-in-Chief of the Regiments of the Household Division: The title of the British Guard . In addition, there is a separate Colonel-in-Chief in the subordinate regiments, and the royal family is mainly in charge of the regiment.
- Title related to decorations and knights[9]
- Soverign of the Most Nose Order of the Garter : The title of the Garter Knights .
- Soverign of the Most Ancient and Most Nose Order of the Thitle : The title of the Thistle Knight Knight, the chief of Scotland .
- The title of St. Michael and St. George (SOVERIGN of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George: The title of St. Michael and St. George Knights.
- Siverign of the Most Illustrious Order of Saint Patrick: The title of St. Patrick Knights.
- Sovereign of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire: The title of the Knights of the British Empire . Currently, the knights are in charge of the queen Camilla Parker Bowls .
- Soverign of the IMEPERIAL Service Order: The title of the award -winning authority of the Imperial Medal.
- Soverign of the Distinguished Service Order: The title of the awarded authority of the Martial Arts Medal.
- Sovereign of the Order of Merit: The title as a commercial authority of the Merit Medal.
- Sovereign of the Royal Victorian Order : The title of the Royal Victoria Medal.
- The title of the Sovereign of the Order of the Companions of Honour : The title of the Companion of Honor Medal.
- Sovereign Head of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem : This is the title of the head of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, the successor to the Order of the Hospitaller . The leader of the knights is Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester .
4.2. honorific title
The honorific title for the male monarch is 'His Majesty', and the honorific title for the female monarch is 'Her Majesty'. Both honorifics are translated into Korean as Majesty (陛下). In documents such as international treaties and passports , the honorific title 'His/Her Britannic Majesty ( HBM )' is used to distinguish the monarch from other foreign monarchs .[example] However, because it is an honorific title referring to the British monarch, the title is not used in the Commonwealth .
5.
5.1. prerogative
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Cabinet file box with the monogram of Charles III |
The King is the head of state of the United Kingdom under common law , and is referred to in law as the ‘Sovereign.’ The king is a symbol of the nation, and his face or symbol is engraved on British banknotes and coins, public buildings, national documents, uniforms, military uniforms, mailboxes, passports, etc.
Britain is a country without a written constitution, so it is difficult to determine the scope of the king's presidential power . The existence of the privilege and its scope are issues to be considered in English common law. So it is clear that the British judiciary is the final arbiter of the existence of a particular prerogative power. Nevertheless, while certain presiding powers were widely recognized and accepted by the executive branch over time, other powers fell into disuse.
The King does not intervene directly in the government, and all of the King's public powers are delegated and exercised by law and custom to ministers, civil servants, and other public institutions. Therefore, the powers that the King exercises directly are also exercised according to the decisions of the parliament or the government . For example, the King's Speech, which is the national address that the King delivers at the opening of the parliament, is also prepared by the government. The King's powers delegated and exercised by public institutions are as follows.
Britain is a country without a written constitution, so it is difficult to determine the scope of the king's presidential power . The existence of the privilege and its scope are issues to be considered in English common law. So it is clear that the British judiciary is the final arbiter of the existence of a particular prerogative power. Nevertheless, while certain presiding powers were widely recognized and accepted by the executive branch over time, other powers fell into disuse.
The King does not intervene directly in the government, and all of the King's public powers are delegated and exercised by law and custom to ministers, civil servants, and other public institutions. Therefore, the powers that the King exercises directly are also exercised according to the decisions of the parliament or the government . For example, the King's Speech, which is the national address that the King delivers at the opening of the parliament, is also prepared by the government. The King's powers delegated and exercised by public institutions are as follows.
- The legislative power is exercised jointly by the King, the House of Commons , and the House of Peers .
- Executive power is exercised by the government, which consists of the Prime Minister and a cabinet of ministers. The cabinet is nominally a member of the Privy Council , through which the King exercises his powers.
- Judicial power is exercised by the judicial institutions of England, which are guaranteed judicial independence from the government by common law and statute.
- The Church of England , with the King as its nominal head, has its own legislative, executive and judicial bodies.
- The government may grant independent authority and legitimacy to other public agencies through laws or decrees.
Therefore, in practice, the role of the king is limited to non-political powers such as the right to award decorations and titles . In 1867, constitutional scholar Walter Wegehod interpreted this as "the realm of monarchy , not of efficiency, but of dignity."
The prerogative of the Crown was not unlimited, and the English common law judges had a strong claim to determine the limits of royal prerogative, as evidenced by the Declaration of 1610 during the reign of James I. After the Glorious Revolution, William III and Mary II did not dispute the separate and distinct powers of the judiciary. It became clear that it was the role of the courts to interpret what the law was or meant to be, and this became the decisive consequence and foundation of the concept of judicial power, which was separate from the executive power possessed by the Crown or its ministers. #
The King exercises his prerogative powers only in accordance with custom and precedent, and on the advice of the Prime Minister , the Cabinet, and the Parliament . Therefore, the real power over the government lies with the Prime Minister, not the King. Furthermore, while the ultimate executive power over the government still formally exists through the Royal Prerogative, this power can only be exercised in accordance with laws enacted by Parliament and within the constraints of custom and precedent. #
On the one hand, the powerful concept of royal privileges comes from the medieval king's head of the kingdom, but is never medieval notion. Through the privilege, the king's ministers (cabinets) can deploy troops, sign an international treaty, and give various honor.
In modern times, government ministers exercise most of their prerogatives either in their own right or through advice that the King is constitutionally required to follow. The basic principles of privilege are as follows: First, if there is a conflict between a law and a privilege, the law takes precedence and the privilege cannot be used to change the law. Second, the use of the privilege is subject to the common law obligations of fairness and reason. In other words, in theory, the power itself is powerful, but it cannot be abused. Thirdly, privileges may be abolished or abolished by statute, but they may never be extended. However, Congress may legislate powers that are similar in nature to privileged powers. In other words, the King's prerogative is theoretically the source of power for the British executive, but its limitations are also clear. The main powers of the presidency are as follows.
- Power to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister : It is entirely the King's power to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister. There are no legal provisions for appointing a prime minister, but according to customary law, the king appoints the leader of the majority party or a person who receives majority support from the House of Commons as prime minister. The King meets the Prime Minister privately and grants the Prime Minister the authority to form a cabinet. From this point on, the Prime Minister can exercise the authority of the Prime Minister without any special appointment or legal certification procedures. Additionally, the King can dismiss the Prime Minister. However , it has not been used since William IV exercised this authority in 1834 . If a particular political party does not win a majority of seats in a general election, the king can directly appoint a prime minister. In this case, the leader of the party that secured the majority of seats is also appointed as prime minister. In the past, if the Prime Minister resigned, the King had the power to directly appoint the next Prime Minister.[11] It has been no longer used since Queen Elizabeth II appointed Alec Douglas Hume as Prime Minister in 1963 .[12] Currently, when a prime minister resigns, it has become customary for the ruling party to nominate a new prime minister through a national convention, and for the king to appoint the new prime minister.
- Appointment and dismissal of ministers and cabinet formation : The monarch can appoint or dismiss ministers and form a cabinet. The official name of the British government is "His Majesty's Government ", because it is nominally a government formed by order of the monarch. However, this power is also exercised according to the advice of the prime minister, and the monarch appoints ministers nominated by the prime minister. Therefore, when looking at press releases related to cabinet appointments by the British government, you will often see sentences such as "The Prime Minister has requested His Majesty the King to appoint Mr. ○○ as Minister of XX, and His Majesty has been pleased to accept this." In theory, the monarch can dismiss ministers, but this power is rarely exercised, and usually a cabinet reshuffle occurs when a minister resigns and the monarch accepts it.
- Convocation, adjournment, and dissolution of parliament : The King has the power to convene parliament, declare adjournment, and dissolve it. When a new parliamentary session begins, the King reads the 'King's Speech', which contains the cabinet's legislative proposals, in the House of Lords meeting room. The adjournment of Congress generally takes place one year after the start of the regular session, and then resumes the next session after a certain period of time. If the King approves the dissolution of Parliament, the terms of office of all members will immediately end and a general election will be held. The King's right to dissolve parliament was briefly lost through the Fixed Term Act in 2011, but was revived in 2022 when the Fixed Term Act was effectively abolished through the Dissolution and Convocation Act of Parliament.[13] Afterwards, the 2024 British general election took place in the form of Rishi Sunak requesting Charles III to dissolve parliament, and Charles III accepting the request. In theory, it is possible for the King to not convene Parliament for an entire year or to adjourn Parliament indefinitely.[14] However, since the British government is legally required to obtain approval from parliament to collect taxes and execute budget plans, the king has no choice but to convene parliament.
- Assent and veto of bills: The King can either assent or veto bills enacted by Parliament . However, the last time the King's veto was used was in 1708 during the reign of Queen Anne , and it is now virtually a dead letter.
- Right of Consent : The King's consent is required for the National Assembly to deliberate on enacting, amending, or abolishing laws related to the King's authority. It is different from the power to approve ( veto ) legislation, which is a power formally given to the King . According to The Guardian , Queen Elizabeth II used this power of consent to influence about 1,000 laws. The Guardian article As of April 2021, approximately 4,000 bills have been passed in the UK since Queen Elizabeth II ascended the throne, so she has influenced a significant number of laws.
- Judicial Powers : All judicial functions in the United Kingdom are exercised in the name of the King, who is considered the 'fountain of justice'. In theory, the King can influence British private law . Prosecutors and judges are nominally agents of the King, and prosecutions and court prosecutions are exercised in the King's name. As long as the royal prerogative does not conflict with the customary law obligations of fairness and reason,[15] It has the privilege of being free from any judicial review. Additionally, the King can use the 'prerogative of mercy' to pardon, commute, or reinstate convicted criminals.
- Power to award decorations and titles : The King is considered the 'Fountain of honour' and has the power to award all decorations and titles in the UK. Most titles of nobility are awarded upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister, but some medals can be awarded independently by the King without the advice of the Cabinet. Only the King has the power to award the Order of the Garter , the Order of the Thistle, the Royal Victorian Order, and the Companion of Honor. However, the King has the power to grant titles, but does not have the power to take them away. This is because the law created in the past to prevent the king from wielding royal power by indiscriminately depriving nobles of their titles continues to this day. Therefore, in the case of Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor, there was no way for Charles III to strip him of noble titles such as the Duke of York , so he took a roundabout measure by deleting Andrew's name from the list of nobles so that he could not use the title officially.[16]
- Julban Po -right : The king's rules ( the rules ) can theoretically change according to the National Assembly Act, but can be legislated independently of the law without depending on the authority . However, restrictions specified in the reload of rights are excluded. It is also limited by the case of the 1610 Declaration of Declaration in 1610 that the king enacted a new law during the legislative legislation . In other words, unless it is a case of preventing serious crimes under the law, a new crime cannot be created.[17]
- Diplomatic Rights : The king can represent the UK, proclaim war , and sign and ratify the treaty. In fact, it is the parliamentary and government to proclaim war and signing and ratify the treaty, but the highest decision -making authority under the custom law is the king, and the diplomatic issues must obtain the formal consent of the king. In addition, the court of the king's court, St. James , trusts overseas diplomatic missions dispatched to England, and foreign ambassadors dispatched to England must be officially enacted by the court. The dispatch of diplomacy is also made by the king's consent. Events such as visiting the country are also held in accordance with the king's invitation.[18]
- Military commander-in-chief : The king has the authority to command and disband the army and appoint and dismiss officers. In modern times, it is the prime minister who actually commands the military, but the king is still the only legal commander-in-chief of the military . The Prime Minister is delegated the right to command the military by the King and merely exercises that authority on his behalf. The 1947 Crown Proceedings Act stipulated that “the monarch is the sole authority over the military, and the organization, deployment and control of the military cannot be challenged in court.” Accordingly, all British soldiers have a duty to be loyal to the King. This prerogative gives them the authority to recruit military members, appoint and fire officers, and enter into agreements with foreign governments to station troops on their territory.
In addition, the right to appoint clergy of the state church , the right to be exempt from taxes, the right to sell military supplies , and the right to parent children of the royal family.[19] , Thames River Swan ownership, etc. # Additionally, British public officials and Church of England clergy swear an oath of allegiance to the King . This oath is enshrined in the Covenants Act of 1868. #
As such, the king's authority is great in theory, and with the exception of a few things limited by the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights , the modern British king has not given up his absolute monarchical authority, but has only left it to the cabinet rather than exercising it voluntarily . The King is internally regarded as having absolute authority, or independent prerogatives, and is considered the source of much of the British government's executive power. #
However, the British King does not abuse his nominal powers and does not deviate from the framework of a constitutional monarchy . So today, the king's decree is formal, and usually the cabinet reads a draft enacted in the name of the king in front of the king for quick bill processing, and the king gives formal approval by saying 'approved'. Therefore, in modern times, this authority of the king's presidency is delegated to the government ministers (cabinet) who exercise power on their own or on behalf of the monarch. Also, to prevent the abuse of the presidency delegated to the ministers (the executive), the parliament became one of the main sources of control over the executive's actions. #
The Commonwealth Kingdoms have a separate constitution from England, and thus the king's constitution is defined. In Canada , the Great King is not clearly defined as the UK, so the theoretically, the king of King can be exercised as a king of Canada in Canada. However, in some Commonwealth Kingdoms, the kingdom of the king is specifically and narrowly set up, greatly limiting the king's power.
In addition, the rules of the British king are not forcibly forced to be loyal to the King of Commonwealth. Independence in 1947, India , wanted to be a Commonwealth Republic of not loyal to the British monarch, and in 1949, the duty of loyalty to the King of the British was abolished. As a result, the obligation to leave the British monarch of the Commonwealth member states was abolished, and the king received the title of Head of the Commonwealth. Because of this situation, all of the British king's great acts do not apply to the Commonwealth countries. After Elizabeth II died, some Commonwealth countries are trying to abolish monarchy and switch to Republican, which is not a hostile act of the UK, but it is the last stage of becoming a true sovereign state by completing the ring of independence. This can be interpreted as the uniqueness of the country's independent constitution and the emperor of the democratic sovereignty, which is out of the British monarchy. #
The UK's rebellion felony law , which was enacted in 1848, has been strictly implemented since its last implementation in 1879, but it is still in the law without being abolished. This may be charged with a felony , attempting to be engraved with foreigners, invading the king and the United Kingdom to invade or invading the king, or to conspiracy with such intentions, or to imagine, or imagine .[20] Thus, if you try to abolish the monarchy seriously or try to hostile to the king, you can punish it by this law. However, if the monarchy loses its public sentiment due to the tyranny, brutality, and scandal of the king, the royal family, the public opinion has changed significantly, and if the republican people take power and most of the English people want to transform the Republic, the referendum will enact a new constitution and disables the rebellion felony law and abolish the monarchy. Of course, the situation of this Republican Revolution, which abolishes the royal family and changes the state system, is really executed in the situation of Scotland and Wales, which supports the royal family, the situation in which the council, including the U.S., passes the royal family, the passage of the necessary referendum, the diplomatic relations with the Commonwealth countries, and the past revolutionary situation. There will be many politically demanding constraints, including the royalist's reaction. #
A similar law is the 1842 Treason Act, which also provides for treason punishment for direct attacks against the King. # In August 2022, a Sikh man was charged with violating this law after breaking into Windsor Castle with a crossbow in 2021, claiming it was revenge for a 1919 massacre. # He was later sentenced to 9 years in prison in October 2023. # This is the first case to be convicted in 40 years since 1981.
5.2. non-prosecution privilege
The King is considered the fountain of justice and is not subject to judicial sanctions under the principle of sovereign immunity . Additionally, you can file a lawsuit against the British government , but you cannot file a lawsuit against the King personally, and even if you do, it will be unconditionally dismissed .
In a commentary on English law written by the 18th-century British jurist Sir William Blackstone, Blackstone wrote, "That the King can do no wrong, is a necessary and fundamental principle of the English constitution." ( It is an essential and fundamental principle of the British Constitution that the King can do no wrong .) In other words, because the King is above the law, he has complete immunity from criminal punishment for any crime, including murder. Writing in a presentation to the IBA, the peak body for international legal practitioners, bar associations and legal societies, Maurice Sunkin, professor of public and social law at the University of Essex, sees the Crown's role as "the guardian of the rule of law." But in another way, the Crown appears to operate above the rule of law because it is protected by sovereign immunity. The Crown itself is not bound by statute or common law , and the monarch cannot be personally prosecuted or sued, but he and his ministers He explained that civil servants can do it, so even if the monarch does not fulfill his oath, there is not much the monarch's subjects can do. #
In fact, in 1911, George V was accused of bigamy, but the Lord Chief Justice ruled that the King could not be ordered to give evidence, and that was the end of it. # According to page 46 of the article published by the House of Commons in January 2023, the Crown is immune from legal action under the common law . #[21]
In a commentary on English law written by the 18th-century British jurist Sir William Blackstone, Blackstone wrote, "That the King can do no wrong, is a necessary and fundamental principle of the English constitution." ( It is an essential and fundamental principle of the British Constitution that the King can do no wrong .) In other words, because the King is above the law, he has complete immunity from criminal punishment for any crime, including murder. Writing in a presentation to the IBA, the peak body for international legal practitioners, bar associations and legal societies, Maurice Sunkin, professor of public and social law at the University of Essex, sees the Crown's role as "the guardian of the rule of law." But in another way, the Crown appears to operate above the rule of law because it is protected by sovereign immunity. The Crown itself is not bound by statute or common law , and the monarch cannot be personally prosecuted or sued, but he and his ministers He explained that civil servants can do it, so even if the monarch does not fulfill his oath, there is not much the monarch's subjects can do. #
In fact, in 1911, George V was accused of bigamy, but the Lord Chief Justice ruled that the King could not be ordered to give evidence, and that was the end of it. # According to page 46 of the article published by the House of Commons in January 2023, the Crown is immune from legal action under the common law . #[21]
5.3. head of the commonwealth
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2024 Charles III and Commonwealth Heads of State |
The British King is the Head of the Commonwealth . It is only a symbol , and the actual work is handled by the Secretary-General of the Commonwealth.
As the head of the Commonwealth, the King plays several symbolic roles. Representatively, he attends the Commonwealth Summit (CHOGM), which is held every two years, as head of the country. This was Pierre Trudeau in 1973. It is a tradition that started at the suggestion of the Prime Minister of Canada , and the King performs a ceremonial role during the summit, such as presiding over a special reception and dinner and giving a commemorative speech.
In addition, before the Commonwealth Games, which are held every four years, the 'King's Baton Relay' event is held, in which the torch is relayed with a message from the King.
Originally, the Commonwealth member states were obliged to be loyal to the King of the British, but were abolished in 1949. In 1947, India, which became a self -government and virtually independent of India , wanted to be a republic , but he wanted to remain in the Commonwealth. As a result, the obligation to leave the British king in the Commonwealth member states was eliminated, and instead, George VIII was given the title of the Commonwealth. After George VI died, Elizabeth II also succeeded the committee.
Unlike the throne, however, Commonwealth Director has not been defined as hereditary . At the time of Elizabeth II, the influence of the UK was absolute, but it was unclear whether Charles III would succeed in the Commonwealth Chief after the crown. Thus, the Queen and the British government discussed the issue at the Commonwealth Summit (CHOGM), and Charles III was appointed as a de facto successor. Charles III turned off the urgent fire, but this problem could be raised ahead of the next king's crown, and by then, he could just abolish the Commonwealth Statement or change it to elected positions.
However, there is also a view that it may be difficult to reform the position of head of the Commonwealth because the royal family plays a central role in maintaining the Commonwealth and the interests of each Commonwealth country are different. To begin with, even within the British political world, opinions on the position of head of the Commonwealth are not unified, as there is a possibility that Britain's position within the Commonwealth will be weakened if the head is changed to an elected position.[22] For example, when recommending Charles III as the next leader at the 2018 Commonwealth Summit (CHOGM), the Labor Party expressed its opposition, but the ruling Conservative Party expressed its approval. Even within the Labor Party, positions on the position of head of the Commonwealth are divided depending on the political inclinations of members.
As the head of the Commonwealth, the King plays several symbolic roles. Representatively, he attends the Commonwealth Summit (CHOGM), which is held every two years, as head of the country. This was Pierre Trudeau in 1973. It is a tradition that started at the suggestion of the Prime Minister of Canada , and the King performs a ceremonial role during the summit, such as presiding over a special reception and dinner and giving a commemorative speech.
In addition, before the Commonwealth Games, which are held every four years, the 'King's Baton Relay' event is held, in which the torch is relayed with a message from the King.
Originally, the Commonwealth member states were obliged to be loyal to the King of the British, but were abolished in 1949. In 1947, India, which became a self -government and virtually independent of India , wanted to be a republic , but he wanted to remain in the Commonwealth. As a result, the obligation to leave the British king in the Commonwealth member states was eliminated, and instead, George VIII was given the title of the Commonwealth. After George VI died, Elizabeth II also succeeded the committee.
Unlike the throne, however, Commonwealth Director has not been defined as hereditary . At the time of Elizabeth II, the influence of the UK was absolute, but it was unclear whether Charles III would succeed in the Commonwealth Chief after the crown. Thus, the Queen and the British government discussed the issue at the Commonwealth Summit (CHOGM), and Charles III was appointed as a de facto successor. Charles III turned off the urgent fire, but this problem could be raised ahead of the next king's crown, and by then, he could just abolish the Commonwealth Statement or change it to elected positions.
However, there is also a view that it may be difficult to reform the position of head of the Commonwealth because the royal family plays a central role in maintaining the Commonwealth and the interests of each Commonwealth country are different. To begin with, even within the British political world, opinions on the position of head of the Commonwealth are not unified, as there is a possibility that Britain's position within the Commonwealth will be weakened if the head is changed to an elected position.[22] For example, when recommending Charles III as the next leader at the 2018 Commonwealth Summit (CHOGM), the Labor Party expressed its opposition, but the ruling Conservative Party expressed its approval. Even within the Labor Party, positions on the position of head of the Commonwealth are divided depending on the political inclinations of members.
5.4. king of the commonwealth kingdom
Among the 53 countries belonging to the Commonwealth , there are 15 Commonwealth countries (including the United Kingdom) that are in the same state as the United Kingdom, so the British monarch concurrently serves as the monarch of 14 countries, including Canada , Australia , New Zealand , Papua New Guinea , and Jamaica , in addition to the United Kingdom.
However, the countries belonging to the Commonwealth Kingdom are not the colonies of England , but the independent nations, so it is strictly saying that the Commonwealth Kingdom other than England, such as Australia and New Zealand , will bring the King of the British as a monarch. For example, the official title of Charles III , which is currently reigned , is the King of the United Kingdom, but the official title in Australia is King of Australia , and there is no word in the official title of the monarch. In New Zealand and Canada , the official title of Charles III in Korea is King of New Zealand and King of Canada .[23] However, among the commanders of the Commonwealth, Grenada is called the King of England and Grenada .
Additionally, since these countries are separate countries independent of the United Kingdom, even if the monarchy is abolished in the United Kingdom, the monarchy of the Commonwealth will not be deprived of the title. In order to revoke the status of a monarch of a Commonwealth kingdom, each country must go through a separate process. In other words, even if the monarchy is abolished in the UK, the king can continue to serve as head of state in other countries. Likewise, abolishing the monarchy in a Commonwealth kingdom would have no effect on the United Kingdom.
Commonwealth kingdoms other than the United Kingdom, where the head of state is the British monarch, have a governor -general, who is the king's representative, in the country because the king is not normally stationed in the country . In the past, this governor was also dispatched from England, but currently none of the 14 countries does that. All are socially respected figures ( elders ) in the parliament or cabinet of each country. politicians , former high-ranking diplomats , etc.) are recommended to the king as governor, and the king appoints them accordingly. And the King is appointed not as the 'British' King, but as the King of that country (for example, the Australian King when appointing the Governor-General of Australia).
However, the countries belonging to the Commonwealth Kingdom are not the colonies of England , but the independent nations, so it is strictly saying that the Commonwealth Kingdom other than England, such as Australia and New Zealand , will bring the King of the British as a monarch. For example, the official title of Charles III , which is currently reigned , is the King of the United Kingdom, but the official title in Australia is King of Australia , and there is no word in the official title of the monarch. In New Zealand and Canada , the official title of Charles III in Korea is King of New Zealand and King of Canada .[23] However, among the commanders of the Commonwealth, Grenada is called the King of England and Grenada .
Additionally, since these countries are separate countries independent of the United Kingdom, even if the monarchy is abolished in the United Kingdom, the monarchy of the Commonwealth will not be deprived of the title. In order to revoke the status of a monarch of a Commonwealth kingdom, each country must go through a separate process. In other words, even if the monarchy is abolished in the UK, the king can continue to serve as head of state in other countries. Likewise, abolishing the monarchy in a Commonwealth kingdom would have no effect on the United Kingdom.
Commonwealth kingdoms other than the United Kingdom, where the head of state is the British monarch, have a governor -general, who is the king's representative, in the country because the king is not normally stationed in the country . In the past, this governor was also dispatched from England, but currently none of the 14 countries does that. All are socially respected figures ( elders ) in the parliament or cabinet of each country. politicians , former high-ranking diplomats , etc.) are recommended to the king as governor, and the king appoints them accordingly. And the King is appointed not as the 'British' King, but as the King of that country (for example, the Australian King when appointing the Governor-General of Australia).
5.5. commander-in-chief of the British army
The King of England is the Commander-in-Chief of the British Army , and also serves as Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces and Honorary Head of the New Zealand Defense Force. However, apart from the honorary head of state, the commander-in-chief of the New Zealand military is held by the Governor-General . Although Australia is also a member of the Commonwealth , the commander-in-chief of the Australian army is the Australian Governor-General, not the King.[24]
Of course, in modern times, this is a formal authority. During World War II, the King of England was George VI , but the person who actually commanded the British army was Prime Minister Winston Churchill .
Of course, in modern times, this is a formal authority. During World War II, the King of England was George VI , but the person who actually commanded the British army was Prime Minister Winston Churchill .
5.6. Supreme Ruler of the Church of England
  |
Justin Welby, Archbishop of Canterbury, swearing the oath of fealty to Charles III at his coronation. |
The King of England also serves as the 'Supreme Governor of the Church of England' . Because the king also holds the highest position in the church , the British king is called Defender of the Faith/Fidei Defensor.[25] ) is also called.
As the supreme ruler, the King appoints high-ranking clergy of the State Church based on the selection of the Crown Nominations Commission (CNC) and the recommendation of the Prime Minister.
All other European countries have been abolished , but the reason for continuing the coronation to modern times is because the king is also the chief ruler of the Church. In the UK, the coronation ceremony is not only a simple crowning event, but also the religious meaning that the King is recognized as a legitimate ruler of the Church.
The Church of England is classified as an Anglican Church and plays an important role in the World Anglican Communion, a cooperative body of Anglican churches around the world. However, the King of England, the head of this church, does not immediately become the head of the entire Anglican Church around the world. The symbolic head of the world Anglican Church is the Archbishop of Canterbury , and under the Anglican Church of England, that is, under the Anglican Church, two dioceses, including the Diocese of Canterbury and the Diocese of York, belong to the global Anglican Communion .[26]
As the supreme ruler, the King appoints high-ranking clergy of the State Church based on the selection of the Crown Nominations Commission (CNC) and the recommendation of the Prime Minister.
All other European countries have been abolished , but the reason for continuing the coronation to modern times is because the king is also the chief ruler of the Church. In the UK, the coronation ceremony is not only a simple crowning event, but also the religious meaning that the King is recognized as a legitimate ruler of the Church.
The Church of England is classified as an Anglican Church and plays an important role in the World Anglican Communion, a cooperative body of Anglican churches around the world. However, the King of England, the head of this church, does not immediately become the head of the entire Anglican Church around the world. The symbolic head of the world Anglican Church is the Archbishop of Canterbury , and under the Anglican Church of England, that is, under the Anglican Church, two dioceses, including the Diocese of Canterbury and the Diocese of York, belong to the global Anglican Communion .[26]
5.7. other rights
- British passports are issued in the King's name and the King himself does not hold a passport. This is because the King's possession of a passport means receiving permission from his minister, the Foreign Minister, to go abroad . In other countries, identification is not difficult, so entry is permitted even if you do not have a passport. Of course, this applies not only to the King, but also to members of the royal family who must have a passport. A related anecdote from 1984 When Queen Elizabeth II went on a summer vacation to the United States, there was an uproar over her passport. When she landed at Lexington Airport in Kentucky, customs and immigration officials were unable to let the Queen through because regulations do not allow people without passports into the country . An employee in charge of protocol from the State Department said that the King does not have a passport, but the employee persisted, saying that he could not be allowed into the country if he made an arbitrary decision and violated the regulations .[27] In the end, this commotion ended only when a phone call came from Washington announcing a special entry permit order.
- The king receives a red box named from the government every day, named Royal Red Box .[28] The box contains the British Prime Minister 's state -of -the -art briefing, along with major official documents, legislation, military confidential information, and intelligence information. Except for Christmas and Easter , it is delivered to the king every day, and even this box is delivered to the king's vacation.[29]
- Every Tuesday, we meet with the prime minister and discuss national affairs.[30] It is the authority to receive a briefing on diplomatic issues from the Minister of Foreign Affairs or report the confidential information directly from the heads of major intelligence agencies. In addition, they meet with the Financial Services Minister before submitting the government budget every year and report on the budget. Of course, it never reveals how the king responded after receiving a report on state affairs.[31] The king may express his opinion on the state, but he must accept the decision of the cabinet regardless of the intention of the king. The British constitutional scholars interpret it as "the king has only the right to be advised, the right to encourage, and the right to warn ."
- It is the entity that issues royal charters to schools, local governments, companies, public institutions, and academic organizations. A representative company that has been awarded this royal charter is the British public broadcaster BBC . However, the actual review of royal charters is performed by the Privy Council , and only the nominal issuer is the King.
- The King has absolute parental authority over all minor royals. Therefore, when the king wants to adopt a royal child, he can unconditionally assume parental and custody rights, ignoring the opinions of the child's parents. If a custody suit proceeds in the royal family, the King will unconditionally win.[32] This is said to be due to the issue of succession, and in theory, there is no legal problem if the king takes any royal children and raises them.
- All swans on the Thames are the property of the King. According to the Swan Ownership Act established in the 1300s, all swans that have run away from their owners or have no original owner are owned by the King. Therefore, even now, symbolically, the swans living in the Thames River belong to the King, and if you harm a swan, you will be punished for theft, not the Animal Protection Act. Because he stole the king's belongings. A traditional event is also held every year to name and weigh the swans owned by the King. # Within the royal family, there is a separate position of swan manager who manages the king's swans.
- According to an edict issued by Edward II in 1324, all whales , dolphins , and sturgeon living in British waters are the property of the king. In particular, whale bones are considered the queen's property because they are used as material for the corsets worn by the queen. Like swans, if you kill or capture a whale carelessly, you are punished as theft.
- The king and the royal family are free from the right to claim information of the British. The British are legally guaranteed to be able to view or claim any information or data from the government, and the king has the right to defend. Therefore, information or data on the royal family cannot be viewed without the consent of the king. When scholars and writers collect or study historical data on the royal family, the king's consent must be formally obtained, and the royal accounting materials are also impossible for the general public. In fact, it is the most active authority that is still used, unlike the refusal of the law and the dissolution of the council.[33]
- Arrests or executions are prohibited in front of the king, and judicial execution must not take place in the palace where the king lives or in the buildings where the king is staying.
- Quoting, reproducing and publishing the King James Bible in England requires the consent of the King. This is because the King James Bible is the work of James I and is registered as a Crown Copyright. Oxford University Press and Cambridge University Press handle copyright agreements on behalf of the British Crown, and in Scotland , the Scottish Bible Society (SBB) independently handles copyright agreements.
6. religion
Among the royal family , only Anglicans can ascend the throne of England, and if they convert to Catholicism , their right to inherit the throne is revoked.
James II was the last Catholic king of England , and all subsequent kings were Protestants .
The King of England identifies as an Anglican in England and as a Presbyterian in Scotland .
When a new king is crowned, a coronation ceremony is held at Westminster Abbey in England with an Anglican ceremony, followed by a separate consecration ceremony at St. Giles' Cathedral in Scotland with a Scottish Presbyterian ceremony.[34]
Beginning in the Victorian era , when the King of England lived in Scotland, the tradition of worshiping at Crady Kirk near Balmoral Castle began.
James II was the last Catholic king of England , and all subsequent kings were Protestants .
The King of England identifies as an Anglican in England and as a Presbyterian in Scotland .
When a new king is crowned, a coronation ceremony is held at Westminster Abbey in England with an Anglican ceremony, followed by a separate consecration ceremony at St. Giles' Cathedral in Scotland with a Scottish Presbyterian ceremony.[34]
Beginning in the Victorian era , when the King of England lived in Scotland, the tradition of worshiping at Crady Kirk near Balmoral Castle began.
7. property
The British monarch has real estate assets called the Duchy of Lancaster and incorporated assets called the Crown Estate .
There are also private properties that the King owns completely as an individual, most notably the estate of Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House. In addition, various jewelry, works of art, investment assets, and cars[35] , racehorse[36] Even if the throne is inherited, inheritance tax is exempted according to the king's privileges.[37] The exact size of her private wealth has never been known, but according to Forbes , Queen Elizabeth II is believed to have amassed assets worth $500 million (approximately KRW 695.4 billion) during her 70-year reign . Charles III is worth 1.815 billion pounds (about 2.9649 trillion won), including property inherited from Queen Elizabeth II.[38] It is estimated that he holds personal property amounting to .
Royal assets, excluding personal property, are estimated at approximately $28 billion, including the Crown Estate $19.5 billion, Buckingham Palace $4.9 billion , the Duchy of Cornwall $1.3 billion, the Duchy of Lancaster $748 million, and Kensington Palace $630 million . However, these assets are virtually meaningless because it is impossible to arbitrarily dispose of them according to the King's will, and most of them are real estate assets and works of art.
There are also private properties that the King owns completely as an individual, most notably the estate of Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House. In addition, various jewelry, works of art, investment assets, and cars[35] , racehorse[36] Even if the throne is inherited, inheritance tax is exempted according to the king's privileges.[37] The exact size of her private wealth has never been known, but according to Forbes , Queen Elizabeth II is believed to have amassed assets worth $500 million (approximately KRW 695.4 billion) during her 70-year reign . Charles III is worth 1.815 billion pounds (about 2.9649 trillion won), including property inherited from Queen Elizabeth II.[38] It is estimated that he holds personal property amounting to .
Royal assets, excluding personal property, are estimated at approximately $28 billion, including the Crown Estate $19.5 billion, Buckingham Palace $4.9 billion , the Duchy of Cornwall $1.3 billion, the Duchy of Lancaster $748 million, and Kensington Palace $630 million . However, these assets are virtually meaningless because it is impossible to arbitrarily dispose of them according to the King's will, and most of them are real estate assets and works of art.
8. succession to the throne
The Oath of Accession of the British Monarch[39] I, (), by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of My other Realms and Territories, King, Defender of the Faith, do faithfully promise and swear that I shall inviolably maintain and preserve the Settlement of the true Protestant Religion as established by the Laws made in Scotland in prosecution of the Claim of Right and particularly by an Act intituled An Act for securing the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government” and by the Acts passed in the Parliament of both Kingdoms for Union of the two Kingdoms, together with the Government, Worship, Discipline, Rights and Privileges of the Church of Scotland. So help me God. "I, by the grace of God, King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and of other kingdoms and my dominions, and Defender of the Faith, () do hereby grant the "Act for the Protection of the Government of the Protestant and Presbyterian Churches" made in Scotland, and the government and worship of the Church of Scotland. , I faithfully promise and swear to maintain and preserve inviolable the true Protestant settlement, with its discipline, rights and privileges, established by the laws for the union of the two kingdoms, and enforced by laws passed by the parliaments of the two kingdoms. So God help me." |
Unlike the royal families of other European countries, such as the Netherlands , Spain , Belgium , Denmark , and Luxembourg , there is no tradition of a monarch abdicating while alive. Therefore, succession to the throne usually occurs only upon the death of the reigning monarch .[40]
Current laws of succession to the British throne follow the 2013 Laws of Succession to the Throne, enacted in 2013 . The beginning of this law is the 1701 Settlement Act , which was established in 1701 , and was amended three centuries later in 2013 as the Commonwealth Kingdoms enacted the Perth Agreement. Originally, the succession laws of the Commonwealth Kingdom also followed the 1701 Act of Settlement, but after the Commonwealth, which was a British colony, became independent, the 2013 Succession Law enacted by the United Kingdom did not apply, and separate laws enacted by each country according to the Treaty of Perth The law applies. However, the content is little different from the 2013 Law of Succession in the UK.
Under the current law, the succession of the throne is limited to the descendants of Sophia (Palz's Zopy) , the granddaughter of James VI and the mother of George I. In addition, if you are born as an extracurricular person, you will be excluded from the sequence.[41]
Originally, according to the Reconciliation Act of 1701, people were deprived of their right to succession if they converted to Catholicism or if their spouse was a believer. However, the deprivation due to marriage was abolished in 2015, and those who were deprived of their right to succession as a result also had their right to succession restored.
Originally, when a younger brother was born, the woman was born because she was born inheritance, but the inheritance ranking was pushed by her younger brother . However , Princess Royal & , Ruiz Mount Bathton Windsor, who was born before, is not subject to this law and is ranked by his brother and his descendants. Princess, which was first applied to this law, is a Wales Charlotte Priest and is not pushed back to Louis Confucius in his brother Wales.
To change the rules of succession, unanimous consent from all areas of the Commonwealth is required, as in the Treaty of Perth. The succession rules are stipulated by law and can only be changed by law.
From the moment the king dies during his reign[42] The heir succeeds to the throne. Within 2-3 days after the enthronement, a Privy Council nominating meeting is held to finalize the legal procedures necessary for enthronement, and an enthronement proclamation ceremony is held to announce to the entire United Kingdom and the Commonwealth that a new king has ascended the throne.[43] Procedures such as coronations are held later. The coronation ceremony takes place after several months or years of preparations and mourning for the previous king.[44][45]
The confirmed heir, currently first in line of succession, is William, Prince of Wales . Since 1701, the custom of the confirmed heir receiving the title of Earl of Chester along with the title of Duke of Wales has continued to this day.
When succession to the throne is achieved, public officials must also take an Oath of Allegiance. The relevant ordinance was enacted in the Promissory Oath Act, 1968, and the Oath of Allegiance is as follows.
I, [name], do swear by Almighty God that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to His(her) Majesty, The King(Queen), [name], his(her) heirs and successors according to law. So Help me God.I, ○○, swear to Almighty God that I will be faithful to His Majesty King XX and his heirs and successors in accordance with the Law of Succession to the Throne. So God help me.
However, if a person who is swearing is an unsuccessful member, he omits all mighty god and so help me god.
9. regent
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List of successive regents since the enactment of the Regency Act in 1937 |
If the King is a minor or mentally incompetent, the Regency Act of 1937 allows for the designation of a regent. If neither of these conditions apply, four members of the 21-year-old royal family in the line of succession to the throne and their spouses are designated. The king's spouse and the next heir to the throne are designated as regents after reaching the age of majority without a separate enactment of the Regency Act, and the queen concubine may also be designated as regent in special cases.[46] Otherwise, the Regency Act must be separately enacted by the National Assembly and appointed as a regent with royal permission. Currently, according to this principle, Queen Camilla , Prince William of Wales, Prince Henry , Duke of Sussex , Prince Andrew , and Princess Beatrice were designated as regents . After Charles III ascended the throne, he enacted a new Regency Act designating Princess Anne and Prince Edward as regents.[47] Therefore, if a situation arises in the future where both Charles III and Prince William are absent, Princess Anne and Prince Edward will become regents and temporarily represent the king.
If all currently appointed regents are judged to be unable to perform their duties, Princess Eugenie of York and Louise Mountbatten-Windsor , who are next in line of succession, will become regents. In addition, Prince George of Wales, the next heir to the throne , will automatically qualify as regent without a separate enactment of the Regency Act after 2034, and if this happens, Princess Beatrice will automatically be deprived of her qualifications as regent. In addition, the King's parents are also appointed as regents without exception when the King is a minor. Therefore, if a special situation arises in which Prince George of Wales ascends to the throne before becoming an adult, Crown Princess Catherine will serve as regent.[48] Meanwhile, since the enactment of the Regency Act in 1937 , there has never been a case where a regent actually ruled for a long period of time .[49] Until now, the cases in which the regency system has been used have been extremely rare, except for the king's overseas trips, and even these have never lasted longer than six months.
In the final years of Elizabeth II's reign, the idea of designating Charles III as regent was discussed in the media as an alternative to abdication, but in the end, Charles III ascended to the throne immediately without going through a regent. In fact, according to a biography published after the death of Elizabeth II, royal officials at the time considered appointing Charles III as regent, but the appointment was canceled because Charles III felt burdened and refused.
There are certain powers that cannot be exercised even if appointed as a regent. The regent cannot carry out matters pertaining to the Commonwealth , dissolving parliament without clear instructions from the king, creating noble titles, or appointing a prime minister.
If the next heir to the throne is a minor , there is an unspoken rule that he or she will not ride in a car or fly with the royal family who holds the status of regent. If the king dies, the heir to the throne must succeed to the throne, but if the heir and regent suffer an accident at the same time, serious confusion will arise in the succession to the throne. Therefore, when Queen Elizabeth II was a minor , she was not allowed to ride in the same vehicle or plane as her uncle , Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester .[50] Prince George of Wales is also known to be unable to use the same vehicles or planes as his father William , Prince of Wales , and uncle Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex. However, these days, there are many cases where people board the same car or plane regardless of this rule.
If all currently appointed regents are judged to be unable to perform their duties, Princess Eugenie of York and Louise Mountbatten-Windsor , who are next in line of succession, will become regents. In addition, Prince George of Wales, the next heir to the throne , will automatically qualify as regent without a separate enactment of the Regency Act after 2034, and if this happens, Princess Beatrice will automatically be deprived of her qualifications as regent. In addition, the King's parents are also appointed as regents without exception when the King is a minor. Therefore, if a special situation arises in which Prince George of Wales ascends to the throne before becoming an adult, Crown Princess Catherine will serve as regent.[48] Meanwhile, since the enactment of the Regency Act in 1937 , there has never been a case where a regent actually ruled for a long period of time .[49] Until now, the cases in which the regency system has been used have been extremely rare, except for the king's overseas trips, and even these have never lasted longer than six months.
In the final years of Elizabeth II's reign, the idea of designating Charles III as regent was discussed in the media as an alternative to abdication, but in the end, Charles III ascended to the throne immediately without going through a regent. In fact, according to a biography published after the death of Elizabeth II, royal officials at the time considered appointing Charles III as regent, but the appointment was canceled because Charles III felt burdened and refused.
There are certain powers that cannot be exercised even if appointed as a regent. The regent cannot carry out matters pertaining to the Commonwealth , dissolving parliament without clear instructions from the king, creating noble titles, or appointing a prime minister.
If the next heir to the throne is a minor , there is an unspoken rule that he or she will not ride in a car or fly with the royal family who holds the status of regent. If the king dies, the heir to the throne must succeed to the throne, but if the heir and regent suffer an accident at the same time, serious confusion will arise in the succession to the throne. Therefore, when Queen Elizabeth II was a minor , she was not allowed to ride in the same vehicle or plane as her uncle , Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester .[50] Prince George of Wales is also known to be unable to use the same vehicles or planes as his father William , Prince of Wales , and uncle Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex. However, these days, there are many cases where people board the same car or plane regardless of this rule.
10. Regalia
Charles III receiving regalia at his coronation |
British regalia are various treasures of the king that are presented to the newly crowned king at the coronation ceremony to show the legitimacy of the British throne and royal authority , and are also called crown jewels.
10.1. Crown
  |   |
st edward's crown | british imperial crown |
The St. Edward's Crown has a crown with a rainbow-shaped or arched decoration. In medieval Europe, only the emperors were allowed to wear crowns with crown decorations, but the island nation of England was not restricted by this and wore crown decorations.
10.2. sword
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From left, the Sword of Offering, the Sword of State, and the Curtana |
- Sword of State - The sword on the right in the photo above.
- Sword of Offering - Also known as the Jeweled Sword of State. The sword in the middle in the photo above.
- Sword of Spiritual Justice
- Sword of Temporal Justice
10.3. royal scepter
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Dove scepter (top), Cross scepter (bottom) |
- Sovereign's Scepter with Cross - Cullinan I famous for being the largest diamond in the world[51] It is attached to the top of this royal scepter.
- Sovereign's SCEPTRE with DOVE -The king hole decorated with pigeons symbolizing the Holy Spirit .
During the coronation ceremony, the king is said to hold a cross and a scepter in his left hand and a dove scepter in his right hand.
10.4. throne
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King Edward's Throne |
- It is also known as King Edward's Chair -St. Edward's Chair. This throne originally originally used to be awarded the crown of the Scottish king , and originated from the stone of destiny , a symbol of the kingship and orthodoxy of Scotland. In 1296, Edward I of England conquered Scotland and brought the stone of destiny to England as a loot , and conquered Scotland to conquer Scotland and inherited the throne . Because it is made. Ironically, however, James I , the king of Scotland , acquired the Communion of the Eastern Union , and the two throne was combined to create the throne of the current King of the UK, and the current British royal family inherited the bloodline of the Stewart dynasty, the Scottish royal family. Currently, the stone itself is returned to Scotland, and it is used to temporarily bring the stone in the coronation of the King of England , put it in the storage space under the floor, and then return it. For more information, see Stone of Destiny .
11. List of British Kings
11.1. Union of the Kingdom of England and Scotland
monarchs of englandthe contents aboutking of england documentcast, monarchs of scotlandthe contents aboutking of scotland documentcastPlease note.name | dynasty | reign | right | note |
1603 ~ 1625 | ||||
Stewart | 1625 ~ 1649 | Second son of James I.[54] | ||
1649 ~ 1660 | - | |||
Stewart | 1660 ~ 1686 | second son of Charles I.[57] | ||
Stewart | 1685 ~ 1688 | 3rd son of Charles I. | ||
Stewart | 1689 ~ 1694 | The eldest daughter of James II. | ||
1689 ~ 1702 | Grandson of Charles I.[61] | |||
Stewart | 1702 ~ 1714 | Second daughter of James II. | ||
11.1.1. national defense of england
The place where the Commonwealth of England was established was England , and according to the establishment of the covenant, Scotland and Ireland were also absorbed, all of them established protectors as national leaders, and the national name was also 'Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland' Ireland)'. Strictly speaking, they ruled as guardians rather than kings , but they are listed together in this document to convey information .
name | reign | note |
1653 ~ 1658 | ||
1658 ~ 1659 |
11.2. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, King of the United Kingdom
After James I, the Union of Eastern Counties was established and the King of England concurrently served as the King of Scotland, but the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland existed separately and each had its own government . However, from 1707, England and Scotland were legally merged to form one country, the ' Kingdom of Great Britain ', and in 1801 The Kingdom of Ireland was merged to become the ' United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland', but in 1922, part of Ireland was separated into the Irish Free State and the name was changed to the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ', which is what it is today. Due to the fact that England and Scotland were merged as equals to form the current United Kingdom, the current number of kings of the United Kingdom is calculated by calculating both England and Scotland and only using the higher number of the two.[64]
name | dynasty | reign | right | note |
March 8, 1702 - August 1, 1714 (12 years and 146 days) | Second daughter of James II.[65] | |||
August 1, 1714 - June 11, 1727 (12 years and 318 days) | Great-grandson of James I.[66] | |||
June 11, 1727 - October 25, 1760 (33 years 146 days) | eldest son of George I. | |||
October 25, 1760 - January 29, 1820 (59 years 110 days) | Grandson of George II.[67] | |||
January 29, 1820 - June 26, 1830 (10 years and 152 days) | The eldest son of George III. | |||
June 26, 1830 - June 20, 1837 (6 years and 359 days) | 3rd son of George III.[70] | |||
June 20, 1837 - January 22, 1901 (63 years 216 days) | Granddaughter of George III.[72] | |||
January 22, 1901 - May 6, 1910 (9 years 104 days) | Victoria's eldest son. | |||
May 6, 1910 - January 20, 1936 (25 years 259 days) | The second son of Edward VII.[73] | |||
January 20, 1936 - December 11, 1936 (327 days) | The eldest son of George V. | |||
December 11, 1936 - February 6, 1952 (15 years 61 days) | Second son of George V.[77] | |||
February 6, 1952 - September 8, 2022 (70 years 214 days) | The eldest daughter of George VI. | |||
September 8, 2022 to present | The eldest son of Elizabeth II. |
12. etc
- The King of England holds an official birthday party and military parade on the second Saturday of June, regardless of his actual birthday . A tradition that started with George II .
- There is a phrase to memorize successive kings like Taejeong Taesemundanse .
Willie Willie Harry Stee
Harry Dick John Harry three;
One two three Neds, Richard two
Harrys four five six ... then who?
Edwards four five, Dick the bad,
Harrys (twain),VII VIII Ned six (the lad);Mary, Bessie, James you ken,
Then Charlie, Charlie, James again...Will and Mary, Anna Gloria,
Georges four,I II III IV Will four, Victoria;
Edward seven next, and then
Came George the fifth in nineteen ten;
Ned the eighth soon abdicated Then George six was coronated;
After which Elizabeth
And that's all folks until her death.Willy Willy Harry Sty
Harry Dick John Harry 3;
One two three Nez, Richard two
Harry 4 5 6 ... then who?
Edwards four-five, bad dick,
Harry (twice), VII VIII Ned six (boy), Mary, Bessie, James you ken,
Then Charlie, Charlie, James...Will and Mary, Anna Gloria,
George Nett, I II III IV Will 4, Victoria;
Edward Seven is next
George went 5th in 1910.
8-year-old Ned soon abdicates and George VI is crowned.
After that, Elizabeth
It's the same for everyone until she dies.(Translate)
William I William II Henry I Stephen I
Henry II Richard I john king Henry III
Edward I , Edward II , Edward III Richard II
Henry IV Henry V Henry VI
Edward IV Edward V Richard III[81]
Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Mary I Elizabeth I James I
Charles I Charles II James II William III & Mary II , Queen Anne
George I George II George III George IV William IV queen victoria
Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI
Elizabeth II
13. Ranking of longest-lived monarchs
name | nation | birth | Dead | age |
uk | April 21, 1926 | September 8, 2022 | 96 years old | |
uk | May 24, 1819 | January 22, 1901 | 81 years, 7 months, 29 days | |
uk | June 4, 1738 | January 29, 1820 | 81 years, 7 months, 25 days | |
uk | November 14, 1948 | - | Current 77 years old | |
uk | June 23, 1894 | May 28, 1972 | 77 years old[82] | |
uk | October 30, 1683 | October 25, 1760 | 76 years old | |
England | 1051 | 1126 | 75 years old | |
The Granite City | March 2, 1316 | April 19, 1390 | 74 years old | |
uk | August 21, 1765 | June 19, 1837 | 71 years old | |
uk | June 3, 1865 | January 30, 1936 | 70 years old | |
England | September 7, 1533 | March 24, 1603 | 69 years old | |
uk | November 9, 1841 | May 6, 1910 | 68 years 5 months | |
England | June 17, 1239 | July 7, 1307 | 68 years 20 days | |
The Granite City | 1337 | April 4, 1406 | 68 years old | |
union | October 24, 1633 | September 16, 1701 | 67 years 10 months | |
uk | August 12, 1762 | June 26, 1830 | 67 years 9 months | |
uk | May 28, 1660 | June 11, 1727 | 67 years 14 days | |
England | 1068 | December 1, 1135 | 67 years ? months | |
England | February 7, 1102 | September 10, 1167 | 65 years 7 months | |
England | October 1, 1207 | November 16, 1272 | 65 years 1 month | |
Wessex | 771/775 | 839 | 64-68 years old | |
England | November 13, 1313 | June 21, 1377 | 64 years old | |
The Granite City | 1031 | 1093 | 62 years old | |
England | Between 1003 and 1005 | January 5, 1066 | 61-63 years old | |
union | June 19, 1566 | March 27, 1625 | 58 years old | |
England | 1092/1096 | October 25, 1154 | 57-62 years old | |
England | 1028 | September 9, 1087 | 57-58 years old | |
Wessex | 670 years | After 726 | 56 years or older | |
England | March 5, 1133 | July 6, 1189 | 56 years 4 months | |
uk | December 14, 1895 | February 6, 1952 | 56 years 1 month | |
England | June 28, 1491 | January 28, 1547 | 55 years old | |
The Granite City | 1274 | 1329 | 55 years old | |
union | May 29, 1630 | February 6, 1685 | 54 years old | |
England | January 28, 1457 | April 21, 1509 | 52 years old | |
union | November 8, 1650 | March 8, 1702 | 51 years old | |
England | April 17, 963 | February 3, 1014 | 50 years 9 months | |
Wessex | 874 | July 17, 924 | 50 years old | |
Wessex | 849 | October 26, 899 | 50 years old | |
England | Between 966 and 968 | April 23, 1016 | 49-50 years old | |
England | December 24, 1166 | October 19, 1216 | 49 years 9 months | |
uk | February 6, 1665 | August 1, 1714 | 49 years 5 months 26 days | |
England | December 6, 1421 | May 24, 1471 | 49 years 5 months 18 days | |
union | November 9, 1600 | January 30, 1649 | 48 years old | |
The Granite City | 810 years | 858 | 48 years old | |
The Granite City | March 5, 1324 | February 22, 1371 | 46 years 11 months | |
England | April 1367 | March 20, 1413 | 45 years 11 months | |
England | 894 | October 27, 939 | 45 years old | |
England | circa 1022 | October 14, 1066 | 44-45 years old | |
England | 990 years | November 12, 1035 | 44-45 years old | |
The Granite City | December 8, 1542 | February 8, 1587 | 44 years old | |
England | 1056 | August 2, 1100 | 43-44 years old | |
England | April 25, 1284 | September 7, 1327 | 43 years old | |
England | February 18, 1516 | November 17, 1558 | 42 years, 9 months, 1 day ago | |
The Granite City | July 25, 1394 | February 21, 1437 | 42 years 6 months | |
England | September 8, 1157 | April 6, 1199 | 41 years old | |
England | April 28, 1442 | April 9, 1483 | 40 years 11 months | |
The Granite City | March 17, 1473 | September 9, 1513 | 40 years 5 months | |
The Granite City | July 10, 1451 or May 10, 1452 | June 11, 1488 | 36 years old | |
England | September 16, 1386 | August 31, 1422 | 35 years old | |
England | January 6, 1367 | February 14, 1400 | 33 years old | |
England | October 2, 1452 | August 22, 1458 | 32 years 10 months | |
union | April 30, 1662 | December 28, 1694 | 32 years 7 months | |
England | 923 | November 23, 955 | 32 years ? months | |
England | 943 or 944 | July 8, 975 | 31-32 years old | |
The Granite City | April 10, 1512 | December 14, 1542 | 30 years old | |
Wessex | 659 | 689 years | 30 years old | |
The Granite City | October 16, 1430 | August 3, 1460 | 29 years 9 months | |
Wessex | Around 836 | Fall of 865 | 29 years old | |
England | around 990 | November 30, 1016 | 26 years old | |
Wessex | Around 834 | December 20, 860 | 26 years old | |
England | January 1015 | March 17, 1040 | 25 years 2 months | |
England | 921 | May 26, 946 | 25 years old | |
Wessex | Around 847 | April 23, 871 | 23-24 years old | |
England | 1018 | June 8, 1042 | 23-24 years old | |
England | circa 941 | October 1, 959 | 18-19 years old | |
England | 1536/1537 | February 12, 1554 | 16-17 years old | |
England | Around 962 | March 18, 978 | 15-16 years old | |
England | October 12, 1537 | October 15, 1553 | 15 years old | |
England | November 2, 1470 | 1483 | Estimated 13 years old | |
The Granite City | 1283 | 1290 | 7 years old |
14. look around
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[1] The King's official residence is Buckingham Palace, but Charles III and his wife currently reside at Clarence House , his official residence during his time as Crown Prince. This is because large-scale renovation work is underway at Buckingham Palace. In addition, he lives between Windsor Castle , Balmoral Castle , Sandringham House, and Highgrove House, a private villa. In the future, Clarence House will be designated as the King's official residence, and Buckingham Palace will be converted into the royal headquarters and museum. Her mother, Queen Elizabeth II, also lived at Windsor Castle and Balmoral Castle in Scotland during her later years . Nevertheless, Buckingham Palace is still used as a space to hold official events, conduct business for Charles III, and meet foreign guests.[2] Among them, the channel system and the Man Island are royal territory, not British, and even if the British abolish the monarchy , the channel system and the lord's position on the island are not deprived.[3] The King of England was the sovereign of the French king in the French territory, including the Normandy Principal, but was equivalent to the French king, based on the island of Great Britain .[4] For reference , France was an empire until 1870 , but when it collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, the last emperor was deposed and became a republic .[5] Commonwealth Kingdom 18,700,000㎢, Russia 17,125,191㎢. However, just before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the area of the Commonwealth was smaller than the Soviet Union (22,402,200㎢).[6] However , in some cases, like the King of Spain, the personal coat of arms and the royal coat of arms are separate.[7] Naturally, the royal coats of arms of Commonwealth realm countries are also treated as national emblems of their respective countries.[8] In the 14 countries other than the United Kingdom where the monarch reigns, each has its own separate title, which is largely identical to the British one.[9] The titles in England, and the Knights of the Commonwealth Kingdoms are also separate. In addition, the Knights of the Indian Empire and the title of the medal are also nominal.[example] The Secretary of State of the UK's Majesty will allow each person to be able to freely pass the person who has this certificate without interruption and provide the help and protection they need. Name of His Majesty All Those Whom It May Concern To Allow the Bearer to Pass FreeLy with Hinderance, and Afford the Bearer Such Assistance and Protection As May Necessary.) -A British passport[11] Even at this time, the successor to the prime minister was not appointed according to the arbitrary will of the monarch, but rather based on the recommendation of the former prime minister. For example, when Elizabeth II appointed Anthony Eden as prime minister in 1955, he was appointed based on the recommendation of Prime Minister Winston Churchill .[12] At this time, there was political controversy over the Queen's appointment of Alec Douglas Hume, an aristocrat, as Prime Minister. The Queen subsequently voluntarily gave up the right to nominate a successor, and did not exercise the power throughout her reign.[13] There was some debate as to whether it was possible to revive the then abolished monarchy through parliamentary legislation, but the judiciary ruled that this was also possible.[14] Boris Johnson actually used this during the Brexit phase in 2019 , and it was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.[15] Originally, the traditional interpretation could not ask for a judicial screening for the king's great acts, but in 1984, the House of Representatives decided that the Cabinet could review the method of exercising the discretion that was granted by the court as the court could review the method of exercising the discretionary rights assigned by the law. Therefore, the discretion must be justified in order for the case to be judicial. The legitimacy issue is to ask if the issue is suitable for court trials, and the concept is not clear, but the concept is 'extensive'. #[16] In the UK, even if you hold a title of nobility, you cannot use it as an official title unless your name is on the list of nobles.[17] It means that it is not possible to punish a certain act by making it a new crime by an imperial decree.[18] Of course, it is formally accompanied by the invitation of the king, and in fact, the national guests are invited at the request of the prime minister and the government.[19] Therefore, if a custody lawsuit takes place within the royal family, the king will win the case unconditionally.[20] Of course, there must be actual action against these treason charges. Republicans who support the republican movement filed a lawsuit in 2001 against this law, which punishes even peaceful discussions on abolishing the monarchy, claiming that it violates the Human Rights Act of 1998, but the lawsuit was flatly dismissed by the Minister of Justice, saying that such a lawsuit was unnecessary. The case went to the Senate in 2003, but the Senate unanimously agreed that litigation was unnecessary. Lord Stein , Britain's chief appeal judge , acknowledged that this was not relevant to modern times, but added that the court should not incite parliament to sweep away the statute. The last prosecution under this law was against IRA members in 1972. However, the sentence was later commuted to a lesser sentence. In other words, it is a living law that can actually be prosecuted at any time. # #[21] However, if the king commits tyranny or commits unjust atrocities without the customary legal permission of fairness and reason, judgment will be possible according to the precedents of the Puritan Revolution and the Glorious Revolution. As John Locke said in <Civil Government>, if the king infringes on the life, property, and freedom of the people, the people can exercise the right of civil resistance against it, and this was embodied in the Bill of Rights due to the Glorious Revolution. If the king tries to obliterate the basic rights of the people without due process, he is breaking the contract, and a revolutionary situation can arise. And the possibility of that is not high because the parliament, the media, and the people are checking the situation itself, and the king himself is careful.[22] When the British monarch serves as head of the government, the British government naturally plays a leading role in the Commonwealth , but if it becomes an elected position, there is a greater possibility that leadership will be transferred to other countries within the Commonwealth.[23] In Australia, in 1973 and New Zealand, in 1974 , the word British was subtracted from the title, and Royal Titles Act 1974 Canada changed its official title through the revision of the law after Charles III .[24] However, as the King of Australia, Charles III holds the title of Marshal of the Australian Army, Navy and Air Force. Although he does not have commander-in-chief, as the head of state, he is in fact treated with the highest military rank.[25] Henry VIII The title received from Leo III transformed the existing title after the Reformation .[26] The English Church has 42 parishes under two districts.[27] As people who have lived in society know, if this employee had allowed Queen Elizabeth II into the country on his own, the government would have been disciplined and could have been fired from his job, saying, "A public official made an arbitrary judgment and allowed her into the country." Therefore, it is a very natural action to never allow her into the country until there is an order from above.[28] If you compare this Royal Red Box to the situation in Korea, you can think of it as an appeal to the king who existed until the Joseon Dynasty.[29] Therefore, the king has to conduct state affairs even while on vacation.[30] The details of the conversation between the king and the prime minister at this meeting have never been disclosed.[31] In the first place, only the prime minister, ministers, and the king are present at the meeting, so unless the prime minister or minister publicly discloses the king's remarks to the media, nothing becomes known.[32] Perhaps because of this, there has never been a case of child custody litigation within the royal family, and even when divorces occurred, child custody was shared.[33] Even documents stored in the National Archives must be treated privately or deleted upon the King's request. In fact, Queen Elizabeth II requested that the will of her aunt , Princess Royal Mary, be destroyed, so the will was made private, and all related meeting records of employees were also deleted. Therefore, no one can currently confirm the records of Princess Mary's will.[34] In the past, before the unification of the Scottish thrones, a separate Scottish coronation ceremony was held, but it was abolished after the unification of the Scottish thrones. The dedication ceremony of St Giles' Cathedral was also revived following the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953 .[35] Ownership of royal ceremonial vehicles is held by the Crown Estate, but vehicles owned personally by the King are considered private property. Currently, Charles III owns 23 luxury cars.[36] As Queen Elizabeth II had a hobby of collecting racehorses, the size of the royal racehorses continued to increase during her reign. She owns at least 70 racehorses and is estimated to be worth at least 27 million pounds (about 44.4 billion won).[37] However, inheritance tax is exempted only if it is inherited by the heir to the throne, and the remaining children must pay inheritance tax like ordinary people. Therefore, most property is inherited by the heir to the throne. Most of the mansions where the royal family currently resides are also the king's property on paper, and the royal family rents them for a long period of time and moves in.[38] It is known that during his time as crown prince, he amassed a huge fortune through rental income from real estate in the Duchy of Cornwall and development projects around Highgrove House, his personal villa.[39] The oath is read at the Privy Council meeting held after the King's accession to the throne.[40] Edward VIII is the only king to abdicate during his lifetime after the establishment of the Kingdom of Great Britain . However, because Edward VIII was a truly special case, it cannot be said that his abdication occurred under normal circumstances. Previous British kings had a strong tendency to think negatively about abdicating during their lifetime, believing that it would be an abdication of responsibility, and even though there were several rumors of abdication during her lifetime due to her old age , Elizabeth II did not abdicate and maintained the throne until the end.[41] As an aside, according to this principle, the person with the lowest rank among those holding the right to succeed to the throne as of 2011 is a single German woman born in 1973 named Karin Vogel . He is 5,753rd in line of succession to the throne. She is an ordinary working-class woman who works as a therapist for the elderly. She said that the first time she went to England was in 2001, and even then she did not go to Buckingham Palace . She also said that she has no intention of becoming queen .[42] When the King abdicates, the succession to the throne takes effect from the moment the King who was in power signs the abdication document.[43] The first proclamation of enthronement is made by the Garter Heraldry from the balcony of St James's Palace , where the King's nomination meeting is held . Afterwards , a second proclamation ceremony will be held in the City of London , and enthronement proclamation ceremonies will be held in each Commonwealth kingdom through Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland , the royal territories and overseas territories . In the Commonwealth, the Governor-General and Prime Minister read the proclamation of enthronement. It takes more than two days for the enthronement proclamation ceremony to be completed in all these regions.[44] Charles III was coronated eight months after the death of Queen Elizabeth II , and Queen Elizabeth II was coronated one year and four months after the death of George VI .[45] George VI held his coronation five months after his accession to the throne. He was coronated relatively quickly compared to his daughter and grandson, because his older brother, Edward VIII , abdicated before his own coronation. As a result, there was no specific justification for mourning the previous king, and preparations for the coronation were already underway, so he held his own coronation instead on the date that his older brother Edward VIII was originally scheduled to have.[46] In 1953, at the beginning of her reign, Queen Elizabeth II enacted a new Regency Act so that if the Queen died or was unable to perform her duties as King, her husband, Prince Philip, was appointed as Regent until the Crown Prince came of age and took her place. However, when Charles III became an adult, this provision automatically became invalid. In addition, through this Regency Act, the status of regent was granted again to her mother, Elizabeth Bowes-Lyan, who had stepped down as Queen Mother. In the early days of Elizabeth II's reign, the Queen Mother often went on overseas trips, so the Queen Mother often acted on behalf of the King. However, this also lost effect with the death of Elizabeth Bowes-Lyan in 2002, and if Queen Camilla wants to become queen dowager and become regent in the future , William, Prince of Wales, must re-enact the Regency Act.[47] Prince Harry and Prince Andrew are in fact in a difficult situation to perform their duties as regents, taking into account the fact that there is a vacancy in the regent position with their accession.[48] However, this also applies only until the king becomes an adult. When the king becomes an adult, he is deprived of his qualifications as regent, and in order to become regent after that, he must re-enact the Regency Act, as in the case of Elizabeth Bowes-Lyan .[49] Before the enactment of the current Regency Act, George IV became regent for a total of 9 years from 1811 to 1820, the last year of George III's reign , and ruled for a long time. This period is even called the Regency era.[50] In particular, because this was the period of World War II , the royal family always had to prepare for the sudden death of King George VI by the enemy.[51] Until the 1992 Golden Jubilee Diamond (now owned by the King of Thailand ) was cut, the Cullinan I was the largest diamond in the world.[52] The grandson of Henry VII 's maternal grandson, and the maternal grandson of James V, the older cousin of the late King Elizabeth I.[53] In Scotland, James VI.[54] Brother is premature.[55] Dethroned in the Puritan Revolution and executed for the first and last time in British history.[56] In England, the period between the execution of Charles I and the restoration of Charles II. See Commonwealth of England section below for details .[57] Brother is premature. He is actually the eldest son.[58] restoration of the kingdom .[59] Dethroned in the Glorious Revolution . James VII in Scotland.[60] Reigned jointly with William III.[61] At the same time, the husband of Mary II (granddaughter of Charles I). Promoted along with Mary II in the Glorious Revolution .[62] Reigned jointly with Mary II until 1694. William II in Scotland.[63] After the Acts of Union came into effect in 1707, she ruled as Queen of Great Britain.[64] However, strictly speaking, this principle was actually created as a belated fit. This is because, in fact, after the establishment of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, when the numbering of England and Scotland was inconsistent, only England's numbering continued to be used in Scotland for a while. William IV , Edward VII , and Edward VIII were examples, and when Elizabeth II, whose numbering in England and Scotland was inconsistent , ascended to the throne, complaints arose among Scots that she should just be called first in Scotland. Accordingly, Winston Churchill , who was Prime Minister at the time when Queen Elizabeth II took office, personally proposed a compromise that, in case of discrepancies in numbering in England and Scotland, both England and Scotland should choose the higher number. For all the kings who only used English numbering, it was a compromise that could be made because the numbers on the English side were larger than on the Scottish side. In 1953, when this debate took place On April 15, the British House of Commons According to the minutes of the meeting , Churchill mentioned the king's names ' James ' and ' Robert ', where Scotland's numbering is higher than England's, and even gave a specific example that if James or Robert were chosen as the king's name in the future, only the Scottish numbering should be used at that time. The remaining successive British kings, whether based on England or Scotland, do not matter because their numbering coincides coincidentally or because they were monarchs who were served separately in both countries before the Union of Eastern Armies was established (1603). In any case, since a compromise was made that saved Scotland's face in its own way, the backlash from the Scots quieted down over time, but since then, it has been argued from time to time that Queen Elizabeth II should just be called Queen Elizabeth in Scotland. We will have to wait and see when a situation arises in the future where the Scottish king's name is used with a higher number.[65] Sister of Mary II.[66] To be exact, he is the daughter of James I, Elizabeth - Elizabeth's daughter, and Sophie (Sophia) - the son of Sophie. There were about 50 royals who were closer to Queen Anne than George I, but all of them were Catholic, so George I took over.[67] Frederick, the eldest son of King George II, died, and Frederick's son, George, took over.[68] From 1801 "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland "[69] The longest-serving and longest-reigning male monarch of all time.[70] Brother of George IV. George IV's daughter and second brother died.[71] The last monarch of the British-Hanoverian Commonwealth and the oldest (65 years old at the time of accession).[72] Nephew of William IV. She was the daughter of Edward, the 4th son of George III. William IV's two daughters died young.[73] Older brother Albert died of flu.[74] Renamed from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, from 1922 "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland".[75] Maybe it's because they're cousins on the mother's side, but they look identical to Nicholas II of the Russian Empire, on the level of identical twins.[76] abdicate for marriage.[77] Edward VIII's younger brother. Abdicated from his older brother.[78] The first since the Tudor dynasty to marry a pure Englishman .[79] Currently, he is the longest-reigning and longest-serving British monarch.[80] The youngest British monarch to ascend to the throne at the age of 73.[81] Because he became king after killing the young Edward V, he was disparaged as a bad king.[82] However, at the time of the throne, 41-42 years old.
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