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Empire

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File:different m...   another meaningthe contents aboutempire (disambiguation) documentcastPlease note.
Classification of countries according to titles of monarchs
1. outline2. etymology and meaning
2.1. origin2.2. in East Asia
2.2.1. Empire ≒ Cheonja State2.2.2. Empire ≠ Heavenly Kingdom
3. Classification in History
3.1. Argument
3.1.1. Chinese character culture3.1.2. european culture
3.1.2.1. Western Roman Empire3.1.2.2. Eastern Roman Empire3.1.2.3. exception
4. An evil empire?5. great empire6. digression7. List
7.1. imperial kingdom
7.1.1. Asia
7.1.1.1. East Asia7.1.1.2. Nomadic empires in North and Central Asia7.1.1.3. south asia7.1.1.4. West Asia
7.1.2. europe7.1.3. Africa7.1.4. America
7.2. Empire in the hegemonic sense
7.2.1. Asia7.2.2. europe7.2.3. Africa7.2.4. America7.2.5. Oceania7.2.6. colonial empire
8. creations9. foreign language name

1. outline

Empire (帝國, Empire) means ' a monarchical country where the emperor is the head of state ', and in an expanded sense, it means 'a country with great power'.[1]

In the 1970s, there were empires such as the Ethiopian Empire , the Iranian Empire , and the Central African Empire , but in the 21st century , there is no country using the name of empire.[2][3]

Similar to the empire, the concept of the kingdom exists. Literally, the Korean Empire and the Japanese Empire called themselves as the kingdom of the emperor . It can be understood as a word that refers to the concept of Chinese celestial areas that are distinguished from the concept of empire in Europe, but it is not used in Korea only in Korea.

In modern times , there are many cases where colonial empires are simply referred to as ‘empire’. It was never officially an empire and its monarch was never called emperor. The British Empire is a representative example, and although it used the titles of empire and emperor only among the colonies it ruled, India, it was generally recognized as an empire as an imperialist country.[4]

2. etymology and meaning

2.1. origin

The concept of empire in the Western world originates from the ancient Roman Latin word Imperium (meaning: domination, authority, control), and the English word for empire, Empire , also originates from Imperium . Through historical events that will be described later, Imperium has become a word encompassing two close but distinct concepts: 'emperor' (or imperial power) and 'military rule'. The reason why the United States is sometimes called the American Emperor is because of the perception that the United States, although not a monarchy, exercises military influence, or 'imperium', over neighboring countries. Knowing this, the concept of imperium can be easily understood. Imperium also comes from the Latin word Impero, meaning ‘command’ rather than ‘dominion’ in the political sense.[5] In its original meaning, it was the inherent commanding power of elected political officials such as consuls , praetors , and consuls of the Roman Republic .[6] , that is, it is related to the granting of imperium. As Rome's territory expanded during the mid-Republican period, two incumbent consuls were no longer in charge.[7] Imperium proconsulare, which delegates command of the province and its garrison from among the consul's imperium to a former consul appointed by the Senate for the various provinces.[8] ) was granted. Meanwhile, Imperium, which meant the authority of a political officer, came to mainly refer to military command authority, and Imperator, which meant the holder of Imperium, became a title given to military commanders, especially the protagonists of the triumphal ceremony .

In fact, in the late Republican era, Imperator was not just a title for a military commander. After winning an important battle, it was customary for legionnaires, who were also voters, to spontaneously cheer their commander by calling him "Imperator!" to acknowledge him as worthy of the triumphal ceremony, which was the highest honor of the Roman nobility. Afterwards, at the triumphal ceremony, the legionnaires and the entire Roman people cheered and called the triumphal general Imperator, which was the most special honor given to the triumphal general. Also, in the Roman Republic, which was very wary of specific individuals gaining authority over the republic, the exceptional general was decorated with makeup and costumes that revealed his religious authority on the day of the triumphal ceremony and was revered as a being close to god. Therefore, the Imperator is only allowed to triumphal generals, and only at the peak of life, at the moment of victory and triumph.[9] It was a title that condensed transcendental honor and envy, and although it was bestowed on military commanders during the Republican era, it had such inestimable authority that it could easily become the title of a monarch. In order to be recognized with this title, it was necessary not only for rank but also for achievements that everyone could understand. In the late Republic, even commanders who made minor achievements asked their soldiers to call them Imperator for the sake of the triumphal ceremony.[10] I was met with disdain. As a result, there was no problem in being the winner of two civil wars and permanently assuming the title Imperator for the first time. However, it was natural for the Romans to ridicule him if he passed the title of Imperator on to a successor with poor military performance. Furthermore, Augustus , who knew well that his legitimacy would be shaken, made special efforts to dispatch candidates for successors, such as Tiberius and Germanicus, to the front lines so that they could accumulate military merit worthy of the title Imperator.[11] From the beginning, the Western concept of emperor and empire was closely related to military command.

However, after the collapse of the Roman Republic, Augustus gave him the Imperium proconsulare maius, which preceded the imperium of the governor of the province.[12] ) was granted, and the military commanders of the provinces were relegated to being Augustus' agents with the highest imperium. Eventually, Imperial Rome was established and Augustus' successors also monopolized 'Imperium', and Imperator , which was just a word for the holder of Imperium , became the title of the monarch who monopolized and inherited it. Afterwards, Imperium came to be used as a word to mean the country ruled by the Imperator, that is, the Empire.

Even though it is enacted, the skeleton is in fact, but in fact, the difference is, but the difference is that the empire is mixed with many people in the territory, with many nations in the territory , or in the form of a servant . I will. In general, the nuances of the superior monarchy in the authority are stronger than the kingdom, so it is often recognized as a premise that it is active in the form of a conquest war, such as a conquest war, with a strong power that can be especially prominent among these and other countries . In Europe until the Middle Ages , the word refers to the Holy Roman Empire , which claims to be the inheritance of the East Roman Empire and the East Empire, but it was used to refer to the great power that overlooks the border of various countries beyond the border .

2.2. in East Asia

2.2.1. Empire ≒ Cheonja State

Generally, in East Asia , an empire refers to a country ruled by an emperor , the Son of Heaven. At that time, the surrounding countries called the country ruled by the emperor Cheonjaguk, and their prestige was such that entering the country was called Jocheon, which means seeing the sky. The order of East Asia is closely related to the tribute system. Instead of allowing the kingdom of heaven to rule over neighboring countries, it was true that small countries should serve large countries and large countries should help small countries. It was a common practice to give in return and receive back in words, although it varied depending on the situation due to the Confucian idea . This was possible because the culture and economic power of the Central Plains at the time overwhelmed those of neighboring countries. First of all, the Song Dynasty, which was known to have the weakest military power, was treated as a country of heaven by its neighboring countries.[13]

Even though it was unable to establish tribute and tribute relationships with external countries due to lack of national power, the idea was maintained without collapse. This is because counties and countries within China's administrative districts are also considered kingdoms. In China, the position of the emperor is the Son of Heaven, and the position of the king of the kingdom under him is either King (a relative of the Emperor) or Governor (ordinary person). If you look at Romance of the Three Kingdoms , the title ‘Governor ○○ ’ appears quite often, and the ‘Governor’ is an official under the emperor. However, the country, which is a county ruled by the emperor's family, takes the form of a constitutional monarchy or a non-sovereign monarchy, so a minister equivalent to the prime minister rules the country instead of the king.

2.2.2. Empire ≠ Heavenly Kingdom

Although they are equally bounded by the word 'empire', the meaning and nature of the Kingdom of Heaven in East Asia and the Empire in Europe are very different.

The empire refers to a country that adopted the premise of the emperor , the political system , which is a political system. The expression itself was not used in the old East Asia. In fact, even in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, the expression 'empire' does not come out before the Annals of Gojong . There are three times in the Annals, which was accidentally connected. In Europe, it is used in a different sense from East Asia, as there are examples of the Athenian Empire, which occupies vast territory, even if there is no missionary, and denies the autonomy of many people or races in it, and refers to the powerful empire . Therefore, even if there is no monarch of the emperor, it can be an empire. The terms currently used in history are also under European ideas.

Likewise, concepts such as kingdom, which we commonly know, were not used at all in East Asia. If the word for empire was Cheonjaguk , the word for kingdom was feudal lord . The reason the word empire was not used in East Asia was because the emperor of East Asia was a person who ruled the world itself, not a single country that should be called an "empire." In other words, since he was a person who ruled not a “country” but a “collection of countries” itself, he could not dare to use the word “country” in the emperor’s ruling area . Therefore, the word China, which refers to the central region ruled by the emperor, does not mean 'a country in the middle' but 'the middle of the country,' and was understood in a geographical sense rather than as the name of the country . Also, in the Greater China region , when abbreviating the emperor to one character, they preferred to use 'huang' rather than 'je', so in the Tang music of the Song Dynasty , the region ruled by the emperor was expressed as '皇州'. Japan, at a time when it called its own country an imperial kingdom, also described the kingdom of Heaven as an “imperial kingdom.”

3. Classification in History

3.1. Argument

According to the general evaluation of historical circles, the Akkadian Empire of the 24th century BC is considered the world's first empire. However, the first empire to be organized at the level of an ancient civilization is the Neo-Assyrian Empire (916-612BC). The first empire in East Asia is Jin , and the first empire in Europe is the Hellenistic Empire of Alexander the Great . Before these, some see the unification of the Old Kingdom of ancient Egypt around 3000 BC as an empire , but it was only around 1400 BC with the advent of the New Kingdom that the ruler was referred to as a pharaoh , equivalent to the emperor .[14]

Many historians believe that the first great empires that unified a single cultural sphere emerged at a time when productivity increased greatly during the Iron Age and social systems were established to fully utilize this economic development. The first great empire in this sense was the Achaemenid Empire of Persia, followed by the Mauryan Empire in India, the Qin and Han dynasties in China , the Xiongnu in Central Asia , and the Roman Empire in Europe .

During the Iron Age, when the first great empire was established, philosophy that rebelled against the ideology of the existing system before the establishment of the great empire appeared for the first time in history. These include Zoroastrianism in Persia , the Upanishad philosophy , Buddhism and Jainism in India , Greek philosophy in Europe , and the Hundred Disciples of China . Karl Jaspers named this period the Axial Age (German: Achsenzeit, English: Axial Age).

After the emergence of the modern nation-state and nation-state concepts, there is increasing skepticism about the possibility of the re-emergence of empires. An empire is a country that governs a wide area that includes multi-ethnicity and multi-culture, and modern nation-states, due to their birth background and structure, are more likely to be alienated and, in severe cases, oppressed, if they are not assimilated into the mainstream, and are more likely to attempt resistance and independence as a reaction. Cases such as the fall of European empires due to two world wars and the fall of the Axis powers , which claimed an empire of a single nation , support this claim. In fact, in the case of peoples who established huge empires before modern times , conflicts were minimized due to the presence of multicultural elements such as 'philosophy, ideology , and religion '. A representative example is Persia, famous for its generosity, and the generosity of Cyrus II was praised even by the Jews . Rome is also famous as a multi-ethnic nation, and the Han Dynasty at least had the strong hegemony and symbolism of the ancient Huaxia civilization, so even foreigners who lived like Chinese people and were proud of themselves as Chinese people were accepted as Chinese people. The hometown of the founding father of the Han Dynasty was originally Chu, founded by the Miao people, and judging from the fact that the Chu monkeys fought against Xiang Yu during the Chu-Han War, the Han Dynasty was also quite open even though it was not a pure-blooded Chinese nation from the beginning. Of course, during the Five Lakes and Sixteen Kingdoms era, northerners ran amok, but in the end, even these northerners were assimilated into the central plains in large numbers through infiltrating dynasties, and during the Tang Dynasty, the spectrum of people from the central plains became quite broad, so it was meaningless to ask whether the imperial lineage was from the Xianbei tribe or not, and even white-mixed Chinese like An Lushan were active. Exclusive nationalism that strictly considers whether one is Han Chinese or not became stronger in China after the Song Dynasty, when foreigners chose unilateral conquest instead of infiltration. In fact, Han supremacists have a slightly different personality from blood nationalists.[15] Depending on your point of view, you may wonder what's different about this, but compared to people who were extremely ostracized if they had a different lineage, it is an innovative perspective because they were able to be recognized just by accepting their culture.

3.1.1. Chinese character culture


In the Chinese character culture, in principle, the word empire was quite unfamiliar. This is because the emperor is not the area that is limited to a country, but a man of the world. The expression of the emperor used in East Asia comes from Qin Shi Huang .[16] However, the later dynasty, which inherited the camp of the emperor, is extremely rare even in the smallest regime, which is distinguished from Europe, which recognizes only the descendants of the Roman Empire as the official empire. In other words, the legitimacy of the European emperor was the most important condition of the Roman Empire , and the Emperor of East Asia was the most common condition of the 'who conquered the world', especially the nation that conquered and unified the midfield .[17] Of course, northern nomadic countries are a slightly different example.

To neighboring countries, it took the form of a tribute installation, such as bestowing an era name and title (usually king or general). According to the ideological principles of the Kingdom of Heaven, one of the main goals was to disseminate its developed culture, spread civilization, and educate people, just like the Roman Empire. The early Middle Eastern dynasties were relatively faithful to this role.[18][19] Therefore, from the beginning, politically and culturally, in East Asia, there were very strong restrictions on the titles of countries other than Central Plains, where civilization was relatively developed, and the northern peoples who crossed the Great Wall of China and aimed for Central Plains claimed to be an empire by calling themselves kings of heaven and emperors . Also, in modern times, the Japanese Empire was already recognized as an empire throughout the world at the time of World War II.[20] , the Mongol Empire was also a world empire, so it is recognized as an empire regardless of the existence of the Yuan Dynasty . Vietnam , although it was a system of foreign kings and internal systems in relation to China , is recognized as an empire in accordance with the geographical and cultural environment that spanned Northeast and Southeast Asia and the trend of modern academia that respects the titles of the time as much as possible .

Neighboring countries, which have been divided into Chinese emperors or have diplomatic relations with China through tribute book , were referred to as a subordinate country , but depended on the superiority of the forces in the relationship with the northern horses . If the Jungwon Han dynasty was strong, he worked with mercenaries or plundered. As a result , the emperor of China and the emperor of the interact with China, and the North Koreans, the Yona , the West , and the Geum Dynasty came out.

Unlike their European counterparts, East Asian "emperors" possessed not only secular power but also cultural and religious superiority. In other words, he was closer to a combination of a European emperor and a pope , or a caliph in the Islamic world . Just as the Pope reigned as the king of all Christians and king of kings , exerting influence over Western Europe and being the ruler of Western Europe in name and reality until the Reformation , the Emperor of East Asia also had influence over all of East Asia as the master of all princes (kings) and the Son of Heaven. He ruled and ruled.

At one time, information was spread that even the Western powers during the opening of ports formally assumed the appearance of a tributary state, but this is not true. No diplomatic mission in Europe has ever officially recognized it as a tributary state. For example , as can be seen from the Russian/Manchurian treaty text of the 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk, Tsarist Russia and the Qing Dynasty recognized each other as equal countries. And Lord McCartney, Britain's first envoy to China, eventually refused to perform Samgwegugodurye in front of the Qing emperor and at the same time denied that it was a tributary country, which led to the collapse of diplomatic relations. In the end, when the Qing Dynasty established diplomatic relations with European countries after the Opium War, it had no choice but to recognize equal relations.

In Korea, there have been cases where the monarch reigned as king of kings by using his own era name or appointing a feudal lord. And the Korean Empire is the only example of a formal empire declared abroad, including China .

Goguryeo did not refer to its monarch as emperor.[21] However, in its heyday, Goguryeo reigned as a major power in East Asia, exercising hegemony over Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula, and its title, Taewang, meant king of kings, and was in fact the title of emperor, meaning it was in the position of an empire.

There are records of Baekje also reigning as King of Kings and coveting the title of Emperor. In addition, it has been confirmed archaeologically that Later Baekje and Later Goguryeo also had era names, and documentary evidence also provides clear evidence that they represented more than just rulers of a country. And Goryeo, which unified them, is classified as Oewangnaeje (外王內帝) based on the fact that it named the emperor and emperor and established an era in the first half of the year.

Joseon established an imperial system when King Gojong declared the Korean Empire, but it was destroyed by the Japanese Empire after only 13 years.

Japan has always used its own era name , using its own title of Emperor , like China's Son of Heaven . However, since the only emperor in pre-modern East Asia was the emperor of the Central Plains , it was not until the Japanese Empire that it was internationally recognized as an empire .

Vietnam also called the emperor internally as an internal system, but was not recognized externally.

3.1.2. european culture

In Europe , since no great empire emerged that unified the Christian world and could compete with the authority of the Roman Empire , which dominated the entire Mediterranean region , there were almost no monarchs who claimed to be emperors other than those who claimed to be successors to Rome. Even the king of Spain , who managed America and the Philippines as colonies in the 16th century , did not dare to claim himself as emperor. During the reign of Charles V, the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire also served as the King of Spain, but he was merely a member of the Eastern Confederation and did not refer to himself as the emperor of mainland Spain. At the time of the collapse of the Eastern Roman Empire, whose national power was less than one-fifth of that of the Kingdom of France at the time, each branch was able to claim the continuity of the Roman emperor's succession and call themselves emperor.

However, unlike the emperor, where legitimacy is important, the term empire is a term that represents political reality , so a country that has a colony other than the mainland, regardless of the restraint, wrote the term 'empire' as the name of the ruling area that encompasses the mainland and colonies. In this case, it may be called a colonial empire to distinguish from the original empire . Representatives include the British Empire , the Spanish Empire , and the French Colonial Empire . Of course, when referring to the mainland, I did not use the name of the empire.

In European history , the countries that claimed themselves as empires after the fall of the Western Roman Empire are as follows.
3.1.2.1. Western Roman Empire
  • Empire -Although only half is left, it is the Roman Empire itself. In fact, before that, he shared his territory for several emperors and joined again. Currently, it is divided into the distinction between the germans' movements and the resulting Western Europe and Eastern Europe, but at the time of survival, it was considered a court in a Roman Empire, not a separate country. Because of this, after the division of each other and the succession of the inheritance of each other, the Eastern Roman Empire recognized itself as a successor to the entire Roman Empire as well as the East.
  • Kingdom of the Franks - Emperor Carolus the Great is coronated by the Pope , and the authority of the emperor as the successor to the Western Roman Empire is revived. To respect this, the title Frankish Empire is used in English. However, after the Frankish kingdom was divided, the position of successor to the Western Roman Empire was moved between the Western, Middle, and East Frankish kingdoms as a sacrifice for political transactions, and was taken over by the East Frankish of the Saxony dynasty during the reign of Otto I.
    • Holy Roman Empire - However, the Eastern Roman Empire recognized only the authority as 'Emperor', and did not recognize the title of 'Roman Emperor'. To be precise, the Eastern Roman Emperor recognized the Holy Roman Emperor as the Emperor of the City of Rome , not the Emperor of the Romans .[22]
    • French Empire - Era of Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon I) and Napoleon III . At the time, most Europeans regarded Napoleon's title of emperor as a true title because Napoleon himself did not have any legitimacy to succeed the Western Roman Empire or the Frankish Kingdom. However, the empire established by Napoleon itself claimed to be the successor state of Carolus the Great, so it can be forcefully classified as a Western Roman Empire. Because it conquered Europe with its powerful national power based on revolutionary France, it can be said to be a country that used its power to suppress neighboring countries and earn the title of empire.[26] In Western Europe, there were many powerful countries that could have been called empires before, but since the Frankish Empire, no country had completely overwhelmed the rest, so they could not carelessly claim the title of emperor. However, revolutionary France was uniquely strong and was able to subdue Italy and Austria by force alone, so they forcibly took the title of emperor by forcing it on the Pope. However, because Napoleon's basis for calling himself the title of emperor was purely 'overwhelming military power' and there was no legitimacy to the throne, the surrounding countries called him the true title, as mentioned above. In the end, after the Napoleonic era, people could claim themselves as emperor through 'force', so they did not care about the legitimacy of the Roman Empire, and the number of colonial imperial countries that conquered other countries and became emperor through expedient methods began to gradually increase, causing the 'imperial inflation phenomenon' to occur after the 19th century . However, paradoxically , it is noteworthy that the Napoleonic style, in which the people appoint an emperor through the National Assembly, is methodologically most similar to the Roman style, in which citizens recognize an emperor through the Senate . The official title of emperor is Emperor of the French , which is a similar title to 'Emperor of the Romans' of the Roman Empire in the past.
3.1.2.2. Eastern Roman Empire

Although the ethnic composition changed a lot, the Eastern Roman Empire was called Rome at the time because it was Rome itself , and its official name was 'Imperium Romanum', the Roman Empire. This is the reason why Russia, mentioned above, considered itself the successor to Rome. The general consensus is that the Roman Empire disappeared with the fall of Constantinople in 1453, but for this reason , taking into account the existence of Russia, the successor country, there is also a view that the Roman Empire existed until the dynasty collapsed due to the Russian Revolution .
3.1.2.3. exception

4. An evil empire?

Today the word 'imperialist' is a political insult . Criticism of empire usually takes two forms.
1. Empires do not function properly. It is ultimately impossible to effectively govern the numerous conquered peoples.

2. Even if it is possible, it should not be executed. Because the empire is a wicked driving force of destruction and exploitation.
All nations have self -determination and should not be dominated by other people.
From a historical point of view, one claim is only forced or lie, and No. 2 has a realistic problem. In fact, the empire was the most common form of political organization in history. Most of humanity in history belonged to the empire. In fact, the empire was a very stable political system.

Most empires suppressed rebellions relatively easily. The collapse of an empire was usually caused by invasions by foreign enemies, epidemics, natural disasters, or divisions in the ruling class due to internal strife. Therefore, there are rare records of conquered peoples achieving their own liberation from their imperial rulers. Most remained subjugated for hundreds of years. It was common for them to gradually assimilate into the empire and their original culture to die out.

For example, when the Empire finally collapsed in the 476 AD, the people who were conquered in Rome for centuries did not survive the bodies of the torn empire unlike the Jonah in the Bible, which broke up in the belly of the fish.

The reason was because they were all already gone at that point . The biological descendants of the local people, who believed themselves to be villagers of a subjugated people, spoke the tribal language, worshiped the tribal gods, and sang tribal myths and legends, now considered themselves Romans, talked like Romans, and behaved like Romans.

In many cases, it was rare for the dominant people to fully independence because one empire collapsed. Another empire stepped into the vacuum that occurred in the collapse or retreat of the old empire.

In order to build and maintain the empire, it is necessary to enslave numerous people in large quantities and collect tribute to the rest of the people. Conquest wars, slaves, conscriptions, conscriptions, and massacre are considered to be the general means of the empire.

This does not mean that the empire has left nothing value. To erase all empire black and reject all the legacy of the empire is to reject most of the human culture .

The imperial elite did not just spend the profits from conquest on palaces, armies, and castle walls. He also wrote about literature, philosophy, art, medicine, and the judicial system. A significant portion of humanity's remaining cultural achievements arose from the exploitation of conquered peoples by empires. Here's an example:
  • Thanks to the profits and prosperity provided by the Roman Empire, Cicero , Seneca , and Saint Augustine were able to enjoy leisure for reflection and writing.
  • The Taj Mahal could not have been built without the wealth accumulated by the Mughal Empire through exploitation of the local Indian people.
  • The Habsburg Empire gave Haydn a salary and commissioned Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart to compose with the profits from the dominion of the use of Slavic, Hungarian, and Romanian.

In most modern cultures, humanity can find the legacy of the empire even if it focuses on the common people and the common people beyond elite culture and high -end art. Most people today speak, think and dream of their ancestors in the language of the empire that their ancestors were forced as a gun.

Today, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam are written in Chinese characters . If you erase Chinese characters from these languages, Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese will be regressed in primitive languages. Whatever the origin of origin, almost all residents of the North and South America, from the Alaska's Baro Peninsula to the Magellan Strait, communicate in one of the four Empire's language ( Spanish , Portuguese , French , English ). Today, the Egyptians talk in Arabic, believe in Islamic Islamic Islam, and think of themselves as Arabs, and identify themselves with the Arab Empire. The Arab Empire, which conquered Egypt in the 7th century AD and suppressed several rebellion that the Egyptians caused by Tekken.

The most interesting example of empire is the so-called 'traditional' cuisine. Commonly, people expect spaghetti with tomato sauce at an Italian restaurant, mashed potatoes at a Polish or Irish restaurant, one of dozens of barbecue or steaks at an Argentinian restaurant, and garlic and garlic in almost everything at a Korean restaurant. In French cafes, we expect hot and rich espresso that exudes a subtle aroma.

However, none of these ingredients originate from these countries.
  • The origin of tomatoes, peppers, and cocoa is Mexico.
  • The origin of coffee is Ethiopia.
  • The origin of garlic is Egypt.
  • Julius Caesar and Dante Alighieri never drank coffee or ate spaghetti with tomato sauce.
  • King Sejong did not eat peppers in food.
  • It has been in the early 17th century since potatoes have entered Poland and Ireland.
  • In 1492, the only steak available in Argentina was made from llama meat, not beef.

These were not ‘native’ foods, but foods created by the power of the empire. People still often talk about 'indigenous' cultures, but if 'indigenous' means something that developed independently, free from external influence and consisting only of local traditions that have been passed down since ancient times, then there is no indigenous culture on Earth today.

In the last few centuries, entire cultures have been changed almost beyond recognition by the deluge of empires. Like it or not, there are no absolute lines in history. Most of the cultures that existed in the past, whether ancient or modern, were erased by some empire, and the empire pushed their cultures into oblivion. Although these empires eventually fall, they usually leave behind rich and lasting legacies. Therefore, everyone currently living on Earth is a descendant of the empire, no matter where they live.

To reject all imperial legacies like this is to reject most of human culture and history.

How many Indians today would demand a referendum to break away from parliamentary democracy, the English language, the railway network, the judicial system, cricket and tea as legacies of imperialism? Even if that happens, doesn't the very act of calling for a referendum to resolve the issue prove that they are indebted to their former rulers?

Even if a country rejects all of the heritage of other empires in the hope of rebuilding and preserving the so-called 'true' culture of its ancestors, what it protects will probably only be the heritage of other empires that are older than that.

No one can make a clear answer to how to solve the tricky problem of cultural heritage. Whatever the way you choose, the first step is to accept that this dilemma is complicated, and it is useless to simplify the history and divide it into absolute lines and absolute evil.

However, there is no empire that decorates this cultural heritage and decorates the history today. Why did the empire disappear? It is not because the empire is not bad in its originality, but is no longer efficient.

The Industrial Revolution in the British Empire in the 19th century changed the focus of the economy from agriculture to industry. An economy centered on industry has much more complex infrastructure, finance, and judiciary than an economy centered on agriculture, requiring a high level of administration. To achieve this, it is necessary to unify the administrative language.

That's not all. The Industrial Revolution gave the general public access to mass media such as newspapers. This creates a sense of homogeneity among people who speak the same language. Additionally, political interests often overlap between adjacent regions that speak the same language. This turns people who speak the same language into one political group.

In this environment, the concept of nation spread by the 18th -century French first empire was able to grow.

Until World War II, the people of the colonial empire were proud of their 'empire'. Since then, the world has been divided by the United States and the Soviet Union, which insisted on national self -determination. That is why the empire has a evil feeling today.

Therefore, it can be said that the above two criticisms make sense today. The 'inefficiency of imperial rule' is due to the advancement of administration and the establishment of the concept of 'nation' , and the 'immorality of imperial rule' is a fact in the general sense after World War II . However, it is not good to treat the previous empires as ' evil empires '.

5. great empire

File:details ico...  more detailsgreat empire documentcastPlease note.

6. digression

  • Excluding Asia , Europe , and North Africa , historical countries called empires include the Inca Empire , Aztec Empire , Songhai Empire , Mali Empire , and Tonga Empire . According to the definition given in modern history , these countries are called empires on the basis of having a unified central point and establishing a strong multi-ethnic ruling system . In addition, in modern times, Brazil was also called an empire between 1822 and 1889 , and Mexico was also called an empire .
  • Even in modern times, countries that call themselves empires include Ethiopia and Iran . Ethiopia continued to refer to its emperor as its emperor until just before its rule was overthrown by a coup d'état in 1974, and the official name of Iran was the Empire of Iran when the Pahlavi dynasty reigned .
  • Other short -lived self -proclaimed empires include the Haiti Empire (1804 ~ 06, 1849 ~ 59) and the Central African Empire (1976 ~ 79).
  • In modern times , as imperialism became mainstream, the meaning of empire expanded, and although the home country did not refer to it as an empire, other countries sometimes referred to it as an empire. In some cases, it refers to a country whose actions, national power, and other factors are equivalent to an empire, or to a country that dominates other countries or peoples politically, economically, and culturally, such as the British Empire or the French Empire . They are also classified under the term colonial empire in empire classification.
  • Socialist states do not call the empire because they have a great rejection of the expression of a thorough class society. In fact, however, the Soviet Union was often in line with the above conditions, such as the governance method, and the way of rubbing the second world except China was the same. The Soviet behavior was referred to as the Soviet Empire in the West, and is classified as an empire in Wikipedia .
  • From the mid -1880s to 1945, Japanese people also called their own countries as Empire.[29] Even in Japan, Japan is called the same as the 'old imperial era' from Japan to the Pacific War . Of course, this is not a special self -proclaimed law of Japan, but when North Koreans call their country, they are called the Republic .[30] It is the same example as using the United Kingdom instead of Britain or England as a name that refers to its own country in the UK .
  • Due to the majestic language and force of empire , various creations such as fantasy novels appear as a country with mighty power ruled by a majestic emperor .
  • The New York Yankees, a long-time popular team in Major League Baseball and a leader of an era, call themselves the Evil Empire . This is a sarcasm made by the Boston Red Sox , a close ally of the Yankees, about the Yankees using their overwhelming capital to gather players and monopolize the championship, which the Yankees used as their team's nickname. In fact, the Boston Red Sox are just as good as the Yankees when it comes to making money .

7. List

7.1. imperial kingdom

7.1.1. Asia

7.1.1.1. East Asia
7.1.1.2. Nomadic empires in North and Central Asia
7.1.1.3. south asia
7.1.1.4. West Asia

7.1.2. europe

7.1.3. Africa

7.1.4. America

7.2. Empire in the hegemonic sense

7.2.1. Asia

7.2.2. europe

7.2.3. Africa

7.2.4. America

7.2.5. Oceania

7.2.6. colonial empire

8. creations

In general, they rarely appear as a force for good, and are often depicted as the source of all evil . Exploitation of the people and rampant corruption are clichés . On the other hand, it often shows great military development.

9. foreign language name

chinese
帝国(Dìguó), 天子国(Tiānzǐ guó)
Japanese
帝 (Teikoku), 皇 (Mikuni/Coco Ku)
latin
IMPERIVM
english
Empire, Imperium (Latin), Imperial state
Russian
Империя
German
Kaiserreich[55]
French
Empire
norwegian
Riket
Spanish
Imperio
Portuguese
Império

[1] The latter is distinguished by the word colonial empire .[2] The empire may re-emerge if an existing monarchy declares an empire, a republican country achieves restoration, or the existing government is overthrown and a new government takes over, but this is currently very unlikely. There are still countries that fit the dictionary meaning of empire, and Japan is one of them. Of course, Japan does not officially use the expression 'empire' these days, and its official name is 'Nippon'. However, in general, even in countries where the monarch does not actually rule, such as constitutional monarchies , the constitution clearly states that the monarch is the head of the country, but in Japan, the emperor is not even the nominal head of state , but is simply a 'symbol of the country of Japan and the Japanese people.' Rather, the constitution clearly states that sovereignty resides with the Japanese people.[3] In East Asia, the letter 大 at the beginning of a country's name meant an empire, but in most cases, the letter 大 was removed from the country's name after modern times. However, the Republic of Korea can still be misunderstood by using 大, but this is a similar case to Great Britain's Great(=大) and is different from the usage to mean empire. The Republic of Korea uses Daehan to contrast with Sohan, a part of the Samhan, and Great Britain uses 大 and Great to contrast with Lesser Britain (the Brittany region in northwestern France). Of course, the use of the character 大 during the Korean Empire should be seen as intended to have an imperial meaning, but even if it is no longer an empire, there is no reason to remove the character 大, which has the historical meaning of inheriting the entire Three Han Dynasties.[4] However, Britain also considered itself an empire , calling the unit system it created the Imperial system of units.[5] It corresponds to "command" in English.[6] It should be noted that Imperrium was given to the authority of the political officer and did not necessarily mean military command. For example, the 'Imperrium' of Cho Young -gwan was for the capital of Rome's public facilities and the manpower who managed it.[7] During the years when the Roman Republic waged war every year, the consuls were usually in charge of what was considered the most important front of the year.[8] Since then, proconsul, which meant only former consuls, was expanded to include provincial governors, and imperium, which simply meant the command of the Roman magistrate, became a concept symbolizing imperialism through the rule of Rome's provinces.[9] Even after the triumphal ceremony, there were times when veteran soldiers affectionately referred to the old commander as Imperator, but with such exceptions, this was not a permanent title used by all citizens.[10] In this case, in this case, there was sometimes allowed to improve, and of course the Romans did not recognize the improvement and the 'Imperator', which was quickly forgotten.[11] This custom of requiring emperors or successor candidates to go to the forefront was settled after Claudius , when the empire was stabilized, and wars conducted by subordinate generals, such as the conquest of Britannia, were recognized as the emperor's credit, and naturally held a triumphal ceremony. In the ancient Mediterranean world , where transportation was very inconvenient and threats such as epidemics and ambushes existed everywhere, such as Drusus the Great, Gaius Caesar, Lucius Caesar, and Germanicus, etc. died one after another, it was dangerous for the emperor or his successor to remain on the battlefield . because it was too big Still, Claudius had to visit Britannia with an uncomfortable body to show that he had gone to war without touching the papers while sitting in Rome. In doing so, Imperator naturally becomes a hereditary title of the imperial family.[12] It is a commanding authority that is as broad as that granted to a dictator or incumbent consul and has priority over the imperium of a provincial governor or praetor. This broad imperium, which was originally granted to a consul for a one-year term or only briefly to a dictator in times of crisis, was renamed Imperium Maius due to the tricks of ambitious people and the ongoing civil war, and gradually became a permanent position with an extended period of time, eventually becoming a permanent authority of the emperor. Although the role of the genius named Augustus was absolute, the change to imperialism can only be fully understood in the context of the gradual softening and collapse of the existing constitutional order of the Roman Republic , Mos Maiorum . Originally, the dictator was granted unlimited imperium that took precedence over the powers of the consul, but until the mid-Republican period, it was impossible for a non-permanent dictator, appointed only in times of crisis and serving a six-month term, to reign over other political officers. Therefore, except when the dictator was inaugurated under exceptional circumstances , the consul took the lead in political affairs. However, in the late Republican period, when political strife intensified and the war was prolonged, the great figures of the republican period, who suffered from persistent opposition from the opposing faction even in the consulship, especially the rejection of the tribune , gradually began to focus on the non-representative power of the dictator, who could not be opposed. Sulla , the current consul who was legally authorized to command the Mithridatic War, lost his command to Marius due to the maneuvers of the tribune Sulpicius , and Caesar , who took office as consul after entering Rome and tried to carry out the civil war within the framework of the law as much as possible , had quite a difficult time securing military funds due to the veto of the tribune Metellus. In the end, Sulla and Caesar solved this problem by inaugurating dictators with indefinite terms instead of the usual six-month terms. However, after Sulla and Caesar, the dictatorship became synonymous with fear and self-righteousness, and taking office as a dictator became a very burdensome task even though everyone had coveted extralegal authority. Therefore, instead of being inaugurated as dictator, Pompey spent three years to exterminate pirates (Pompey efficiently exercised his absolute authority, completed the mission in three months, and neatly laid down this unprecedented Imperium Maius. However, this became a precedent for granting the Imperium Maius to a specific person for a long period of time, leading to the collapse of the republican constitution.) Imperium, which only exercised the authority of the dictator over the sea and coastal provinces, and the military. Maius was requested and approved by the people's assembly, and the members of the second triumvirate, who followed this example , divided the empire into three and were given imperium Maius for a 5-year term in each area from the people's assembly and exercised full authority. Later, during the civil war with Antony, the imperium granted to members of the triumvirate was expanded, and Octavian was granted imperium maius over his home country of Italy, the entire provinces of the empire, and the army. Eventually, Octavian, who became Augustus after winning the civil war , gave up Italy and the stable Imperium of the rear on the pretext that the empire was not stable, but did not give up command of the frontline provinces and garrison troops until his death. Ultimately, this was inherited by his successor Tiberius , making it a hereditary authority passed down by Roman emperors from generation to generation.[13] However, in order to save face, there was an enormous expenditure of government finances, all of which were possible because of the tremendous economic power of the Song Dynasty.[14] It is hard to see Egypt as an empire because of the lack of motivation to see that the neighboring countries have dominated directly or indirectly. Because Egypt appeared as soon as possible, there was no neighboring country itself, and all the potential groups that could grow into neighboring countries did not have to be subjugated to Egypt with my feet. It was reasonable to use the head to build up infrastructure and technology, to build a country, and to inherit the Egyptian system and technology. The war that Egypt really took the national power was almost the first of the first battle with Hitite.[15] Why don't you accept the Han Chinese civilization and try to become a Han Chinese? It is a feeling of antipathy.[16] The etymology is Samhwang Oh .[17] In fact, orthodoxy was more orthodoxy for East Asia, while some of them were questioned that Europe was further. This is in the way of securing legitimacy. While Europe was recognized by the Pope , it was possible to be a descendant of Rome, while in East Asia, justification was possible through justification.[18] This can be seen under the cultural values, and in fact, the Zhongyuan Dynasty had a sense of contempt for the indigenous civilization that was against the order of the conquest of China.[19] In addition, they extended generosity only to the extent that it did not conflict with their country's authority, and sometimes mobilized force against countries that did not follow the order established by their country, as in the Battle of Wanggeomseong during the Han Dynasty or the Goguryeo-Tang War during the Tang Dynasty . This is due to the fact that the monarchs and officials of the Central Plains dynasty basically received Confucian education and had a high level of philosophical knowledge. The core theory of Confucianism was the 'Restoration Theory', which states that since China is the most noble and foreign powers are lowly, China should reform the foreign enemies, and the 'Punishment Theory', which states that the heads of all foreign powers should obey the Emperor, the ruler of the world, and that it is justifiable to punish those who refuse to do so. From the perspective of the ruler of the empire, he was able to justify the conquest of foreign enemies in order to protect the core ideology that was the basis of the empire under Confucian values.[20] In fact, this situation can be understood by knowing the background of the emergence of the ideology called Asianism, which was prevalent at the time.[21] However, there is a record of a Chinese historian who refers to King Goguoyang as Emperor Xiaoyeol.[22] At that time, the city of Rome was the Papal States, and the Papal States were a separate country from the Holy Roman Empire, but most people, including Italians , considered the relationship between the Papal States and the Holy Roman Empire similar to that of husband and wife, and recognized that the owner of Rome was the Holy Roman Emperor. there was.[23] That is why the Austro-Hungarian Empire is also called KUk (kaiserreich und königsreich).[24] Considering that Adolf Hitler was not emperor, you may wonder why it is called a empire. The Third Reich is called Das dritte Reich in German. Reich does not mean a general empire ruled by an emperor, but is translated as "state", which is closer to the concept of a country or territory. However, considering that the Holy Roman Empire, which was clearly an imperial state that succeeded the Western Roman Empire , also used Reich as its name, and that the name Third Reich included an intention to inherit the status and image of a powerful country in central Europe leading to the Holy Roman Empire and the German Empire , Reich can also be translated as empire. As a side note, the official name of the German Empire, Weimar Republic , and Nazi Germany was all Deutsches Reich. Therefore, the first Chancellor of the Weimar Republic is officially named the 10th Chancellor of Germany, including the previous Chancellors of the German Empire.[25] Hitler was a man who hated the monarchy very much.[26] The fact that Napoleon coerced the Pope into crowning himself emperor clearly proves this fact.[27] Strictly speaking, Caesar was the title of deacon or co-emperor given to the authoritative royal family rather than emperor.[28] In Western Europe, the recognition of the Ottoman Padishah as emperor was because the Ottoman Padishah also served as caliph , so he was recognized as an emperor in other cultures and in a similar position to the Pope, and was not recognized as the successor to the Roman emperor.[29] During this period, there were various usages related to the empire, such as calling the Japanese army something like 'imperial soldier' ​​or calling the country's capital "Jido" (capital of the empire).[30] The official name of the country is the Democratic People's Republic of Korea .[31] Not all nations were built by the Han Chinese . Rather, there are many dynasties established by the immigrants, such as the Sue, the Dang (Seonbi), the Yuan Dynasty (the Mongols) and the Qing Dynasty.[32] Criteria for Emperor Shi Huangdi 's enthronement[33] Immediately after the fall of Qin , Emperor Choui took the throne, but it collapsed in less than a year.[34] Sun Quan 's title standard[35] Yotaejo 's title standard[36] shank side[37] Battle of Aesan[38] Geumtaejo 's title standard[39] The state itself lasted until 1635, but the title of the emperor was used only by 1388.[40] Criteria for the title of Sungdeokje[41] During the shogunate era, when the emperor was reduced to a scarecrow, shoguns such as Ashikaga Yoshimitsu were crowned kings of Japan instead of the emperor .[42] Criteria for Kangdeokje’s accession to the throne.[43] Daeijin criteria[44] There is an interpretation in the Liao Dynasty history book < Liao History > that the posthumous title is not recorded starting from the 11th generation, Dai Jin, because the title was sought externally . For example, about 200 years later , when King Gyeongjong of Western Xia declared himself emperor, the Song Dynasty no longer referred to Western Xia as Western Xia State or Xia State, but referred to it by Gyeongjong's name, 'Wonho (元昊).' Considering this, it is possible to interpret that the people of the Tang Dynasty , who before the previous kings of Balhae had a system of foreign kings and internal systems , but after Dai Jin came to the throne, directly referred to him as emperor externally like the Korean Empire and the Emperor of Japan, while denying Dai Jin's title, did not record it on purpose. However, it is prohibited to jump to conclusions because there is no reliable historical information.[45] In the early days, Roman citizens, Odaenatus , called the king in response to respect for the Roman Empire , and then confronted the Sasan dynasty , and then went to the king of the king to fucked the Sasanjo .[46] In the sense of being the suzerain and protector of the Catholic Western world.[47] A remnant of the Eastern Roman Empire established after the Fourth Crusade, it succeeded in recovering Constantinople and rebuilding the empire. It is recognized as authentic.[48] It was called Nugust, which means king of kings in Amharic .[49] He called himself Sapa Inca , meaning 'sole monarch ' .[50] Independence activist Jean -Jacques Thesalin is an empire established as an emperor Jacques I. Jacques I was short -lived because he was assassinated.[51] President Pospan Eliculuk was established by Emperor Pospin I. After the rejection of Pospin I, Haiti became the republic again .[52] Regardless of reality and creation, it is probably the most famous country, and if you hit Google, the Empire, Imperial Navy, Imperial Army, Imperial SHIPS, etc.[53] Although the country does not have Empire in its name, it is ruled by an emperor, and its national power is also the strongest in the Koprulu region.[54] There is no emperor, rather a governance structure similar to that of the Roman Republic , but in its golden age, no force dared to stand against the Protoss Empire.[55] The combination of Kaiser , which means emperor in German, and Reich , which means the state . It's just short, but it's not unconditionally refers to the kingdom of the emperor. See item.
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