Mafia

Mafia is extorted by protection expenses[2] Organization and supervision of dispute arbitration between criminals , illegal consensus and illegal transactions,[3] It is a syndicate -type criminal organization in Italy and the United States , which mainly projects labor unions and various frauds . In addition to the above -described activities, it will be used as a secondary business of ring -up, gambling , drug business, and nightlife .

The word 'Mafia' was originally a word referring to Sicilian secret societies and organized crime groups, and furthermore to American criminal organizations pioneered by the Sicilian Mafia, but its meaning was later expanded to become a common noun in the English-American world to refer to 'corporate criminal organizations'.

The birthplace of the Mafia is Italy , and among them, it is an organization that is mainly based on secret societies in the Sicilian region. As they grew bigger with the Prohibition of Alcohol in the United States, they are still, in a narrow sense, related to (La) Cosa Nostra-affiliated Sicilian criminal organizations and Italian criminals in the United States. Only the organization is called the mafia .[4] More broadly, the entire Italian criminal organization is referred to as the Mafia.[5] More broadly, it is used as a general noun and all criminal organizations of a certain size, regardless of nationality, are referred to as mafia.

There are many theories as to the origin or etymology of the name, but the origin is almost certain to be Sicily. Sicily was invaded by foreign powers several times, so there were many reclusive forces that opposed foreign powers and did not follow the law and order , and these were treated as a just group . They were considered a type of vigilante group , but in fact, many of the organizations that are notorious today, such as gangs, drug cartels, and the mafia, often started out as vigilantes but degenerated into criminal organizations.

Sicily was ruled by various powers for hundreds of years.[6] Even after the Kingdom of Sicily was established in 1130, it was ruled by the Spanish royal family for 600 years from the end of the Middle Ages. Feudalization that continued into modern times, nobility supported by foreign powers , and rampant corruption of the middle class led the lower classes to join criminal organizations ( Italian : Brigantaggio), which attacked nobles and lords . In response to criminal organizations, lords also ran their own private organizations, and through this process, the prototype of the mafia gradually emerged.
In fact, if you think about the history of unified Italy, the forces in southern Italy who opposed the Chardinya-led unification of Italy were named 'bandits' (brigantazo) and massacred by the military.

The most famous one in terms of etymology is said to be the initials of " M orte Alla Francia I talia A nela!" ( Italy wants the death of the French ) , which was the slogan of the Sicilian knights surrounding the Sicily's Angel Incident in 1282. Since it is a grammatically incorrect word, many people say it is 'work' for later creations, that is, for effective directing in American dramas , etc.

Meanwhile, as mentioned above, in addition to the Sicilian mafia, other mafia groups include the Naples-based Camorra , Calabria's 'Ndrangheta, Puglia's Sacra Corona Unita, and Veneto's Mala del Brenta. It is often referred to as a mafia, and some experts also classify the Unione Corse, a gangster based in the French Corsica Islands, as a mafia. Originally , Corsica was alternately occupied by Italy and France, making it quite distinct from mainland France in terms of ethnicity , language , and culture . This is also due to the fact that it was discriminated against and abused for a long time until Emperor Napoleon (from Corsica) .

Currently, there are theories that the word 'mafioso' comes from the word 'mafioso', which means 'mafie' (a quarry), a small private army formed by absentee landlords to protect their property from bandits .

Regardless of the etymology, the usage of the words 'Mafia' and 'Cosa Nostra', which were originally used by Italians, are quite similar to the Korean words 'gang' and 'organization', respectively. However, in the case of Cosa Nostra, there is a slight discrepancy because it is a “confederation” rather than a single organization . The American Mafia , which can be said to be the second generation of the Sicilian Cosa Nostra, is called 'La Cosa Nostra' ("This Thing of Ours"). The Italian crime syndicate in Australia is called L'Onorata Societa ("The Honored Society"). In a similar pun, Jewish-American gangsters are sometimes called 'Kosher Nostra', and kosher refers to food produced in accordance with Jewish laws.

To summarize, the term ‘mafia’ without any modification usually refers to an Italian criminal organization . The National Institute of the Korean Language 's Standard Korean Dictionary also defines the concept of mafia as 'a powerful criminal organization based on the Italian island of Sicily. ' Not only do they engage in political violence in their own countries, but in the 20th century , they form large criminal organizations related to drugs, gambling, and finance in large cities such as the United States .'[7]

Of the preceding conditions, all except capitalism had limitations of the times and contributed to the apparent decline of the 'orthodox' Italian mafia. There is no need to explain in detail that the patriarchal and familial organizational form is not suitable for today's corporate crime. Just as small and medium-sized family -run companies will eventually need professional managers and professional boards of directors, many people today are already pointing out the limitations of the Korean-style conglomerate system, which is treated as the ultimate in family management.[8]

The second point, the Patrón-Client relationship, also has a strong sense of Italian regional characteristics, and especially when combined with the third point, it is evaluated as an organizational element that can only be used in a transitional modern society at best. In other words, before the transition to a modern state with powerful administrative power and 'dominion of the people' as it is today, when the central administrative power of the modern state was established and did not reach all citizens, it was possible to act as a 'king' in a specific region. Local organized crime could flourish.

Ultimately, the emergence of a modern state armed with the latest technology, a powerful police force and public security management capabilities, and a sound civil society to match, has made it difficult to form simple collusion relationships like in the past, and to begin with, the organization has become so segmented and sophisticated that it is virtually impossible to wield power by bribing a few retainers, administrators, or police officers like in the past.

In the end, today only the mafia that has accepted the trends of corporateization and internationalization can survive. In addition, their behavioral patterns are gradually changing, and as the mafia undergoes a generational change, the frequency of external exposure is increasing, such as moving away from the level of secretly operating in the shadows as before and openly bragging about their power using SNS. # This is similar to the behavior of Japanese Yakuza in the past .[9]

Due to the popularity of the original Sicilian - American criminal organization, the word 'Mafia' has come to function as a general noun referring to a large and systematic criminal organization that uses violence.[10] For example, the Yakuza is called the Japanese Mafia, and the triad is called the Chinese Mafia. A more accurate name would be Organized Crime/ Criminal Organization , but perhaps because it is too stiff or long, it is commonly referred to as 'nationality + mafia'. There are many such as Red Mafia , Irish Mafia , Jewish Mafia, Mexican Mafia, etc.[11]

Among these criminal organizations, there are various types, with some actively adopting corporate operating methods and others maintaining pre-modern community relationships. However, they are lumped together as the mafia because they are at least the same in that they have a certain size and system and are professional criminals. In this sense, in foreign countries, Korean organized crime groups are sometimes called Korean mafia. However, it is difficult to classify organized crime in Korea.

However, if criminals form a gang without a certain size and system, it is not called a mafia. It's just a friendly group or accomplices. However, since gangs in the United States also have the form of criminal organizations, there is no clear standard for distinguishing them from the mafia (as a general name for criminal organizations). In general, larger, more systematic and professional criminal organizations are called mafia.[12] These are classified according to differences in form, and being a gangster does not mean that they are less harmful than the mafia.

For a list of criminal organizations in each country called the Mafia, see the article on criminal organizations .

Furthermore, even if they do not use violence directly, groups that collude to commit corruption are also referred to as the mafia. In this case, the meaning is similar to the cartel . However, most of them are terms used only inside Korea, and foreign countries use the terms cartel or syndicate more often.

Even if there is no criminal activity such as corruption, a group with very close relationships between members is sometimes called mafia in a neutral sense. An example is the 'Memphis Mafia', a group of people around Elvis Presley.

Most of them are related to gwanfia (a combination of bureaucrat and mafia), see the document for details.

Below is a simple joke .

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This data is a chart prepared by the Chosun Ilbo while reporting on the ‘Ndrangheta in 2021 .

The term 'Mafia' itself has become a synonym for a criminal organization, so these days it is commonly used in terms such as 'Chinese Mafia' and 'Russian Mafia', but strictly speaking, the Italian Mafia, which is the origin of 'Mafia', is itself a It is a unique type of criminal organization with one distinct characteristic, behind which there are unique historical conditions and historical background.

Today, mafia researchers identify the most important elements of the Italian 'Mafia' type of organized crime as 1. Italian-Sicilian patriarchal family culture , 2. Patron-client relationships , 3. Weak central power and democracy , and 4. Capitalism . Pick a few things. The unique combination of these elements created the mafia. In other words, if these four elements are not met or disqualifications arise, the type of mafia-style organization based on them is bound to decline.

Researchers generally place the origins of the mafia in Sicily, from the mid-to-late 19th century to the early 20th century. At the time, Sicily, like other European countries, was experiencing rapid capitalistization, and unlike the UK , France , and Germany , where high industrialization was already underway , industrialization was weak and agricultural capital was first developed through the accumulation of farmland rather than the formation of industrial-financial capital. It was a similar situation to Ireland, where the formation of was taking place, and as often happens in such a capitalist model, there was fierce conflict between large landowners, tenants, and self-employed farmers.

In this process, the large landowners made efforts to appease and threaten self-employed farmers with the purpose of taking land , and in response, the self-employed farmers in Sicily banded together as a family to fight against the large landowners. Because Italy's public administrative and security powers were extremely weak,[15] In fact, the large landowners, who were the kings, committed indiscriminate violence and murder against self-employed farmers for the purpose of taking their land , and the family-based self-employed farmers retaliated against them with further violence and murder, and the cycle of revenge was repeated endlessly. This was the famous " vendetta ." vendetta)".

Because Italy-Sicily had a very strong extended family culture, large landowners also operated in their own family units, and independent farmers who opposed them also united in family units, and alliances between large landowner families opposed alliances among independent farmers. They were fighting, and such a confrontation was socially seen as 'landowners vs. landowners'. It was a ‘self-employed farmer’ relationship, and at the same time, privately it was ‘our family vs. As it took on the aspect of 'their family', 'family-level revenge dramas' occurred frequently, in which violence inflicted for the family's interests and honor was always retaliated with further violence.

Later, after organized crime was established in the United States, the tendency to expand led to the acceptance of gang members who were not family members or relatives , but even in that case, there was basically a very important common connection . Especially in the United States, people always have connections through their hometown or, if not, at least being "introduced through someone they know." From the beginning, the basic organizational model, from calling a specific mafia organization a "family" and referring to the boss as a godfather, imitates the form of a patriarchal extended family.

As mentioned above, there was a 2003 study that analyzed the emergence and growth of the Sicilian mafia as the main factors behind the security vacuum at the time and residents' demands for personal protection, and this was accepted quite convincingly due to its structural characteristics. . However, recent studies published after 2010 show conflicting opinions.

The “ patronus - clientes ” relationship in ancient Rome is exactly the same as the “patron (patron)-client (patron)” relationship, which is mentioned here as an element of the mafia. This is because this social structure itself came down from the Roman era.

One of the unique social relations in Italy, which has been descended since ancient Rome, and has long been divided into a city -state unit without a unification state for a long time after the destruction of Rome, or as an ordinance of the surrounding great nations, and people in Italy have no experience in any integrated and centralized administrative power until modern Italy is established. So close to the feudal society lasted for a long time, so all human relations were between the leaders in cities, villages, and neighboring units and those who were under the influence, and within these consolidants, clear grammar and powerful administrative power were not exerted by public power, but the tastes and whims of customs, customs, guardians, and martial arts. It has become a private form such as Jewish, favor and consideration .

In other words, no matter what the law or principle is officially called, the law is distant and vague, but the fist is clear and close. Instead of giving what the fist wants, the personal network and loyalty relationship of asking the fist when I need it can be said to be the Roman Patronus-Clientes relationship and the mafia's Patron-client relationship.

In fact, ancient Roman society was nominally a society ruled by law, but in reality it was a society based on consensus among powerful family-level forces represented by the patriarch, and the enormous power held by the heads of these families held the power of life and death over everything that was vested in the authority of the clan. It was at the level of overseeing Yeotal, and the heads of such great families increased their power and managed their people not according to written legal principles, but according to the judgment of the patriarch based on customary law.

Anyone can feel the contents mentioned in condition 1 and condition 2 above, but criminal organizations form close relationships like octopus feet with almost all major targets within their bases of activity. And, the culmination of this close relationship was the close relationship with politicians of regions under the decentralized system rather than the centralized system.

In fact, in the case of the mainland of Italy-Sicily or the United States, where the Italian mafia flourished, they are all places with a strong decentralization color due to the circumstances of the times. In the case of Italy where the original mafia occurred, it was an area where people had lived without a unified state for nearly 1,500 years since ancient times, and the administrative power of the new Italian government was weak . It is said that it is thin. No, even today , it is said that Italy's national unity is weak and the conflict between the south and the north is not well resolved.

The United States was originally a land too large to handle with the technological and administrative capabilities of the early 20th century, so much authority was transferred to each state (even laws differed from state to state), and even today, one state has complete administrative power. Because it is difficult to project, the neighborhood elects a sheriff and entrusts him to act as a police officer.

In other words, the mafia, which was located in a place where central control was relatively weak, was able to exert influence on local elections as a result of collusion with various circles through guardian-minion relationships. In other words, the mafia takes the form of a politician who exerts influence in the region as a guardian and becomes his own servant when a difficulty or trouble occurs that cannot be resolved through regional collusion (for example, the federal government intervenes). .) Instead of asking the 'guardians' to solve the problem, they ended up collecting votes in each election. The organization that carries out this process is a union, and although it is often translated as a union in gangster movies and there is considerable overlap, union = union.

In other words, the reason why the mafia, a form of organized crime, was able to exert great power in the early and mid-20th century was that, unlike governors or local officials who were unilaterally appointed, with the introduction of democracy, elections were held in a predictable form at regular intervals. In a state where the electoral system of democracy was corrupted and corrupted and did not function properly, it could have been the best use. This can be relatively easily understood, considering that even in Korea, political thugs tried to intervene and manipulate elections in a chaotic political situation.

This is one of the fundamental reasons why criminal organizations in modern society have become so large and powerful that they were incomparable to past times, and this does not only apply to the mafia.

In the days when capital transactions did not take place like today, the profits that criminal organizations outside the rule of law could obtain at most basically converged with the amount that could be covered through spot transactions. Even if there are large criminal organizations outside of central authority, the assets they accumulate, whether in kind or in the form of certificates or letters of credit, are ultimately limited and easily traceable.

On the other hand, the emergence of the credit economy brought a new era of criminal organization called 'capital laundering' into the world. If the preceding conditions are limitations imposed by the times on 'orthodox' mafias, then even if capital laundering and profit growth through the capitalist international financial system overturn all of the preceding conditions, organized crime will still survive and successfully internationalize and corporateize. It opens up the possibility.

The economic gap between the south and the north, which is a problem in Italian society, is so serious that there is no room for improvement even now, and the fact that Italian youth who have lived in disadvantaged families since childhood continue to join the mafia is also being highlighted as a major problem. In addition to the view that mafia members are honorable men and somehow cool charlatans, the fact that they can make a lot of money in difficult economic times is resulting in a constant supply of members to the mafia. This is clearly shown in the film Gomorrah , which deals with the Neapolitan Camorra, and depicts the problem of a young gang member wearing a bulletproof vest, enduring the test of being hit by a mafia bullet, and becoming a subordinate to an adult gang member. Recently, it is said that teenagers have formed gangs and become Camorra's minions or run amok on their own. Related article .

Of course, we must remember that since it is fiction, there may be aspects of it that are glorified . Criminals are never attractive. Just look at the masterpiece of mafia movies, The Godfather , and consider that the reason the mafia was portrayed in a dignified manner was because the producers felt their lives were in danger . There are many stories that emphasize this point and use the cold-bloodedness and ruthlessness of the mafia as a subject matter. In Hungary, the Miss Mafia contest is even being held.

It is certainly true that mafia films have been glorified. After the release of The Godfather , the origin of mafia films, many mafiosi saw the movie and thought it was cool, so they began to emulate some of the aristocratic images in The Godfather. This means that until then, although Italy had a unique familial culture, it did not live like a noble aristocrat like in the movie The Godfather. To begin with, the real-life characters did not live like in the movies, so it was inevitable that they were glorified from the beginning.

For men, the main image items are a fedora + scarf draped over the shoulder + suit to create a hard-boiled atmosphere.[17] + For women, the main coat fashion is the flapper fashion or the alluring madam fashion of the Prohibition era, which emphasizes decadence .[18] He enjoys jazz , blues music, cigars , whiskey , and cognac , and is described as using a Thompson submachine gun (especially the M1928 model with a foregrip and drum magazine) and Lupara ( sawed-off shotgun ). This style is largely an image of the American Prohibition era , the heyday of the mafia . However, the Thompson submachine gun, commonly known as the mafia gun, was used by the American mafia, and in fact, the main Italian mafia preferred weapons depending on the organization, with the Cosa Nost preferring the lupara and the Camorra dagger ( stiletto ).[19] This can be seen as the difference between the modernized Course Nostra and the Camorra, which maintains tradition. Additionally, in addition to firearms, American mafia used a variety of weapons such as axes , crowbars , baseball bats , or modified nail bats as melee weapons, and among these, baseball bats were said to be particularly preferred.

This stereotype of the mafia has become established as the basic image of a member of a large criminal organization in the mass media, and the depiction of Asian criminal organizations such as the Yakuza or triads has also been influenced by this, and the image of the mafia reflects their unique characteristics ( Japanese swords , Chinese food , etc.) There are many descriptions that add additional elements ( do , irezumi, etc.).

When assassinating someone, before killing the assassin, "~~~ (assassin's name) conveyed his best regards, ~ Sends His Regards or simple ~ say Hello." Italian killer left this in the scene of assassinating the creations that deal with mafia such as godfathers, as well as the assassination of the giant bank governor, the source of evil.

There is also a view that the mafia is an interesting subject because of the mafia portrayed in the mass media. Also, the National Mafia Museum in Las Vegas , USA , is a place that collects these points and turns them into a tourist attraction in order to raise awareness about the crimes of the mafia. The website is quite famous, so you can buy various mafia goods or go and see anecdotes related to the mafia.

There is also a legendary female photographer Retichia Batalia, who has been famous for exposing their sins by taking numerous photographs of Mafia since 1969. He died in April 2022. #

Many artists and artists, but Peter Mas[20] , Selwin Rab from the New York Times[21] Jerry Capish from New York Post is famous.

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