khalifa

A universal monarch who also serves as the supreme religious leader in the Islamic world .

It is commonly known as Khalīfah (خليفة / Khalīfah) in Arabic , Halife in Turkic language , and Caliph in English-speaking countries . In the past, it was translated as Muslim emperor, Muslim pope, emperor, and Muslim lord, but the official expression currently used in Korea is khalifa .

The Khalifa in the Khalifa International Stadium and Burj Khalifa , one of Qatar 's soccer stadiums , refers to this Khalifa. Burj (برج / Burj) means 'tower' in Arabic, so Burj Khalifa is 'Tower of Khalifa'. The Arabic letter خ / Khāʾ, corresponding to ㅎ in Khalifa, represents a voiceless velar fricative (/x/) or a voiceless velar fricative (/χ/). The phoneme in question is written as ㅎ according to the International Phonetic Symbol and the Hangul Comparison of Foreign Language Notation, so there are cases where it is written as Khalifa. However, Khalifa is listed in the 《 Standard Korean Dictionary 》 , and since the notation of Khalifa and Caliph has become established in historical terms, the notation Khalifa is used in modern proper nouns or Arab personal names, such as Burj Khalifa or Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani ( former Amir of Qatar ) . Although it has not been officially announced, in the Arabic alphabet and Korean alphabet table created by the National Institute of the Korean Language, kh is also written as ㅋ, perhaps to distinguish it from h, so if this draft is followed, it becomes Khalifa. Although it is only a draft, it was created by the National Institute of the Korean Language, so many publishers refer to it.

The original Arabic word khalifah meant 'vicar' or 'successor', and is derived from the title Khalifat Rasul Allah (خليفة رسول الله, Successor to the Apostle of God), used by the first legitimate caliph, Abu Bakr .[1] Khalifat Allah (the representative of God), Amir al-Mu'minin ( the commander-in-chief of the believers ),[2] The epithet Imam al-Ummah (إمام الامة‎, leader of the Islamic community) was also frequently used.

Of course, there were times when it was nothing more than a puppet, such as the Mamluk dynasty , but the principle was that it was in charge of politics as well as religion, just like the Pope of pre-modern Catholicism .[3] However, in fact, it is not difficult to find monarchies with a unified empire in world history . The Pharaohs of Egypt and the Emperors of Japan were like that, and in Korean history , there were periods of unified empires such as Dangun and Gung Ye .

However, it is worth noting that in the case of the 'Khalifa', there is a significant difference from other contemporary constitutional monarchies. In the case of the Catholic Pope , who is often compared to the Caliph , he was the actual ruler of the Papal States and engaged in a tense confrontation with the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire for leadership of the Catholic world , but in the case of the Pope, he was not the political ruler of the entire Catholic hierarchy, either nominally or practically. Even though the papal power claimed superiority over the imperial power in its heyday, the emperor was the number one figure in the secular world (politics), and the pope was the number one figure in the religious world, and the areas were clearly divided.

In comparison, the Khalifa was, in principle, the supreme leader of the Islamic world encompassing both religion and politics , and he actually had this power during the heyday of the Islamic Empire .[4]

And, in comparison with other monolithic monarchies, in fact, the case of an institutional system, or even a doctrinally approved system, appearing in organized religion is not as common as one might think. In the first place , the most common case of an imperial unity system is when a priest or a priest concurrently serves as a ruler in the early state system at the level of a city state or a military head state. Since it was in charge of even the secular political realm, secular power or religious authority was not as systematized as the state or religion of later times.[5]

In fact, the political position of the Khalifa in the Islamic world is very complicated to explain. Even in the early Islamic era, the Khalifa was literally the supreme leader of the Islamic world, holding the highest position not only religiously but also politically. However, when the Abbasid Empire destroyed the Umayyad Empire and Abd al-Rahman I established the Humayyad Empire , the caliphs in the Islamic world were divided into two, and when Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah of Shia established the Fatimid Empire , three caliphs coexisted in the Islamic world. However, when Abbasid Khalifa lost his actual secular power and Salalah ad-Din destroyed the Fatimid Empire, the Islamic world was largely divided into two. From this time on, the Khalifa in the eastern Islamic world gradually changed into a religious and symbolic entity , while the Khalifa in the western Islamic world remained a being with both religious and political authority . However, in the 13th century in the eastern Islamic world, Hulagu Khan , the founder of the Il Khanate , conquered Baghdad and the Abbasid Caliphate lost all of its secular territory, and in the western Islamic world, with the fall of the Muwahid dynasty , the Khalifa was completely reduced to a puppet and symbolic figure of the Egyptian Sultan .

Occasionally, it was often called Kalipa internally without a formal succession. Even before Selim I was transferred to Khalifa from Avas Khalifa, Ottoman internally called Khalifa, and the Mugul Empire 's Akbar Great was also declared that he was 'India's Kalipa'. In some cases, a small new country, like Sokoto Cali, called Kalipa.

In many ways, the Kalipa of the Islamic world is similar to the emperor of Japan. Originally, he was the best leader in political and religiously, but after the military regime entered[6] The two are very similar in that they have become a symbolic being. However, the relationship between Abas Kalifa and Sultan in the late Middle Ages is similar to the relationship between the pope and the emperor of Western Europe , in that it is a confrontation between religious and secular power .

At first, it was elected to nominate a leader to rule the Islamic Ummah after the death of the Prophet Muhammad , and since it did not adopt a hereditary system, it took the form of an electoral monarchy .[7][8] However, with the assassination of Ali , the fourth orthodox caliph, the division between Sunnis and Shiites began in earnest.

After Ali was assassinated, the position began to be inherited from the Umayyad dynasty established by Muawiyah I, who took over the position of Khalifa, but the practice of election continued. However, there was also a movement against this, and believers who staunchly opposed the transition to a hereditary Khalifa rebelled, putting forward Hussein ibn Ali . However, in the end, Hussein was killed by the Umayyad army, and opposition to hereditary succession was completely suppressed, and the hereditary system was established.[9]

Then, from the time of the Abbasid dynasty, which overthrew the Umayyad dynasty , in the case of Sunnis , it became a principle to inherit the caliphate from the Quraish family, which was a clan of Muhammad. The Shiites claimed that Ali 's descendants had the right to succeed to the Caliphate, and the Hawajiri believed that they should be elected according to their piety of faith, just like the orthodox Caliphs, regardless of the lineage of the apostles.

However, after the end of the 9th century, when the heyday of the Abbasid dynasty passed, the caliphate itself lost its political power and became nominal. In other words, it was a puppet similar to the emperor during the shogunate period , with the role of stamping confirmation after sultans , shahs , and amirs took possession of the land . Then, after the fall of the Seljuk dynasty in the 12th century , it seemed to regain power for a while, but the Abbasid dynasty soon perished due to the invasion of the Mongol Empire .

Then, the Mamluk dynasty took a puppet from the Avas dynasty's pedigree and enshrined in Cairo. Since it was a slave dynasty, legitimacy was weak, and there were many disputes between warlords who died and killed each other. Eventually, after living as a puppet, the Ottoman Empire Selim I conquered the Mamluk dynasty, and Khalifa's position was passed on to Ottoman Padishia .

The Ottoman Empire used the legitimacy of the Khalifa, but it did not attach much significance and was already calling itself. Khalifa was treated as just one of the Sultan's many titles, including Sultan of Rum (رُّومُ سلطان). Rather, the title that the Ottoman Empire's sultans had more meaning than Khalifa was the title of 'Rum Kayseri,' or ' Roman Emperor ,' which they called themselves successors to the Roman Empire after the occupation of Constantinople .

However, even when the Russian Empire , which has been strong since the end of the 18th century, began to influence the orthodox believers in the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman Empire, which was a crisis, re -established the title of Kalipa as a representative of the Muslim Millet in the country, and for example, in the Cake Kainnarza Treaty with Russia, etc. The head of state was called Kalipa.

Afterwards, diplomatic activities began to be strengthened so that Muslim regions under invasion by Western powers regarded the Khalifa of the Ottoman Empire as their representative or spiritual leader, and emissaries sent from the Ottoman Empire also began to exert influence in Muslim residential areas outside the Ottoman Empire's influence, such as British India and the Qing Dynasty.[10] Additionally, after the Ottoman Empire succeeded the Khalifa, even after the fall of the Ottoman Empire, there was a custom for Muslims to leave their hometowns and first make a pilgrimage to Istanbul , where the Khalifa lived , before leaving for Mecca.

The monarchy was abolished when Mehmet VI Bahidetin , the last Padishah and Khalifa of the Ottoman Empire , was abdicated by Kemal Pasha in 1922, but the position of Khalifa was inherited by his cousin Abdülmezid II . However, the Khilafat movement[11] An incident occurred in which members sent a letter to the then Prime Minister, Ismet Inönü, demanding the restoration of the Ottoman imperial family and the establishment of a Khalifa theocracy, and the Turkic government, which judged that the Khalifa system would pose a threat to national security, completely abolished the Khalifa system on March 3, 1924, just one year and four months later, and eventually the position of Khalifa was no longer used. Upon hearing this news, Hussein bin Ali, the monarch of the Kingdom of Hejaz and the head of the Hashemite family , called him Khalifa.

He belongs to the Ismaili sect among Shiites and used the title Khalifa as a descendant of the 4th Khalifa Ali.

The Fuumaiya Dynasty originally called for Amir in Analus , but in the early 900s, the Fatima dynasty Khalifa appeared and expanded its power to North Africa. After the thread of the Islamic Three Kingdoms Avas dynasty, he ruled Cordoba, who was the descendants of the early Kalifi Umayya dynasty, and the thoughts of the Kalipa, such as the Kalipa, who could not be Kalipa. Anyway, the Kalipa title greatly raised the authority of the Humaya Dynasty.

Since this side also started from a religious organization, they took the title of caliph to borrow religious authority. In particular, as the Humayya dynasty collapsed and the Islamic world of the Iberian Peninsula entered the era of Taipa, borrowing the right to such a high-ranking position was not an option, but a necessity. However, from the time of the Sultanate of Marin after the end of the Muwahid dynasty, the Islamic regimes in the Maghreb and Andalus did not use the title of caliphate.

He is the successor of Muwahid Khalifa and a descendant of the second Khalifa Umar.[12] He was called Khalifa.

Since the abolition of the Turkish caliphate, no legitimate caliphate with real power and territory has emerged. The reality is that minor sects or heretical Islamic sects call themselves caliphates.

If we only consider bloodline, there would be the Hashemite family, from which Muhammad came , or the Ottoman family , which inherited the caliphate before the abolition of the caliphate system. However, the position of caliph is not necessarily based solely on bloodline, and as the ruler of the Islamic world, his influence is also important, and at least the three holy places of Islam ( Mecca , Medina , Jerusalem ) must be considered. It must also be taken into account that even the Saud family of Saudi Arabia, which will be described later , cannot be called caliphate.

One of the goals of modern Islamists is to elect a new caliph. Islamic fundamentalists oppose democracy because they want a system ruled by a caliph according to Islamic law . Therefore, they consider democracy as a spiritual pollution, destruction of tradition, and challenge to religious authority caused by Western Christian countries. Since their main goal is the unity of the Islamic world, they want to establish a caliph as a symbol of that unity and unite under it. Of course, this is almost hopeless in today's complex political situation and under the strong nationalist system of the nation-state.

The idea of ​​reestablishing a caliphate , a leader encompassing the entire Islamic world, is a realistically unrealistic idea, but if we limit it to the Middle East and Arab world, the birthplace and center of Islam , there is some possibility. Even if the complex political situation is inevitable, nationalism in the Arab region has a strong pan-Arab tendency that aims for a unified Arab state. Since the 19th century, when imperialism was at its peak, the movement for a unified Arab state has had a certain influence within Arab nationalism.

Until the mid-20th century, these Arab nationalist movements clashed with the Islamist movement because they aimed for a modern state (a secular state), but as long as there is a consensus against the West, it is possible (regardless of whether it is possible to succeed) for a movement to emerge that aims for a unified Arab state (centered on a caliphate) that combines Arab nationalism and Islamism. However, since Arabs are also divided into many countries, and even within them, secular pan-Arabism and religious Islamism are in conflict, the future is a very unpredictable storyline.

In order for the two major denominations, Sunni and Shia, to call themselves Khalifa, they must have the actual status of “guardian of the three holy places ( Mecca , Medina , and Jerusalem ).” But now Saudi Arabia ( Arab While the religious state governs Mecca and Medina, Israel ( Jews ) The reality is that a secular state governs Jerusalem. There is absolutely no possibility that an orthodox Khalifa recognized by all will emerge in the near future. Thus, Saudi Arabia, which rules over Mecca and Medina and reigns as the hegemony of the Sunni Islamic world , only calls itself the guardian of the two holy sites .[13]

However, even in the 21st century, we cannot ignore the possibility. In fact, ISIL , a pseudo-terrorist group that emerged in 2014 to take advantage of the chaotic situation in the Middle East, claims the revival of the Islamic Empire, and its leader calls himself Khalifa. Of course, it has fallen without proper recognition.

It was a theocratic power established in Nigeria in 1804 and was called Khalifa until its collapse in 1903.

He was the monarch of the Kingdom of Hejaz , established by the Hashim family , descendants of Muhammad , and used both the titles Sharif and Khalifa.

Ahnidiya Kalipa was founded in May 1908. Mirza Masroor Ahmad (1950 ~) was inherited in 2003 as the fifth Khalifa of Ahmadiya. Originally, Khalifa was staying in Pakistan , but suppressed Ahmadiya in the Islamic fundamentalist regime established after the coup (1979) of General Gia Ulkhik in Pakistan .[14] Eventually he was exiled to London in 1984 , and Khalifa left is in England.

In 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), commonly called IS , or Daesh, declared the revival of the Caliphate and the establishment of a Caliphate state for the first time in 90 years. The person who was inaugurated as Khalifa was Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, a vicious terrorist and organization leader . However, the Khalifa of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant is treated as the true name Khalifa, which has not been recognized by any formal Islamic community or country in the world .

Boko Haram, an Islamic terrorist organization in Nigeria, also called itself a caliphate at one time after its creation, but at the group level, after swearing allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, it received a new organization name, the Islamic State West Africa Province . He canceled the caliphate himself.

The Islamic dynasties and caliphate states that had a caliph as their leader are as follows.