Hashim Family

The royal family of modern Jordan , and in the past, the royal family of the Kingdom of Hejaz , the Arab Kingdom of Syria , and the Kingdom of Iraq . They are descendants of the prophet Muhammad of Islam and are a family with a noble lineage that is considered one of the leading families in the Arab world and the Islamic world as a whole.[2] The origin of the family name is ‘Hashim’, the name of Muhammad’s great-grandfather. However, the Hashim clan (بنو هاشم‎, Banu Hashim), the clan of Muhammad's great-grandfather, and the Hashemites (الهاشميون, Hashemites), as they are called in modern times, are different. The Hashim clan includes all of Hashim's descendants, but the Hashim family is limited only to the lineage of Muhammad, who inherited the title of Amir of Mecca , and more narrowly to the descendants of Hussein bin Ali ( Sharif Hussein ), who led the Arab revolt and became the founding father of Iraq and Jordan.[3][4]

Hasan ibn Ali is the eldest son of Fatima and Ali ibn Abi Talib and the grandson of Muhammad . And Hassan's descendants are also called ' Sharif (شريف, Sharif)'.

Initially, the Sharifs of the Hijaz region remained quiet and did not engage in much activity. Then, when the radical Qarmatians stole the Black Stone from the Kaaba in Mecca , the Ikhsid dynasty , a vassal state of the Abbasid dynasty, felt the need to protect Mecca and appointed an emir of Mecca from among the Sharifs around 964 to guard the Hijaz region. The Sharif emir who rules over Mecca and the Hijaz is also called the Sharif of Mecca (شريف مكة, Sharif of Mecca).

The title of Amir of Mecca persisted even during the Fatimid dynasty . In 1012, Abu al-Futuh al-Hasan (أبو الفتوح الحسن, Abu'l-Futuh al-Hasan), who was the Amir of Mecca at the time, declared himself Khalifa against the Fatimid Dynasty , but when his allies turned their backs, he returned to loyalty to the Fatimid Dynasty. Meanwhile, in South Arabia, the Sulayhid dynasty (بَنُو صُلَيْح, Sulayhid dynasty), which adopted the Ismaili branch of Shia under the influence of the Fatimid dynasty, conquered today's Yemen in 1062.[5] They further occupied the northern Hejaz region, and for a time the Emirs of Mecca were elected by them.

Since 1201, after the IUV dynasty rule, Qatadah IBN IDRIS has been appointed Meccamir, Mecca Sharif has been inherited as his descendants, Qatadids, and modern Haesim family. Leave it as an ancestor. The Mecca Sharif was originally a Zayda Shiak, but was converted to Sunni at the beginning of the Mamluk dynasty and the early eradication of the Ottoman Empire .[reference]

In 1405, Sharif ul-Hashim, the 14th-generation descendant of Hussein ibn Ali, who became the son-in-law of the ruler of the Sulu region, mainly in the Philippines, inherited the throne of his father-in-law and named himself Sultan, establishing the Sulu Sultanate .

After the Ottoman Empire conquered the Mamluks in 1517 , the Hijaz region also came under Ottoman rule. Barakat II, who was the Amir of Mecca at the time , accepted the Ottoman emperor's caliphate and acknowledged his suzerainty, and Ottoman also tolerated the Amir of Mecca ruling the Hijaz.

Afterwards, the city of Jeddah (ایالت حبش‎, Eyālet-i Ḥabeş) was established as the administrative district of Hijaz . The Ottoman government also exercised influence on the succession by directly appointing a Mecca Amir, who was always elected from among the Qatadah clans. And the governorship of the Hijaz region was held together by the Amir of Mecca, the governors of Egypt, and the governors of Jeddah.

Then, in the 1750s, the power of the Wahhabites began to grow in the Arabian Peninsula . Eventually, in 1803, Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad, from the Saud family of the Wahhabites, attacked Mecca, and Ghalib ibn Musa'id, then the Amir of Mecca, attacked Mecca. ) fled to Jeddah, but there too was besieged. Galib was returned to Mecca and became a vassal of Saud.

The Ottoman, who was taken away by other forces, called Muhammad Ali , the governor of Egypt , to regain Higaz. In 1813, Muhammad Ali defeated the forces and regained Higaz, and he was ambitioned to establish his own Arab state. To this end, he divided the Katadakh clan into the 'Zay, Dhawu Zayd' and 'Awu AWN'. He also abused the Zayed clan, Galib, and the Ahammad Muhammad Muhammad Ibn Abd Al Unmanned (ح ب ع اع ب ب ع, Muhammad IBD Al-Mu'in). By sharing the clan, Muhammad Ali was able to control the Mecca Amir more easily.

In 1840, the Convention of London removed Muhammad Ali from power in the Hijaz and the region returned to Ottoman rule. Osman again appointed the Zaid clan. In 1872, the administrative divisions of Hijaz were reorganized, changing Jeddah Province (ایالت حبش‎, Eyālet-i Ḥabeş) to Hejaz State (ولايت حجاز,‎ Vilâyet-i Hijaz). With the viceroy residing directly in Mecca from Jeddah, the power of the Hijaz was divided between the amir and the governor. Because of this, there were often conflicts between the two.

During the 19th century, Mecca , Medina , and Jeddah , which were the main cities of the Hijaz, were mostly inhabited by non-Arab Muslims from Central Asia , South Asia , and Southeast Asia , giving them a multinational atmosphere.

In 1856, when Muhammad ibn Abd al-Muin reigned as the Amir of Mecca, the Aun clan returned to power. And it led to his grandson, Sharif Hussein , who later led the Arab revolt.

During World War I, Britain was the most influential power in the Middle East and conducted three negotiations related to the Middle East. When the war with the Ottoman Empire was sluggish, Britain approached Hussein, then Mecca Sharif, and promised to establish a unified Arab state in return for a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire in the Arab region. This is called the ' McMahon–Hussein Correspondence'. At the same time, on the one hand, the 'Sykes-Picot Agreement' was signed to divide the French Third Republic and the post-war Arab region between the two. In other words, when Britain was negotiating with Hussein, it had no intention of entrusting him with the Arab region. In addition, Britain even announced the ' Balfour Declaration ' to establish a Jewish country in the Middle East after the war to win favor with the Jews .

In any case, Hussein sympathized with the British and sided with the Allies, rebelled against the Ottoman Empire and established the Kingdom of Hejaz . However, after the war, the promise of building an Arab state became empty words, and Britain and France occupied the Levant . The Hashim family established the Syrian Arab kingdom and appointed King Faisal I, the third son of Hussein, as king, but it remained an unapproved state and surrendered to France four months after its founding. The dream of a unified Arab state across the Middle East was shattered, and Jordan and Mesopotamia became British protectorates. Under British influence, Abdullah, Hussein's second son, became King of Transjordan , and Faisal I, the third son and former King of Syria, became King of Iraq .



When Mustafa Kemal Atatürk of Turkiye abolished the caliphate system, Hussein, the guardian who stayed in Mecca, declared himself the caliph, but instead was attacked by opponents and had to go into exile. Afterwards, his eldest son, Ali, took over as King of Hejaz, but taking advantage of the chaos , Abdulaziz ibn Saud 's Nejd Sultanate invaded and ousted Ali. Ali, who was driven out, escaped to Iraq, where his younger brother Faisal was, and the Kingdom of Nejd, which annexed the Kingdom of Hejaz, later dominated most of the Arabian Peninsula. This is how today's Saudi Arabia was born .

Inspired by Nasser 's idea of ​​a United Arab Republic , in 1958, the Hashemite kingdoms of Jordan and Iraq decided to form a coalition called the ' Arab Federation ', and made Iraq's King Faisal II the head of the federation. However, within half a year, Abdul Karim Qasim's military coup occurred in Iraq, killing the descendants of Faisal I, including King Faisal II. Ilah)[7] also killed Hussein's 4th son, Jade, was out in London as the Iraqi ambassador to Britain at the time, so he escaped disaster and became the head of the Hashim family in Iraq.

The current Jordanian dinar banknote features the likeness of past Hashemite monarchs of Jordan, including Hussein bin Ali.