alawi dynasty

The royal family of modern Morocco . He is said to be a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad .

Al Filaliyin (الفيلاليين) in Arabic is the plural form of Filali (فيلالي), meaning a person from Tafilalt (Sijilmasa), the birthplace of the dynasty.

The Alawite dynasty considers Muhammad 's maternal grandson , Hasan ibn Ali, as its ancestor. Therefore, the family members are called Sharif (شريف, Sharif), and the dynasty name Allawi means descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib (Hasan's father and Muhammad's son-in-law). From the 16th century, the Moroccan region was successively ruled by two families who claimed to be descendants of Muhammad: the Sa'ad dynasty and the Alawite dynasty. The Alawite dynasty began in 1631 when Sharif ibn Ali became the emir of Tafilalt , and after the fall of the Saad dynasty in 1659, Tafilalt amir al-Rashid bin al was established in 1666. When Sharif (الرشيد بن الشريف, Al-Rashid of Morocco) entered Fez and unified Morocco, the Alawite dynasty reigned as the Sultan of Morocco. In 1912, Morocco became a French protectorate, and parts of northern Morocco were ceded to Spain . After the Rif Wars, the Alawite dynasty became a virtual Spanish-French puppet. However, later, the sultans launched a resolute independence movement, and after Morocco became independent in 1956, his title was changed from Sultan to Malik (ملك) in 1957.

Remnants of the early Alawite capital at Sijilmasa ( Lisani )

The Alawite family immigrated from the Hijaz around the 12th and 13th centuries at the invitation of the people of Tafilalt (Sijilmassa) in eastern Morocco, who wanted to benefit from their presence .[1] The Allawi family appeared in history in the 15th century when its leader, Ali as Sharif, participated in the 'holy war' against Ceuta and Tangier and, at the invitation of Granada , participated in the battle against Castile. By the 17th century, the Allawi family had emerged as one of the major powers in Sijilmasa, and in 1589, Sharif ibn Ali, the fifth-generation descendant of Ali as Sharif, was born in Sijilmasa. At that time, the Sade dynasty was enjoying its heyday, but after about 10 years, it began to decline, and by 1630, independent forces were formed in various coastal and inland regions except for the Fez-Marrakesh area. From the west, they were the Buregreg Republic in Saleh-Rabat, Muhammad al-Ayash in the northern Rif region, the Dillai Sufi community (Zawiya Dilaiya) in the central mountainous region, and Abu Hasan Ali as Shim'ali in the southern Sousse region. Among them, As-Shim'ali and Dillai forces fought over the supremacy of Sijilmasa, and the locals fought back by electing Sharif as sultan.

In 1635 Sharif attacked Tabusamt, where Ass Simalli's garrison was located, but was defeated, captured and exiled to the Sous Gorge. He only treated Assimul Ali, who was willing to ally rather than harm his noble lineage, to treat him well, including the gift of a black concubine. Meanwhile, in Sijilmasa, where Sharif was absent, his eldest son, Sidi Muhammad, took over the command and revolted again. But this time in 1648, the army of Dillaiya invaded and took possession of the territory to the south and west of Sigilmasa. Muhammad, instead of confronting Daliya, who controlled most of northern Morocco, set out to expand to the northeast, the Ottoman Algeria. In 1650, he attacked Agwat and Tlemcen in central and northern Algeria, and after subduing Arab tribes including the Banu Makil , he made Ujda his new base. The Ottoman Empire, responding to the attack by the Allawi army, launched a counterattack and drove them back to Sijilmasa, and then negotiated a cease-fire on the condition that they would not cross the border again. Although the territory did not increase significantly, Muhammad secured a large number of Arab tribal troops and was recognized as one of the major powers in Morocco.

For example, in June 1650, the leadership of Fes el Bali invited Muhammad to attempt a rebellion against Deliyah. However, when Muhammad actually arrived in Fes, the Daliya army approached, and the local leadership again obeyed him, and Muhammad had to return at his request. On the other hand, after being released with an agreement in 1637 and returning to Sijilmasa, Sharif, who played the role of the king, died in 1659, and after a dispute between Muhammad and his younger brother Al-Rashid, the latter left Sijilmasa and established an independent power in Angad near Ujida in the northeast. Having captured the Banu Makil and the Berber Ait Yaznashin tribes in place of his brother, in 1663 he was crowned sultan at his new stronghold, Azru near Ifran. In response, Muhammad attacked Angad, but was defeated and killed, and the Alawite dynasty was united under al-Rashid. Meanwhile, after the death of Dilai Sultan Muhammad al-Hajz in 1662, its power weakened and was reduced to the Atlas Mountains, its stronghold.

Al-Rashid, centered on the Arab tribal army of Guish, set out to conquer the central region and occupied Taza in 1664. However, Fes refused to submit, and al-Rashid besieged Fes in 1665, but was defeated. Undeterred by this, he made an expedition to the northern Riff region, raised his forces, and besieged it again, resulting in the surrender of Fes in June 1666. With Fes as his capital, al-Rashid built a new citadel, the Kasbah Sherardah, to garrison his tribal troops. In June 1668 he campaigned in the Middle Atlas Plateau, defeated the remnants of Delaya, and the following month captured Marrakesh, ruled by Abdul Karim Abu Bakr al-Shabani (who usurped Saad). In the same year, the Alawite army occupied the Sous Gorge and the area of ​​Ksar el-Kebir , and the pirates of Saleh-Rabat subjugated it. Al-Rashid, who unified most of Morocco with this, did not enjoy peace for long, and died in a horseback accident in Marrakesh in April 1672. After his death, he was succeeded by his younger brother Mullai Ismail.

26-year-old Ismail, who became sultan in Fes , moved the capital to Meknes , located in the more central part of the country . However, he soon faced a rebellion by his nephew Ahmad Ben Mahrez and his brother Haran. The former titled sultan in Marrakesh, and the latter in Sigil Massa. Tetouan's warlord Qadir Gallian also refused to submit. First of all, Ismail, who decided to solve the most urgent problem, went south to Marrakesh on April 27, less than two weeks after he ascended the throne, occupied the city with the active artillery, and Ahmad, who was wounded by gunfire, fled to the mountains. On June 4, Ismail was recognized as sultan in Marrakech, and after giving leniency to the city, he buried al-Rashid in Fes, and returned to Meknes. However, a rebellion broke out in Fes shortly thereafter and the Alawite garrison was ousted. (August 26, 1672)

Ahmad, who had been invited by the Fez rebels, arrived in Taja and again called himself sultan, and Kadir Gallian, who returned to Tetouan with Ottoman support after Al Rashid's death, also responded. Ismail blockaded Fez and marched on Taza, surrendering the city after several months of siege, and Ahmad fled into the desert. Afterwards, Ismail, who moved north with 12,000 troops, killed Kadir Gallian, who was encroaching on the northern region, at Ksar el-Kebir. (September 2, 1673) Having conquered the north, he returned to Fes, and after a siege of 14 months, the city surrendered. As promised, Ismail pardoned the residents and reorganized the governance structure. Meanwhile, in suppressing the rebellion, Ismail replaced the existing Guyush Arab troops with Abid al-Bukhari, a 100,000 black unit mostly converted to Islam, as his core force. Ismail also had a black mother and was called the black sultan like Abul Hasan Ali in the past , and the black troops were absolutely loyal only to him.

After stabilizing the empire, Ismail built a Kasbah with a circumference of 8 km in the new capital, Meknes. He also built forts along the eastern border and deployed the Black Guard in preparation for an Ottoman invasion. Meanwhile, as with the previous Saad dynasty, Ottoman interference continued. After the fall of 1668, the Daliya community, who had fled to Tlemcen, returned to Morocco with the support of the Ottomans and rallied under Ahmad al-Hajj's grandson, Ahmad al-Hajj. In 1677 they defeated the Alawite forces and captured Tadla in the central province, but in April 1678 they were defeated near Wadi al-Abid by a punitive force sent by Ismail. Ahmad al-Dalai, who fled, fell ill in the early 1680s, and the Daliya community, which lasted for about half a century, finally disappeared. In retaliation, Ismail made raids on Ottoman Algeria in 1679 and 1682, and in 1686, with Ottoman support, defeated and eliminated his nephew Ahmad, who was living in Sousse, near Tarudant . Morocco was thus firmly united under Ismail.

Ismail also attempted to expand his influence over the Pasha regime in Mali, which had become self-sustaining following the decline of the Saad dynasty. Regarding the Tuat oasis in south central Algeria, which had been subordinated to the Alawi dynasty since 1645, he dispatched the governor in 1676 to directly rule it . . Meanwhile , Tangier was given to England as a dowry by the Portuguese-English marriage alliance in 1662 , and Ismail's siege of it in the summer of 1680 failed. Daman Reef Army[2] After repeated attacks and blockades by local fighters, or Mujahideen, the English garrison razed the city and withdrew in February 1684. Immediately taking possession of Tangier, Ismail encouraged the city's reconstruction and resettlement, and gave autonomous control to Ali al-Lifi, governor of Tetouan, who led the Rif army. Afterwards, the Lippi family held the governorship of Tangier and Tetouan until 1912. In addition, Ismail reconquered cities on the northwest coast of Spain, including Mehdiyah in 1681, Larash (Al-Araishi) in 1689, and Asilah in 1691.

Ismail attacked European merchant ships with Moroccan pirates and allowed European merchants to trade. However, the behavior of foreign merchants was strictly regulated and had to be agreed upon by paying duties to the governors. Captive Europeans were mobilized for labor until release, and were released through the mediation of Spanish Franciscan friars. Also from 1682, he sought an alliance with Louis XIV of France against Spain, but it fizzled out due to the latter's indifference. Then, in the spring of 1692, Hadz Shabani, governor of Algiers , advanced through Ujda with 15,000 troops . In response, Ismail gathered 20,000 troops and launched a counterattack, but lost 5,000 in the Battle of the Mulaya River and was defeated. The Algerian army pursued the defeated troops to the walls of Fes, where a garrison of more than 40,000 was stationed, so the advance was stopped. Instead of counterattacking, Ismail personally visited the enemy camp, expressed his submission to the Ottoman sultan, and made peace with the Mulaya River as a boundary. This made Oujda part of Ottoman Algeria for more than a century. After that, Ismail sent raiding parties to the east of the Mulaya River again in 1693, 1694, 1701 and 1707, but with little success.

In 1693, when Ismail besieged the Spanish territory of Oran with a 20,000-strong army , the governor of Algiers supported Spain. In early 1701, the Moroccan-Tunisian-Libyan alliance was formed, and Ismail's son Zeidan occupied Tlemcen and Mascara , sacking the Bey Palace located in the latter. However, he soon withdrew, giving up the occupied territory and signing a truce to protect the loot. Angered, Ismail dismissed Zeidan and personally led a 40,000-strong army and advanced all the way to the Chlef Gorge in central-western Algeria. Hajj Mustafa, governor of Algiers, who defeated the Tunisian-Libyan army during the ceasefire, fought back with an army of 10,000. In a battle in April 1701, Ismail barely escaped with the loss of 8,000 men, and his horses were captured and sent to Louis XIV. Meanwhile, Ismail's advance into the south was more effective, and in 1696, he appointed Qadi to rule Tagaja in northern Mali. In 1724, he sent an army to aid the Trarza tribe against French influence in Senegal, and expanded his southern border by establishing a satrapy at Xingeti in north-central Mauritania. However, despite such efforts, trans-Saharan trade was not as active as before.

Ismail had thousands of wives in his harem and had hundreds of children from them. There were four Jeong-sil wives, and they had 10 deficits. Around 1700, Ismail, who was approaching his sixtieth birthday, among his heirs, appointed Ahmad as governor of Tadlah, Abdul Malik as governor of Dara Gorge, Muhammad Al-Alam as Sousse, and Al-Mamun as governor of Sigil Massa. However, in the 18th century, the conflict between his sons intensified, and Prince Nasser defeated Abdul Malik and took Dara, but was replaced by Ismail as Sharif. Ismail's favorite wife, Lala Aisha Mubarqa, tried to succeed her biological son Jeidan, and her eldest son Muhammad al-Alam rebelled and captured Marrakesh. (March 1703) So, when Zeidan launched a subjugation, Muhammad fled to Tarudant, was captured, and had one arm and one hand cut off.[3] However, Muhammad al-Alam eventually committed suicide, and Jeidan was also killed by his wife while drunk on the orders of Ismail in 1707 for massacring the inhabitants of Tarudant. Nasser also rebelled and was killed by the governor.

In the end, Ismail chose Ahmad, the quiet governor of Tadla, as his successor. Meanwhile, Ismail sided with Britain and Austria in the War of the Spanish Succession , which shook Europe in the early 18th century , and indirectly helped Britain occupy Gibraltar in 1704. In response to this, Philip V of Spain dispatched a fleet to Ceuta, which had been blockaded by Morocco since 1694, in a counterattack in 1720. This lifted the blockade, but Ismail continued the blockade again the following year and planned to organize a large fleet to invade the weakened Spanish mainland, but the fleet was destroyed in a storm in 1722 and was thwarted. The siege, which lasted 26 years, the longest in history, and another 7 years, was lifted on March 22, 1727, when Ismail died at the age of 81. During Ismail's 55-year reign, Morocco was unified and its territory expanded into the western and northern coasts and southern desert regions. However, from 1699 to 1705, Ismail also issued cruel orders to enslave all 210,000 black people in the kingdom (even Muslims and free people). Additionally, due to his failure to secure the position of his successor, Ahmad, after his death, the Allawi dynasty suffered from a 30-year civil war and went through a period of decline.

The civil war that broke out after Ismail's death overlapped with a rebellion against harsh taxes and caused great chaos in Morocco. In addition, the black unit (Abid), which had gained great power during the Ismaili period, was tyrannical by repeatedly supporting and dethroning sultans. First, his successor, Ahmad ad-Dahavi, became sultan in 1727, but was usurped by his older brother Abdul Malik in 1728 and died in 1729 after being reinstated. Afterwards, his younger brother, Mullai Abdullah, who received support from Abid, succeeded him and built Dar Dbibeg near Fez instead of Meknes, which was marred by internal strife. However, as Abdullah gradually became closer to the Ait Idrasin Berber tribe, the Udaya Arab tribe, and the people of Fes, the Abid faction, unable to monopolize power, supported other princes such as Ali and Muhammad, and civil war continued again from 1733. During that time, Abdullah was usurped six times over a total of about eight years. In particular, Al Mustadi, who usurped it three times, reigned in 1738-40, 1742-43, and 1747-48.

Meanwhile, during the civil war, northern Morocco gained de facto independence under the leadership of Ali al-Riffi's son, Ahmad. With Tangier as his capital, Ahmad al-Riffi traded and established diplomatic relations with the British in Gibraltar across the Channel. He was opposed to Abdullah because he was allied with al-Mustadi and Abid, and invaded Fes in 1741. Abdullah, who launched a counterattack, defeated and killed Ahmad al-Riffi in 1743 and restored his influence on the Moroccan coast. Unlike his father, Abdullah, who ascended the throne after finally dethroning al-Mustadi in 1748, did not have many sons. there was. This was the smoothest succession in Moroccan modern history since Ahmad al-Mansour in the 16th century.

Muhammad III, who served as governor of Marrakech and ascended to the throne in 1757, ruled Morocco stably for 33 years, a reign comparable to that of his grandfather Ismail. During the civil war, many of the weakened Abid soldiers retired and became commoners, and Muhammad organized the remaining ones into elite units. However, when the Udaya Bedouins, who had helped Abdullah and increased their influence, caused trouble in Fes, Muhammad led his army and entered Fez in 1760, arrested the Udaya leadership, killed many of the soldiers, and disbanded the organization. Afterwards, he organized a small Udaya force and stationed it in Meknes. Meanwhile, Muhammad, who considered foreign relations important, hired the British architect Ahmed El Inglige to transform Mogador, which had been a Portuguese colony and had been reduced to a small port after being abandoned in 1541, into Essaouira, an international trading port for European merchants and the outer port of Marrakech . (1764) Instead of lowering taxes, he tried to make profits through trade. When the Portuguese left Casablanca (Anfa) , which was destroyed by the Lisbon earthquake in 1755, they began reconstruction and built the current medina (old town).

In 1769, Portugal withdrew from Mazagan (El Jadida), its last stronghold in Morocco, relocating its residents to southern Brazil. This ended Portugal's intervention in Morocco, which had continued for over three centuries after the occupation of Ceuta in 1415, and the two countries finally established diplomatic relations. This left only the Spanish territory of Ceuta and Melilla (as it is today) on the Moroccan coast controlled by foreign powers. In order to wipe out even this, Muhammad personally led a 40,000-strong army and laid siege to the Spanish territory of Melilla in 1774-75, but the promised aid from Britain was not properly delivered, resulting in failure. On December 20, 1777, Muhammad included the United States in the list of countries with which Morocco's ports could trade. It was only a year after the declaration of independence, and although the Battle of Saratoga had occurred just before, the existence of the United States was uncertain, so it was significant that the world recognized the United States as an official country for the first time. This served as an opportunity for the two countries to sign the U.S.-Morocco Friendship Treaty in 1787.

Meanwhile, in 1775, he kept the Abid troops in check following Udaya and moved them from the capital, Meknes, to Tangier in the north, keeping them away from power. Abid protested and called Muhammad's son Yazid Sultan. However, Yazid changed his mind and reconciled with his father, and the rebellion quickly ended. Nonetheless, they continued to riot until 1782, and Morocco suffered seven years of calamity, with drought and poor harvests in 1776-82 and plague in 1779-80. In response, Muhammad mitigated the damage by importing wheat, lowering taxes, and releasing food and money to provide relief. At the end of his reign, Muhammad did not make any moves other than the aforementioned treaty of friendship with the United States. When he died in April 1790, his son Mullai Yazid, who succeeded him, overturned his father's policy of opening ports and suppressed the Jewish community that acted as a mediator with Europe.

When Yazid died from wounds during an attack on Ceuta in 1792, his younger brother Suleiman (Slimani) defeated his two younger brothers, Maslama of the North and Hisham of Marrakesh, and succeeded him. Suleiman also pursued a policy of isolation and almost stopped trade with Europe, but he was not as cruel as Yazid. Meanwhile, in the Napoleonic Wars that were engulfing Europe and the Mediterranean at the time, France and Spain urged Morocco to remain neutral, and Suleiman's policy of isolation was maintained along with this trend. However, he also continued his friendship with the United States, such as gifting a two-story stone building to Tangier. This was the first property acquired overseas by the United States, and it functioned as a consulate for the next 140 years. After 1811, Suleiman supported Wahhabi fundamentalism and tried to suppress the Sufi sects. At the time, Sufis were popular in Morocco, and Suleiman himself belonged to one of them, the Tijaniya sect. Suleiman, who ruled for 30 years, died in November 1822 and was succeeded by his nephew, Abdul Rahman ben Hisham.

Abdul Rahman recruited domestic intellectuals and countered the gradually expanding influence of Western European powers. However, in the 19th century, Morocco's economy was very stagnant, and tax revenues did not cover government expenditures. Accordingly, Abdul Rahman resumed foreign trade that had been suspended for more than 30 years and at the same time sponsored the Barbary pirates . However, the latter resulted in angry European powers attacking the Moroccan coast. In 1828, Britain blockaded Tangier, and in 1829, the Austrian Navy bombarded La Rachet, Asilah, and Tetouan. Then, when France invaded Algeria in 1830, public opinion in Morocco boiled over to support Algeria, and many weapons and volunteers headed to Abdel Kadir, the leader of the Algerian resistance. In 1837, the Moroccan Ulama issued a fatwa calling for jihad. However, Abdul Rahman did not want to give France an excuse to invade Morocco, and advocated neutrality, at least on the surface.

Nevertheless, when Abdel Qadir came to Morocco in 1844, he could not refuse it and had to provide shelter to the sanctity of public opinion. As expected, the French army invaded using this as a pretext and destroyed the Moroccan army in the Battle of Isli near Ujda in August of the same year. In the same month, the French fleet bombarded Tangier and Essaouira, and Abdul Rahman signed the Treaty of Tangier on October 1844 and the Accords of Lala Magina on 18 March 1845, recognizing French supremacy and control of Algeria. No longer under the sultan's protection, Abdel Qadir took refuge in the autonomous northern province of Riff before finally surrendering to the French in 1848. Meanwhile, after 1845, Abdul Rahman assigned his successor, his son Muhammad, to modernize the army. The latter invited Tunisian officers to establish a new-style army, the Askari, replacing the existing Avid or Guyush, and converted a French officer stationed in Algeria at the end of the lobby and established a madrasa al-Muhandisin, a weapons school, in Fes under his guidance. Muhammad also personally led the translation of European texts on engineering and science and commissioned regular training of Moroccan artillery from the British forces in Gibraltar and Egypt.

Meanwhile, in the middle of the 19th century, as anti-French sentiment intensified, the residents of Salais, who were suffering from food shortages, plundered French goods. As a result, about 20 officials and citizens of Saleh were sacrificed and a large part of the city was burned down. However, the French forces also suffered 4 killed and 18 wounded in the response of the garrison. Later, when the French threatened to shell Tangier as well, in November Abdul Rahman ended up paying 100,000 francs in reparations. In 1856, Morocco signed a trade agreement with Britain to lower tariffs to 10%, and in August 1859, when foreign interference was in full swing, Abdul Rahman died after 37 years of reign. After his death, his son Muhammad V succeeded him. He tried to carry out his reforms, but soon faced war with Spain. In late 1859 a Spanish force of 45,000 men crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and invaded Morocco, in retaliation (after 10 years) for the attacks on Ceuta and Melilla by the Riff tribes in 1844, 45 and 48. After shelling Tangier, Tetouan and Asilah, the Spanish fleet landed troops at Ceuta. In response, the partially modernized Moroccan army also moved north to oppose it.

However, in early 1860, after winning the Battle of Tetouan, the Spanish army occupied Tetouan, and in April Muhammad signed the Treaty of Wad Ras to end the war. The Moroccan army suffered 6,000 casualties and the Spanish army also lost 1,200 killed and 2,900 killed, so the truce was concluded quickly. Morocco ceded Sidi Ifni on the southwest coast and the Zafarin Islands on the north coast to Spain and paid an indemnity of 2 million duro. In addition, Christian missions were recognized, a church was established in Tetouan, and Spain gained most favored country status. The Spanish forces withdrew from Tetouan only in 1862, when reparations were paid with money borrowed from the British. Defeated despite various efforts and driven into an economic crisis, Muhammad, in despair, devoted himself only to studies and virtually withdrew from political affairs. Meanwhile, in order to overcome the financial deficit, he demanded more taxes from his tribal leaders (amgars), and when they refused, he sent Khaid (generals) to replace them. However, as these kaids gained more autonomy based on their tribes, the central government was further weakened. Under dismal circumstances, Muhammad died in 1873 and was succeeded by his younger brother, Hassan I.

During the reign of Hassan I, the influence of the great powers was further strengthened. In particular, in the Madrid Agreement of 1880 signed with 12 countries, the Great Powers internationally recognized their control over their own real estate and property in Morocco. In a situation where Morocco was also divided, Hassan embarked on a six-month tour in 1893. Hasan appointed new qayds from Kenifra and Western Sahara, who later became key leaders in the struggle for independence from France. After completing his tour, Hassan died in Marrakech in June 1894 and was buried in Rabat. During the reign of his son, Abdel Aziz, who succeeded him, great powers quarreled over Morocco, including the 1905 Moroccan Crisis and the 1906 Algeciras Conference . In 1907, on the pretext of the murder of a Frenchman by a mob in Marrakech, French troops invaded and occupied Oujda. In the same year, an anti-French uprising broke out in Casablanca, killing railroad workers, and a French fleet bombarded and took control of the city.

By the time the chaos continued, Abdel Harpid, the governor of Marake, rebelled with Kide Madani Al Gallui's support, accusing him of Sultan's friendly European move. In 1908, Abdel Harpy occupied the festival and took over Morocco inland, while Abdel Azz ruled only the coast in Labat. In the same year, Abdel Harpy won his brother, and the following year, Abdel Harfid became a solo sultan, as Abdel Aziz was quantum and retired to Tangher. In 1911, Germany intervened after the Ban -France uprising, but eventually resigned through negotiations, and France, who had no roughness, pressed Abdel Harfid on March 30, 1912, and signed a festival treaty that Morocco would be a protection of France and Spain. In response to this, on April 17, the fes residents and soldiers were upset and killed about a hundred Europeans and Jews, but 600 people were killed by the bombing of the French troops. In August of the same year, when Abdul Harfid quantum to his brother Usef, Kide Ahmad Al Hiba in the southern part of the country also called Sultan in Tarutan.

Al Hiba, who insisted on anti-foreign forces, entered Marrakech on August 18 with the support of the Galois family and the southern area, including Agadir and the Dara Gorge. The French army, which had begun suppression, defeated Al Hiba in the Battle of Sidi Bou Usman near Marrakesh on September 6, and about 2,000 tribal soldiers were killed. Later, the Al Galois family turned to the French side, and Al Hiba was pushed to Sousse. However, he continued to resist until his death in June 1919, and after his death, his younger brother Merebbi Rebbu also continued the rebellion in the highlands. In the northern Riff province, Abdel Karim rose in 1921, drove out the Spanish army, and established the Riff Republic , making himself president. After four years of independence, the Riff Republic collapsed in 1925 in a joint Spanish-French subjugation. In the midst of this chaos, Sultan Youssef moved to Rabat , on the coast where French influence was strong , and it has functioned as the capital of Morocco to this day. In 1927, Youssef died and was succeeded by his son , Muhammad V, who founded modern Morocco. Under his leadership, Morocco gained independence in 1955, and his grandson, Mohammed VI, currently reigns.

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