knight errant

俠客

You can think of it as a person who is generous and chivalrous, or as someone who is in charge of a cooperative group . Simply put, they can be seen as people who use force and other means to solve difficult or unfair problems for people on behalf of public power.

Because Sima Qian 's "The Four Stooges" is an immortal work, the definition of a charlatan often spreads widely but soon converges into the sentences of the Confucian Chronicles. To summarize Sagi's words, it can be seen as a person who stands up in a dangerous situation and acts without sparing his or her life .

Although the word originates from China , people who exhibit this behavior are found all over the world. However, in modern society, the word 'hyeop' is rarely used to describe such people or actions. Except for events or people in the Greater China region[1] In Korea , the concept of doctor exists, and expressions such as righteous person are used for personal sacrifice and implementation of justice , and expressions such as martyr are used for people who have experienced conflict with large powers .

In the media, it is often used as a rough modifier to be given to those dressed in charlatan-like attire or to young men, such as Mr. or Mr. Even in hero films or gangster dramas , there are sometimes characters who are called by the title of charlatan or who act like charlatans. In Japan , because the Yakuza call themselves extremes or extremes , this type of work is called under the genre name of Imhyupul .

As can be seen in the 'Yuhyeop Chronicles', which deals with the charlatans of Sima Qian , there were many charlatans throughout history. Yuhyeop Yeoljeon contains the stories of five people: Zhu Jia, Jeon Jung, Wang Gong, Geuk Maeng, and Kwak Hae. Yuhyeop is a combination of the words ‘yusa’ (遊士), meaning a wandering scholar , and ‘hyeopgaek’ (俠客). China's unique culture played a role in the fact that charlatans placed importance on repaying personal favors. When one's friends or benefactors are in danger, even if it is a crime, they act without fear and do not hesitate to wander from place to place as a result. That's why it was called Yuhyeop. However, even if a third party cannot openly tolerate it, it must have a level of justice that allows it to understand the circumstances of the act. Otherwise, you just become a criminal.

Meanwhile, the characters from the scam's assassin can also be seen as a cooperative.

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms , Guan Yu was also originally a knight, but according to the version, there is a rumor that he killed an evil official and changed his name to Guan Yu.[2] Most of the main characters in Suhojeon are also classified as knights.

The late Han Dynasty, which is the background of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and the hero of the Three Kingdoms period was Cao Cao.[3] , Jeon-wi , Ha-hu-don , Seo-seo , etc. Although this is a serious crime by modern standards, Chinese society at the time appears to have been quite tolerant of such crimes. At that time, the extortion of the people by those in power reached its peak, which led to the Yellow Turban Rebellion . Considering that the people they killed were the type of people who were greatly hated by the people, they may have been armed with guns. Perhaps that's why people like Xiahou Dun and Jeon Wi actually became famous after committing murder. Everyone has complaints and grudges, but everyone's life is precious, so when they can't step forward for fear of repercussions, they step forward, strap on their guns, and swing their swords at the evildoers without compensation, which inevitably increases their reputation.

In fact, killing people to avenge someone's personal grudge is the most important part of the Chinese martial tradition. Of course, this act was a serious crime according to the law of the time, but the public highly praised the martial artists who did this as righteous people, and Sima Qian , the father of Chinese historiography, even wrote about these martial artists in his Records of the Grand Historian and Biographies of Assassins, so much so that he recorded their stories separately.

Because China's territory is vast, the central administrative power often did not reach the local areas properly, and the harmful effects of local powerful people breaking away from central control and exploiting or harassing the powerless people were also revealed early on. To that extent, the public regarded the charlatan who valued righteousness as a resister against him as a hero. This tradition of guild is not simply a matter of having different standards for crime than modern times; it is one of the important keywords for understanding Chinese history, and these charlatans are one of China's most traditional popular heroes. Martial arts that are still widely loved today also have part of their cultural origins in this martial arts tradition. If you do not understand this Confucian tradition, you will not be able to understand why Suhuoden has been loved by the Chinese public for so long.

Among the knights, after a long struggle and wandering, there was a person who won the support of the people and even became the head of state. A representative example is Hangoje , the founder of the Han Dynasty, who became emperor by conquering a region or an entire country as a leader of a popular rebellion.

The guests who are discussed in Han Visa are said to say silence.

In fact, action is based on the cause, but what you do is a serious crime. All of the classmates do are crime as of the time. It is not a minor misdemeanor, but a normal murder, a felony crime . Nevertheless, the reasons why they are classified as righteousness are mainly the following.

In terms of this theory, the fact that the guests often appeared was that " the social order was to return to the spirit of the morality of the members of the society . " In other words, when the existing order is the worst of the lane and the worst than the far -evil, it is a relatively better situation to see the self -relief.

When the notion of the state's existence was not formed for the people, the structurally strong and thorough state power inevitably brought side effects to destroy and abuse the people strongly and thoroughly , and the people expected the illegal hero to protect themselves.

Many of the nations in the past were not built with romantic beliefs that they would protect or live well. If you collect more people, get a little wider land, and go to the top, and you can eat well and live well, the bottom guys are often operated in a way that you can eat or throw or throw it . The law enacted in such a situation is only a tool of oppression for the person's point of view.

Since the 20th century, in this case, another official, police or prosecution, prevents the tyranny of the coffin. In a country that does not prevent the congestion of the coffins such as democratic political systems, civil society, and independent media, a modern term is still active in the name of revolutionaries , civil activists, and terrorists . Or, the totalitarianism with a mechanism of suppression that has not been dreamed of in a pre -Korean country The whole country under the fascist regime One huge camp Will be.

In China, the tyranny of the coffin is even Confucius, " The harsh politics is more scary than the tiger." It was notorious since the Spring and Autumn era , and the people of the people, the people of the spring and autumn people, had no way to resist the tyranny of the coffin. As a result, they will be revered by the guests who help people take the lead in not saving their lives. For example, the law may not be able to properly or punish the killer who killed my family, but if you ask a cooperative, it will be solved simply and cheerfully. It is to solve the parts that the so -called law cannot be solved by private justice execution.

From a modern perspective, it is a matter of private sanctions , but to put it the other way, even under the modern legal system, there are people who feel wronged by the lack of judgment or the result of the lawsuit, so we can guess that these issues would have been even more serious before the modern era when the laws were lax. Therefore, the existence of a charlatan was necessary and was able to gain the sympathy of the public.

In addition, during the period of prosperity and decline of many countries, such as the Spring and Autumn Warring States period, the actions of knights were often traitors to the victim, but heroic to the perpetrator. For example, Jing Jia, the most famous swordsman in the Warring States period , was an attempt to assassinate the head of state from the Qin Dynasty's point of view , but from the Yan Dynasty's point of view, it can be said that he was a martyr and doctor who did not spare his life for the Yan Dynasty.

Perhaps because of this, even though they are criminals, there are many favorable or sympathetic views. This was a time when the law was not functioning properly and solutions were not properly implemented, so complaints erupted here and there. So the swordsmen did not appear without a reason. Above all, they were people who survived while fighting against public power. In other words, they were able to exist because there were many people who supported them. Sima Qian also gave a positive evaluation of the swordsmen.

In a way, there is a part in common with the exercise of the right to resist , which is the last bastion of modern democracy. In addition, in terms of the history of ideology, modern anarchism can be seen as a case of sublimating the knights as an ideology as a pre-modern cultural code from the viewpoint of active resistance against the centralized power system by the bureaucracy that goes against the social justice that members of the community aim for. can

However, no matter how high and green their initial intentions are, what they do is ultimately an act of violence, so if they take just one wrong step, they become terrorists or gangsters . For example, in the case of areas where public power collapses during times of turmoil or where the power of the government is relatively weak and cannot be properly reached, there are cases where such a cooperative group takes the place of public power and takes advantage of the government's actions or colludes with the government. Of course, such a cooperative group can protect the people in this way, but on the contrary, it can also become a group that harasses the people on behalf of the government. The story of the fraudulent charlatans also ends with the story of the process of the charlatans' corruption and downfall, and the statement that among those who called themselves charlatans at the time, there were not many truly righteous people.

A lot of charlatan characters appear in Western hero genres , Korean gangster dramas , and Japanese crime fiction genres. In fact, most superhero characters can be considered to have the attributes of a thief. In fact, the word hero itself means a hero or a thief. Perhaps because of this, when translating the names of superhero characters in Chinese-speaking countries, Man is often translated as "~~hyeop" (俠). For example, the Chinese notation for Iron Man is Cheolhyeop (鋼鐵俠), and for Spider-Man is Jijuhyeop (蜘蛛俠).[6]

One of the tendencies of the Dungeon and Dragon series, the chaos line, is a typical cooperative .