Confucius
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1. outline
樊遲問仁 子曰愛人 問知 子曰知人 When Beon-ji asked about benevolence , Confucius said, “It’s about loving people.” When Venji asked about knowledge , Confucius said, “It’s about knowing people.” 《Analects》 |
學而時習之，不亦說乎? 有朋自遠方來，不亦樂乎？人不知而不慍，不亦君子乎? If you learn and learn at the right time, isn't it also a joy? Isn't it also fun when friends come to visit you from far away? Since you don't get angry even when others don't recognize you, aren't you also a gentleman? 《Analects》 |
Confucian scholar of the spring and autumn era .
He established the basic scriptures of Confucianism by organizing the rites and music of the Zhou Dynasty , the country of the emperor. He is one of the four great saints and a person who left a vast influence on East Asia for thousands of years.
He established the basic scriptures of Confucianism by organizing the rites and music of the Zhou Dynasty , the country of the emperor. He is one of the four great saints and a person who left a vast influence on East Asia for thousands of years.
2. life and thought
more detailsConfucius/Life and thought documentcastPlease note.He was born and raised in the Lu Dynasty , and was familiar with courtesy from an early age . He began training disciples in his 30s , and received the trust of Duke Lu . In his 50s, he attempted to weaken the power of the three powerful people of the state of Lu at the time, the Three Hwans (Maengson, Sukson, and Gyeson), but was ultimately thwarted and was deposed. Confucius, who realized that his ideals could not be realized in the Lu Dynasty, led several disciples and wandered around China for about 10 years to find a like-minded monarch, but was ultimately frustrated. In his later years, in his late 60s, he returned to the Lu Dynasty and was treated as a 'national expert', but he did not participate in government affairs and devoted himself to nurturing younger scholars and organizing ancient documents before passing away in his 70s.
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In terms of ideology , Confucius was the first to propose ' Benevolence ', which can be called East Asian humanism .[19] Therefore, benevolence (仁) refers to ‘humanity’ in a moral and humanistic sense, that is, ‘a person’s warm heart’.
So what is “humanity”? This can be seen in Confucius's Analects of Confucius's 仁者 愛人 ('benevolence' means caring for others). This tells us that the essence of “humanity” is to care for and care for others unconditionally , such as being considerate and worried, just as our mothers do when dealing with their children . At that time, many people died in war and betrayal, so we thought, 'Let's take care of others and cherish them.' Confucius's cry, 'So let's live like human beings,' provided great and small inspiration to many thinkers who wanted to stabilize society at the time.
A person who cares for and takes care of those around him and is good at benevolence will inevitably gain people's trust, and the person who has been elevated through the trust of those around him becomes the head of the organization he belongs to.
This creates superiors and subordinates. The superiors serve as examples for their subordinates and teach them, and the subordinates learn by imitating their superiors. Confucius referred to the righteousness in these hierarchical relationships as 'righteousness', emphasizing that a fair and righteous person must be in a high position for the society to be stable. Also, if you take care of close people around you too much, it will tire you out, and if there is no order in teaching and learning between superiors and subordinates, immature subordinates will look down on their superiors due to their inexperience, and the teachings will not be properly conveyed, so even if you are close, keep your distance. And order was to be followed in the hierarchical relationship, and this form was called 'Ye' (禮). However, in the end, a benevolent person advances to a high position and spreads righteousness, and keeping the proper order of benevolence and righteousness becomes rite. From here, the ethical views of filial piety, courtesy, and respect, and the political views of propriety and virtue were created.[21][22]
Therefore, Confucius found the reason for the chaos in the world to be the absence of benevolence and the loss of rites and music, and raised a group of benevolent men who followed rites and music to create a holy era like the early Zhou Dynasty. The ideal was to recover. In politics, a gentleman who possesses benevolence and is knowledgeable about propriety .[23] It was believed that the government should take the lead, and universal education was provided regardless of social status in training these noble men. The ideology he established, and after his death, later scholars used that ideology as the framework and added various thoughts.[24][25] The series of ideological trends that have developed are called Confucianism or Confucianism .
Today, we usually recognize Confucius as the founder of Confucianism , but at least Confucius never thought he was the founder of something. Confucius has just been inherited and inherited the tradition of the art that has been continued since ancient times.[26] It is said that his ideas are not new, but only revealed the true meaning of the old King of Holy King and Sung Hyun. This means that the famous liquor is a trilogy (不 不), that is, "written, not created." His goal was to connect the ideas of Yo Soon -woo -tang. In fact, many of them are commonly known as Confucian culture, or have been formed before or later. It is also because later scholars considered this because they are not called the public.
In the 11th year of King Seongjong's reign (1307), he was given the posthumous title of 'Daeseongjiseongmunseonwang' (大成至聖文宣王). This is also the official title that is currently displayed on the memorial tablets of the official shrines in Sungkyunkwan Daeseongjeon and other places.[27] In East Asian culture, there are many cases of honoring someone after their death, but most of them were honoring royal family members for their legitimacy, and cases of honoring someone who was not royal, like Confucius, as a monarch were very rare.[28]
Usually, in the Thesis, it is said to be 'Jawal (子 曰: the teacher speaks)'. When referring to Confucius in books other than the Language, it also uses the expression 'rich man', which means a teacher. This is because the person who is called a teacher in the Chinese character culture usually means Confucius. Occasionally, it is also called a 'study person', and Western missionaries have been called 'Confucius' by changing this expression into Latin.[29] In addition to the Chinese pronunciation of the 'studyer', the male nouns are the mother-in-law '-uS'.
Mencius also calls himself ‘Mencius’ in this style. However, Mencius does not include the word ‘fu’. In other words, in the Western world, the names of Confucius and Mencius become 'Confucius' and 'Mencius'. Pronounced in English as [kənˈfjuːʃəs][confucious], [mɛnʃiəs][mencius]. These two people are the only two Chinese people whose Latin names are widely used. In addition, Mozi (墨子) is called 'Micius', Laozi is called 'Laocius', and Sun Wu is called 'Suncius', but these are not often used . Usually, Mo Tzu, Lao Tzu, and Sun Tzu are more commonly used as "Mo Tzu", "Lao Tzu", and "Sun Tzu", which are written in Wade-Giles notation for the standard Chinese pronunciation .
3. education method
Confucius' basic education was originally song. Because of the expression 'poetry', it seems like he would just read quietly, but he actually sang along with the rhythm.[30] When it comes to Confucianism, it is easy to hear stereotypical stories, but in fact, such things were created in later generations, and Confucius himself did not educate in such a stereotypical style. It's just that Si-kyung has only been given the lyrics so he can't know the melody.[31]
Confucius created a curriculum called the Six Arts of Rituals, Music, Music, Sa, Eo, Calligraphy, and Number.
Confucius created a curriculum called the Six Arts of Rituals, Music, Music, Sa, Eo, Calligraphy, and Number.
- The example is not just a courtesy of courtesy, but learning the ritual process of administrative and social norms and the official national events . Learning this will lead to the application of the normative procedure as well as the national events such as diplomacy and rituals.
- Music is music, and this is not just about music enjoyed by the public, but also learning about music used during national or diplomatic events, so it also falls within the actual scope of work of a bureaucrat. He also believed that the mind can be edified through the process of playing, listening to, and singing good music.[32] In particular, he explained that music has the function of uniting society. Please note that in Confucian texts, the culture itself is often referred to as 'rites and music'.[33]
- Sawa is an archery and a wagon, that is, war technology . During the Spring and Autumn period , the officials of the state meant the commander of the army, so if the proper bureaucrat was a good bureaucracy, it had to be fluent in military studies. After the tank was degenerated, it was changed to a horse ride. It is not directly mentioned here, but as a self -defense, the swordsmanship was also taught.
- Books and numbers can be called documents and accounting processes. It is not just writing and arithmetic, but the technology of writing national official documents and national financial management and accounting work.
In other words, Seonbi should not be a person who is simply sitting and reading only books, not only as a bureaucracy as a whole, but also a skill related to war. In other words , it is basic and must be mastered by administrative practices.
As a soldier, he is an all-rounder who is good at organizing various training and events, is good at training and managing unit members, practices shooting thoroughly every day, knows how to drive a tank, is good at tactics and strategy, is good at writing documents, is good at administrative work, and is skilled at financial affairs . It is a big mistake to think that Confucianism is just a vague philosophical study. In later generations, more emphasis was placed on the ruling ideology rather than the practical aspects, but Confucius was a person who placed emphasis on practical education that could be used immediately as a government official.[34] It is not for nothing that Confucianism has been the governing ideology of the secular world since the Han Dynasty in the East Asian world. To compare it to the West, the state religion is Christianity, but the government is based on Greek philosophy, including Socrates .[35]
These six arts are divided into Seo, Su/Ye, Ak/Fa, and Eo, and are sometimes interpreted as holistic education in terms of intelligence and virtue in modern pedagogy.
Confucius's true achievement was that he passed on education, which had been the exclusive domain of the nobility, to the general public . Before Confucius, there were almost no proper educational institutions, and those that did exist were limited to the nobility. It was common in all cultures for nobles to pass down skills and manners essential to the ruling class in a closed manner at home.
However, if Confucius wanted to learn, he taught them all if they brought only a lot of beef jerky , and this story was solidified with the idiom called Help Zone. The reason for mentioning the beef jerky here is that the beef jerky was the lowest gift to others. It was a spam or tuna can now . In other words, anyone who comes to learn to teach because he wants to learn. In the thesis, Confucius says, "If you have a lot of people, you have to be generous, and if you are generous, you should teach them." For Confucius, education was not just the nobility of the aristocracy, but an essential element that anyone should receive .
However, if interpreted backwards, it can be interpreted to mean, "If you want to receive instruction, no matter how small it is, you should show sincerity and ask politely. Don't accept it from a rude person who just comes and says, 'Please teach me.'" There are absurd cases of going beyond this level and interpreting beef jerky as “chonji,” but as mentioned above, beef jerky was of such low status that it could not possibly be considered a high-class gift. Therefore, the meaning of expressing 'minimum sincerity and will' should be seen as a comparison to beef jerky, which was the cheapest gift at the time.[36]
What Confucius valued most was the learner's passion. There is a tendency to focus only on Confucius's minimal sincerity, which is often represented by Sosujirye, and in the following sentence, "If you did not get excited, I did not remind you, and if you did not tear down one corner and guess the other three, I did not teach you any more." Confucius viewed the learner's passion as more important than anyone else. In other words, Confucius's intention was that 'if you have the will to learn and the sincerity to ask for teachings, I will teach you generously.'[37] It was also Confucius's thought that 'those who do not have these things are not worth teaching.'
In this way, Confucius often emphasized that he loved learning. This spirit is clearly revealed in the verse that says, " ''I am not the person I knew from birth. I am a person who loves old things and diligently sought them out. '"'''[38] However, as the worship of Confucius intensified, the number of Confucian scholars who worshiped Confucius as a divine being, saying, "He knew everything from the time he was born," increased, and Choi Sul strongly criticized this in 《Susagosinnok》.
Thanks to this, the characteristics of Confucian scholars who succeeded Confucius include a strong sense of participation in reality and a thirst for intellectual assets. No matter how wealthy your family is, you will be criticized if you do not study hard. The ruling classes in other cultures were not under such intense pressure to study, nor was studying seen as almost the only means of achieving success. Of course, studying costs money. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, when the bureaucratic order was relatively relaxed and commerce was developed, noblemen and public officials made good money through things that had nothing to do with study, such as commerce or receiving rent for farming, but they also first invested the money they earned in this way into their children's education.
Many of these aspects can be seen in Joseon , where the Confucian order was fully established . In Goryeo , where Confucianism was weak and Buddhism was prospering, it was not at all shameful to enter the civil service through eunuch , and for this reason, the monopoly of government positions by family nobles was very severe. However, in the Joseon Dynasty, which was founded by the new Saebu faction, people who entered government office through Muneum (Eumseo, a revised term during the Joseon Dynasty) were treated with great contempt, calling them parachute personnel , and Muneum was recognized as an dishonest system. Therefore, the first position received through Muneum was a low-level position, or even a Hanji position where meaningless tasks such as asking about the king's well-being were forced to be given, and even for that, it was not possible to get a job only by passing a separate test called 'Mooneum Reporting', not without a test. In this situation, even those who entered the civil service examination for the first time through Muneum, thought that Muneum was only for career building, and the vast majority studied and retook the civil service examination . Only then could one advance to a civil service position, and if one failed to pass the state civil service examination, the highest level for Muneum graduates was to become a local officer. As such, East Asia's high enthusiasm for education, and the Western stereotypes that stem from it, can only be understood by knowing this background.
He also said that he was good at handling tanks , and a person who drives a tank means a commander and warrior. Confucius was a huge man, over 9 cheok and 6 cun tall.[39] , there is no way that such physical ability was absurd at the time. Although he was a large man, Confucius was a man who spent his youth doing all kinds of hard work, including carpentry, undertaker work, chariot driving, and warehouse keeper. There is even a story that he subdued that person by force. As can be seen from the six arts mentioned above, he was a person who also provided military education to his students. During the Spring and Autumn Period, there was no distinction between civil servants and military officials. Confucius originally came from a family that produced military commanders.[40] , there were disciples who learned martial arts and military service from Confucius. From the time Confucius first served as an official in the State of Qi, his life was threatened several times by attacks by those who hated him. If Confucius had not properly learned self-defense techniques, he would have lost his life before he could return to the State of Lu.
Originally, the scholars of the Spring and Autumn Period were basically warriors who carried out wars. The scholars were those who did politics in normal times and fought wars in times of war . In other words, Confucius's group was almost an armed force. There were a lot of such armed forces in the Tang Dynasty, and they were called the Hundred Schools of Thought.[41] Of course, he did not only fight, but also studied to run the country and handle administrative work.[42][43]
4. student
By nurturing nearly 3,000 disciples[44] Afterwards, a talent pool was created for the Warring States Period . Among them, there are 72 disciples who properly learned Confucius's teachings, and among them, 10 outstanding disciples are called Gongmunsipcheol . In fact, it is no exaggeration to say that these people advanced to various parts of the continent and created a large number of disciples. Mo Tzu was also a figure who made Confucius's thoughts more universalistic, and Shang Yang, commonly known as a legal scholar , was a person who graduated from the school established in Wei by Confucius' disciple Tzu-ha . Han Feizi and Li-sa were also disciples of Xun-zi, and Xun-zi was also a follower of Tzu-ha 's academic lineage. Needless to say, Mencius learned directly from Confucius's grandson Tzu Chi . So, not only were the major figures such as Zigong and Zilu great, but Confucius' disciples later advanced to various parts of the continent and produced numerous figures who were active during the Warring States Period.
Even when Confucius was living a wandering life, his disciples often went to other countries to work, and Confucius was invited through their introduction. In particular, the driving force behind Confucius' wandering for about 10 years was the financial support of Zigong , a wealthy conglomerate. It is a mistake to think that Confucius was just poor. To interact with monarchs or high-ranking officials, you must have a minimum economic level. When Confucius returned to Lu, he still had a stable at home. As of now, this means that several luxury sedans have been rolled out.
In the era when Confucius lived, there was no firmly established class system. Of course , there is such a thing as slave , but slave is not defined by status. Confucius did not discriminate against people when it came to teaching. The eldest disciple, Jaro , who was only 9 years older than him , was originally from a barbarian who lived outside the castle, and Confucius himself was an illegitimate child born in the mountains. When Confucius was young, he had the experience of being kicked out of the door for being lowly, and was not recognized by his father's family for quite some time. When the Prime Minister of the Wu Dynasty saw Confucius, he sarcastically said, "He is truly a saint. He is talented in many fields." Hearing this, Confucius said. He knows me well. I was a lowly person when I was young. So there are just a lot of leftover talents. Should a gentleman have many talents? That's not necessarily true.[45]
Even when Confucius was living a wandering life, his disciples often went to other countries to work, and Confucius was invited through their introduction. In particular, the driving force behind Confucius' wandering for about 10 years was the financial support of Zigong , a wealthy conglomerate. It is a mistake to think that Confucius was just poor. To interact with monarchs or high-ranking officials, you must have a minimum economic level. When Confucius returned to Lu, he still had a stable at home. As of now, this means that several luxury sedans have been rolled out.
In the era when Confucius lived, there was no firmly established class system. Of course , there is such a thing as slave , but slave is not defined by status. Confucius did not discriminate against people when it came to teaching. The eldest disciple, Jaro , who was only 9 years older than him , was originally from a barbarian who lived outside the castle, and Confucius himself was an illegitimate child born in the mountains. When Confucius was young, he had the experience of being kicked out of the door for being lowly, and was not recognized by his father's family for quite some time. When the Prime Minister of the Wu Dynasty saw Confucius, he sarcastically said, "He is truly a saint. He is talented in many fields." Hearing this, Confucius said. He knows me well. I was a lowly person when I was young. So there are just a lot of leftover talents. Should a gentleman have many talents? That's not necessarily true.[45]
4.1. main disciple
- Anhui - In The Analects , he appears as a disciple who is favored by Confucius. As Confucius' most cherished disciple, Confucius said, 'I only saw him progressing, not stagnant.'[46] but he dies earlier than Confucius. When Confucius heard of Anhui's death, he lamented, "Heaven has abandoned me, Heaven has abandoned me!" (天喪予, 天喪予!)
- In the Jaro -In the language, he is a typical Hoge girl. The political ability was also significant enough to be the godfather's trail. He is a lot of people with Confucius, but he is praised and is the closest person with Confucius. Later, he was killed by the power struggle of the stomach country and was killed . After hearing this news, Confucius' actions were to throw away all the salted fish in their homes, which spread with rumors of Confucius . Along with Anhoe, he was the most important disciple for Confucius.
- Zigong - In the Analects of Confucius, he is described as a man with extraordinary intelligence, excellent eloquence, and a natural talent for business. He was extremely wealthy and used this wealth to financially support the Confucius Institute. The respect for Confucius was so great that when Confucius passed away, there was a mourning ceremony for as many as six years.
- Jeung-zi - Confucius evaluates him as honest but foolish. In fact, the age difference is almost 50 years, but I am the grandson's age and Confucius was only in his 20s at the time of his death, so he rarely appears in conversations with Confucius, but rather Jeung Jeom, Jeung-ja's father, appears more often. However, the portion of the Analects of Confucius is quite significant, so much so that the prevailing theory is that the Analects of Confucius was completed by the Jeungzi faction.
- Jae-yeo (= Jae-ah) - Although he is in a high position enough to enter the ten official documents, he only appears as a target of criticism when looking at the Analects. If Ja-ro scolds and wants to correct his behavior, Jae-ah is pure criticism. It's a bonus to answer Confucius every word. While claiming that the three-year award is inefficient and insisting on the one-year award, Confucius hears gossip saying, "Jae-ah hasn't been loved by his parents for three years," or sees Jae-ah taking a nap, and evaluates Jae-ah as "a rotten tree that cannot be carved." . However, in modern times, it is interpreted that the reason Jae-a was criticized a lot is because of the confrontation between Confucius' courtesy and formal emphasis and Jae-a's pragmatism.
Among these, the most mentioned disciples are An Hui , Zi Lu , and Zigong , and these three can be said to be the three greatest disciples of Confucius. An Hui was noble, smart, and wise; Zi-gong was strong and brave as a general; Zi-gong had a lot of money and helped Confucius a lot materially when he was going through difficult times; he had excellent political sense and eloquence, and had wide personal connections.
Others: Damdaemyeongmyeong, Bokje, Wonheon , Gongyajang, Namgunggwe, Gongseokae, Anmuyao, Sanggu, Gosi, Chiljogae, Gonggongryo, Simajyeong, Beonsu, Yuyu, Gongseojeok , and Mumashi - these are the disciples who are recorded in the Analects of Confucius up to this point.
The disciples mentioned below do not appear in the Analects of Confucius, and are only mentioned by name in the Chronicles of the Disciples of Zhongni. In some cases, brief anecdotes are recorded in Confucius's account and Sagi Confucius's account. Gonggyeonjeong, Gongryangyu, Gongseoyeoyeo, Gongseojam, Gongsunryong, Gongjoguja , Gongchung, Gonghasu, Gyoseon, Gujeonggang, Bangson, Baekgeon, Bosukseung, Sangtaek, Seokjakchok, Sukjunghoe, Sijisang, Shindang, Akhae, Anjo, Anjo, Anjibok, Ankhwe, Anha, Anhaeng, Yangsajeok, Yangjeon, Yeongyeol, Yeomgyeol, Yeomgye, Yeonggi, Wonhangjeok, Imbuje, There are Jeokheuk, Jeongguk, Johyul, Jwainyeong, Jinbi, Jinsang, Jinyeom, Jinjo, Chiljodobo, Chiljodo, Hanboheuk, Haeyongjam, Hyeonseong, and Hucheo.
5.
Confucius was not a writer. He said that he only compiled what had been handed down by himself , and there was no such thing as a book he made himself. It is said that he compiled the Book of Poetry , commented on the Book of Records (Gye-sa-jeon), and composed the Chunchu , but among these, it is highly likely that Confucius was directly made by the hand of Confucius . most likely lost (It is highly likely that Gyesajeon was also written by Confucius. Even now, the Book of Changes is a scripture that Confucius has a great influence on.) Most of these scriptures are bound to come into existence when they are later converted into scriptures with the support of a huge power such as the empire. The Analects are not Confucius' books, but Confucius' disciples recorded the words and actions of Confucius, his disciples, and related people. Confucius was a man of action rather than theory.
As the primary source of various anecdotes and records about the lives of Confucius and his disciples, the Analects of Confucius are naturally the most famous, most truthful, and richest in content. However, as can be seen above, there are quite a lot of anecdotes related to Confucius in the records (e.g., Household Blindness). Although there are some parts that are somewhat unreliable, the Confucius Book is also an important source, which is a collection of various anecdotes that were passed down orally or remained in records until the Han Dynasty . Sima Qian 's ' History of Confucius ' is the first extant document to compile related materials scattered here and there into a complete biography, and naturally uses the above sources. Except for the above materials, other materials can be said to be fragmentary, forged (e.g. Gong Chongzi), closer to fables than true stories (e.g. Zhuangzi), or secondary materials using the above materials.
As the primary source of various anecdotes and records about the lives of Confucius and his disciples, the Analects of Confucius are naturally the most famous, most truthful, and richest in content. However, as can be seen above, there are quite a lot of anecdotes related to Confucius in the records (e.g., Household Blindness). Although there are some parts that are somewhat unreliable, the Confucius Book is also an important source, which is a collection of various anecdotes that were passed down orally or remained in records until the Han Dynasty . Sima Qian 's ' History of Confucius ' is the first extant document to compile related materials scattered here and there into a complete biography, and naturally uses the above sources. Except for the above materials, other materials can be said to be fragmentary, forged (e.g. Gong Chongzi), closer to fables than true stories (e.g. Zhuangzi), or secondary materials using the above materials.
6. evaluation
more detailsConfucius/Evaluation documentcastPlease note.7. etc
more detailsConfucius/Others documentcastPlease note.8. mass media
more detailsConfucius/Mass Media documentcastPlease note.9. Anniversary
Because of its origins , Sungkyunkwan University closes every year on September 28, the birthday of Confucius . This day is called Gongjatanganggil and Gongtanjeol . In other words, it is a kind of Confucius birthday party with dancing, singing, and drinking. You can eat for free at Jinsa Restaurant, and they also serve alcohol to Confucius at his birthday party. As a religious group, it does not exert much power, but perhaps because of its cultural influence, many people in politics and business participate. You can see Palilmu (八佾舞), which consists of Munmu and Mumu. Although it is called dance, it cannot be compared to current dance. Very slow. It is the only school in Korea that closes on Confucius' birthday. The administrative office, research labs, and professors are all closed. There is a rumor that all the college students at Everland that day were Sungkyunkwan University students. In addition, the entrance ceremony is held at the Natural Sciences Campus and the graduation ceremony is held at the Humanities and Social Sciences Campus, and doctoral degree holders and graduate representatives are held at Sungkyunkwan University. A ancestral rite is held at Daeseongjeon . In Taiwan, Gongjatangang Day is designated as Teacher's Day.
10. shrine
There is a shrine in Confucius' hometown. As mentioned above, it is a terrible size. Here, the temple is a 'shrine tomb' and is different from the tomb which means the grave. Confucius' tombs are written as a tomb, and the tombs are in the public forests buried in Confucius and Confucius. The cemetery with a `` bush rim '' in China is limited to the graveyard of the saints . There is no other than Guan Yu 's 'Guanlim'.
Sungkyunkwan or Gwollisa Temple in Korea[47] It can also be called the shrine of Confucius.
Lehe Garden Temple in Chengde, Hebei Province, one of China's three major Confucius temples, has been converted into a hotel. Chinese people are criticizing it for destroying cultural heritage.
There is also a Confucius temple in Taipei , the Taipei Zhiyun Danshui Xinyi Line It is located near Wianshan Station .
Sungkyunkwan or Gwollisa Temple in Korea[47] It can also be called the shrine of Confucius.
Lehe Garden Temple in Chengde, Hebei Province, one of China's three major Confucius temples, has been converted into a hotel. Chinese people are criticizing it for destroying cultural heritage.
There is also a Confucius temple in Taipei , the Taipei Zhiyun Danshui Xinyi Line It is located near Wianshan Station .
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Inside the Temple of Literature (Văn Miếu, 文廟) in Hanoi, Vietnam . You can see the signboard with 'Manse Sapyo (萬世師表)' written here. |
11. digression
- He is one of the thinkers included in the high school life and ethics/ethics and ideology curriculum.
12.
13. look around
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[A] 1.1 1.2 魯 曲阜 昌平鄕 郰邑[3] It is known that Confucius' great-great-grandfather was a descendant of Song Mingong . Confucius' ancestors lived in a cluster of villages in present-day Henan Province, where the capitals of the Shang and Song Dynasties were located. During the reign of Muqinbo, Confucius' ancestor, he changed his clan from the Song clan to the Gong clan and moved to the Lu Dynasty in present-day Shandong Province . Among the descendants of Gongmok Geumbo, the son of Gongsuk Liangheul was Confucius, who became the progenitor of the Qubu Gong clan. The home of the Qubu Gong clan is Qubu in Shandong, one of the regions where many descendants of the Shang and Song dynasties, like Confucius, lived together. During the Spring and Autumn Period, surnames and clans were separate, with surnames representing blood lineages and clans as subconcepts of surnames. Many came into being when feudal lords were entrusted with land, so they had a residential area aspect to them.[4] Chinese Pinyin: Kǒng Qiū[5] The job is helpless.[6] The height is said to be 9 cheok and 6 cheon, and the cheok was about 19cm in the early days, and gradually became longer until it reached 23cm in the early Han Dynasty, so it would be relatively accurate to calculate Confucius, a person from the Spring and Autumn Period, by applying 19cm. This gives a realistic height of 182.4cm, which is extremely tall considering the average height of men at the time, and is also taller than the average height of modern Chinese men.[B] 7.1 7.2 For more information, please refer to the Confucius/Jogs document.[9] Emperor Xuanzong of Tang honored Confucius as King Munseon, but held his funeral as a courtesy to the emperor, placing him in an ambiguous position.[10] It is said that Confucius basically adhered to the attitude of ‘shu-ri-bu-chak (述而不作)’, but he had to break this once when he had to. According to Mencius (孟子), it was the 'work' that gave rise to the Spring and Autumn Period. The Spring and Autumn Period was originally a type of historical book, and according to rites, a historical book could only be compiled and revised by the order of the Emperor of Heaven. However, during the chaotic era of the Spring and Autumn Warring States, the emperor of the Zhou Dynasty lost his power and morals became disordered, so proper historians could not be produced. At this time, Confucius wrote the Book of Prosecution based on Confucian moralism based on the existing history book of the Lu Dynasty, Spring and Autumn. This is the Spring and Autumn Book that has been passed down to this day. Also, according to 《Mencius》, Confucius said of his 《Spring and Autumn》, "It will be 《Spring and Autumn》 that makes me know, and it will be 《Spring and Autumn》 that breaks me down." (《Mencius》, 〈Dengwen Factory 2〉, Chapter 9, based on 《Zhuzi Household》.)[11] Confucius basically enjoyed memorizing poems from the Book of Sigil, which has been passed down to this day, or singing along to songs sung by others, but it is said that Confucius composed this song himself and sang it 7 days before his death. “Taesan is collapsing! The beams are breaking! The iron man is Seed!” (泰山壞乎！梁柱摧乎！哲人萎乎!, 《Sagi》, 〈Confucius〉.)[12] It is a name changed from the Chinese pronunciation of Confucius' honorific title, 'Gongfuzi' (孔夫子), to the Roman version. In the West, even after the time of Newton, long after the fall of the Roman Empire, papers were mainly written in Latin for a considerable period of time , and the author's name as well as all names were written in Roman style. An example is that René Descartes is called Cartechius. Westerners such as Descartes routinely used their original native names, but unless they were well versed in philosophy, the general public could not know Confucius' original name, and since he was already known in the West as an East Asian philosopher at that time, the Roman name 'Confucius' became established. In English, the spelling is the same but the pronunciation is called ‘confucius’.[13] Confucius' Tomb[14] A great teacher who will serve as an example for all ages. It is one of the representative modifiers referring to Confucius. The appeal of Emperor Kangxi .[15] All cultures in the world are here. The appeal of Emperor Dezong of Guangxu .[16] Confucius' tour of the world was like a cart carrying precious jewels. Appeal from Emperor Xianfeng of King Munjong.[17] With what Confucius collected, he achieved great success in his path. The appeal of racial economics .[18] Since the creation of humans, there has been no saint like him. Mencius , <Gongsun Chu>. King Sejong ’s appeal.[19] In literature before Confucius , such as poetry, the character ‘仁’[20] , the meaning was closer to 'manliness', 'being good at being a person (competent, capable, versatile)', and 'man among men (handsome, outstanding, good-looking)' rather than 'manliness' in the moral and humanistic sense in the context. Considering its etymology, it may have been closer to the meaning (in a metaphorical sense) of ‘not an empty Gangjeong’, but ‘with a substance’. Confucius was the first to give ‘humanism’ to ‘humanity’. Refer to <Sukwoojeon (叔于田)> and <Noryeong (盧令)> in 《 Shijing 》(詩經). However, Confucius did not completely exclude the original meaning, so he used the word '仲' with this strong feeling when praising the achievements of his followers.[20] Baxter-Sagart's retelling is /*niŋ/. Etymologically, it originally meant 'heart', 'brain', 'mind', and 'whole'. It is cognate with snying, which means 'mind', 'soul', and 'essence' in Tibetan .[21] In other words, in Confucianism, it can be said that there was a hierarchical relationship centered on propriety, but it can also be said that there is no relationship. There is also an opinion that Confucianism changed to maintain top-bottom order due to the East and the Middle East (Han).[22] Reference book: Mencius, Politics of the Mind[23] 'Gentleman', like 'Benevolence', was originally a term that did not have much of a hint of 'humanism'. The gentleman used in poetry, etc., was closer to a 'wonderful man', 'ruling class', and 'decent member of society', while Confucius defined the essential conditions for being a 'wonderful man', 'ruling class', and 'decent member of society'. It was seen as having ‘humanistic spirit’ (humanity) and ‘morality’, that is, being ‘humane’. Confucius used the term 'gentleman' with this 'humanity' idea, Confucius became famous, Confucius's words spread, and his ideas embedded in Confucius' words were spread knowingly or unknowingly, and Confucius's 'gentleman' became known. By overpowering the conventional 'gentleman', the meaning of today's gentleman as a 'moral intellectual' (道悳) has become stronger. The phenomenon of this same principle can also be seen in Mencius's 'Great Books'. However, the impact and control of Mencius's words during the Hundred Family Struggle period was less than that of Confucius, and he himself was more influential than his 'Great Books'. Because he preferred to use Confucius's 'Gentleman', Mencius' 'Large Books' did not go to the extent of overpowering the conventional 'Large Books'.[24] Confucianism, Confucianism, or Confucianism ranges from primitive Confucianism at the time of the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period to Moka, Taoist, Dharma, and Jonghoengga. ), farmers, yin and yang, and famous families, etc., they 'survived' by interacting closely with each other (even though they were quite unfriendly). Of course, there is a history of accepting criticism from other schools of thought to some extent and internalizing them as the logic of one's own school, while maintaining its existence. For example, Mencius , in order to oppose Confucius' highest value 'ren', emphasized 'righteousness', the highest value put forward by Mozi, as a Confucius style, so that it is a juxtaposition of 'humanity'. Confucian language was universalized, and Xunzi (荀子) also critically accepted the Taoist theory of self-cultivation (修養論), the legalist theory of identity (政體論), and the Ming family theory of name and reality. and concluded with Confucian depositism. Neo-Confucianism, which can be called Confucianism in the Middle Ages {Nature Confucianism , Neo-Confucianism, Jeong-ju-hak}, and Yangming -hak, also belonged to Taoism and Buddhism , which were competing ideological worlds at the time. It was established by internalizing the logic. Stuck in the mountains and playing one-on-one, two-on-three generations, it wasn't purely a new idea that suddenly popped out of the successor's head and was handed down with new additions.[25] This also means that Confucius's thoughts have become the main axis, and that Confucianism has actively accepted the thoughts of ancient sages other than Confucius. That is, Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Li Yun, King Wen, King Wu, Duke of Zhou, Tai Gongmang, Bai Yi, etc., as well as Guanzhong, Ja-san (子産), Yu Ha-hye (柳下惠), An Yong (晏嬰), and Nie Gongjago (葉公子高) (of course, the latter noblemen were considered lower in rank than Confucius, and later Confucian thinkers did not ignore them (although they criticized them properly). Confucianism was not a religion in which only Confucius was worshiped as if he were the only god. Mencius was the only one. However, he always criticized Guanzhong when he was bored, and when citing Guanzhong as an example of 'a person to whom heaven has entrusted a great task', he also criticized An Yong once for setting with Guanzhong, and even criticized Yu Ha-hye for 'not being careful', such as quoting An Yong's words when instructing the King of Qi. However, 'Yu Ha-hye is one of the saints.' He was said to be a gentle person, and put him in the same league as Lee Yoon and Baek Yi. He also criticized Baek Yi for being very irritable, but also praised him, saying, "Baek Yi was a person of integrity among saints."[26] One of the important issues that Confucius had from his time was that etiquette and music originally reflected the principles of the human mind. It was a phenomenon that turned into This is also a problem that the British empiricist philosopher Whitehead, who came out much later , also diagnosed through the organic theory.[27] The word Daeseong (大成) comes from Mencius 's evaluation of Confucius, "Confucius studied the Tao of many sages and compiled his studies." Jiseong (至聖) means 'a saint who has reached the highest level', and Munseon (文宣) means 'a gift of culture'. As a result, he was honored as a king in later generations.[28] Similar examples include Guan Yu and Yue Fei in Chinese history and Kim Yu-shin in Korean history .[29] Since it was a title given by Western missionaries, it would be more correct to read 'ci' as 'chi' rather than 'key' following the reading of Church Latin rather than classical Latin.[30] Because it is not a time when the recording medium was common. Of course, I read the contents .[31] In fact, this type of education method was common in ancient society, and even now, minority groups around the world living in primitive tribal societies still engage in many music-centered activities like this. When you think of tribes living a primitive life in Africa or New Guinea , one of the first images that comes to mind is that they sing and dance while working, and perform fun funerals such as coffin dances . The culture of sitting quietly, working with concentration, or holding solemn ceremonies emerged at a time when civilization had advanced significantly.[32] Neurologically, music also stimulates the prefrontal cortex, mirror neurons , and DMN (default mode network), and is also used as a therapeutic method for behavioral improvement. The prefrontal cortex is involved in decision-making, mirror neurons in empathy, and the DMN in self-reflection.[33] In comparison with examples and evil, if 'yes' aims to distinguish and order of society, 'evil' is aimed at the fusion and harmony of society.[34] This is also because the era in which Confucius lived was ancient Chinese society. As civilized society develops, regardless of East or West, society becomes more complex, each field becomes more divided, and academics and practicality become increasingly distant. Ancient human civilization was a society governed by constitutionalism , and social activities were primitive arts . Therefore, the discipline was also not divided into theory and practice, and the field was much simpler. This is no different in the West. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle simply explored and thought about the world, but from the perspective of modern people living in a complex and differentiated world, they seem to have made a name for themselves in all kinds of fields, which makes them seem even more remarkable people. However, it is not as complex and specialized as it is today, and the ability to understand and organize the phenomena and essence of things very intuitively and clearly is not at a level that an ordinary person can follow. Originally, true learning lies in bones rather than flesh, and in the core rather than rhetoric. That is why Whitehead , who is considered one of the greatest philosophers born in England, also said that almost all philosophers in the West are under the influence of Plato. It is not for nothing that they are revered as saints.[35] This is why Socrates is recognized as one of the four greatest saints, more so than Muhammad , even though he was not the founder of religion. In the East, Buddha 's Buddhism became the people's most basic religious foundation, while Confucius' Confucianism became the people's most basic philosophical foundation. In the West, Jesus ' Christianity became the people's most basic religious foundation, and Socratic philosophy became the people's most basic philosophical foundation. So, if Sakyamuni and Jesus are said to be Eastern and Western saints, respectively, Confucius and Socrates are compared to Eastern and Western teachers, respectively.[36] Crucially, it is said that Confucius 's food tastes appears, but they did not like dried meat.[37] He is a great educator with a different sophist, such as Greece's Prothagoras , who had an excellent knowledge of his dignity, but he was strongly pursued so that he was so strong that he could demand a single tuition fee.[38] On the other side of the Analects : I am not alive[39] There is a record in Samacheon 's Sagi , "People thought Confucius's tall height."[40] The ancestor of Confucius was Gongboga (孔父嘉), who was a great general in the Song Dynasty during the days of Jeong Gong.[41] In the case of Moji, one of these disciples, they had an organizational system similar to that of a mercenary corps, and specialized in defending castles.[42] There are quite a lot of people who are related to martial arts among famous ancient scholars and religious figures. In the first place, it was a time when wars were common and deaths were unknown, and security was much worse than now, so it was natural that people had to take care of their bodies and the intensity of labor was high. The ancient Greek philosopher Plato was great at wrestling, and Plato's teacher, Socrates, was an Athenian veteran who made merit in many battles. Gautama Siddhartha was originally from Kshatriya and showed extraordinary talent in martial arts from an early age, receiving expectations in one body . In the case of Jesus , he learned various studies and skills in various places in his youth and worked as a carpenter and builder .[43] For reference, in ancient times, participating in war was something you had to have property and status to do. (First of all, it was a pre-modern era when armaments were equipped with personal money or the commander's money, so the military equipment and weapons were diverse. In other words, if you did not have money, you could not participate in the war.) Later, the right to plunder was also a natural right given to those who participated in the war with their personal status and property. For that reason, commanders and conquered people had to pay commensurate compensation to stop him. The fact that citizens' rights grew in ancient Greece and developed into an ancient democratic system was also a result of the Greek army being composed mainly of heavy infantry units made up of citizens, which inevitably led to the increase in citizens' economic power and power.[44] However, Choi Sul claimed in the investigation report that this was an exaggeration by later generations. Mencius further believed in the story that Confucius had 70 disciples. For reference, Sima Qian recorded 77 disciples in the biography of Zhongni disciples in his biography of Shi Qi.[45] On the other hand of the Analects : 大宰知我乎!吾少也賤, late multi-provincial affairs.Do you have any children?not many[46] On the other hand, the argument.[47] It is a shrine that enshrines the portrait of Confucius. There are two places in Osan-si and Noseong-myeon , Nonsan-si.
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