Shang Dynasty

For the first time in Chinese history, it is supported by both philological history and archeology.[12] It is a dynastic country. It is believed to have existed from about the 17th century BC to 1046 BC.[13] The Chinese character is Sang (商), and the national surname is Zi (子).

During the Qing Dynasty, with the rise of archeology that questioned ancient records, its existence was once questioned, but with the discovery of oracle bone inscriptions in 1899 and the revelation of Yinhe in particular in the 20th century, its existence was proven, and it is recognized as the oldest Chinese nation proven by archeology among the countries reported in literature . This is because although it is one of the documents written thousands of years later, its reality has not been proven at all archaeologically or historically.

There is a view that the Shang Dynasty was the first country in history whose existence was proven in all Chinese territories on the Eurasian continent, and because there is no evidence to prove that it is one, its historical reality is denied in academia. Because the Han Dynasty, a legendary country, overlaps in many ways with the Shang Dynasty, it is dominant to view it as the development stage of civilization of the Shang powers that make up the Shang Dynasty before the founding of the Shang Dynasty.

In the Book of Poetry, there is a passage in Shang Song (商頌) and Xuan Bird (玄bird) that the sky commanded a black bird to come down and give birth to the Shang Dynasty (天命玄bird, 降而生商), showing that the Shang Dynasty recognized itself as a descendant of birds. Having a 'bird' as a totem is a characteristic of the Dongyi people's cultural sphere and is clearly different from the mythology of the Huaxia people, who worshiped the Yellow Sea or dragons.

Although the company has moved the capital , the capital of the country, after the founding of the country , and was called the silver country with silver, which was a famous late city .

The Shang Dynasty moved its capital several times, but in later generations, some people called it the Yin Dynasty, taking its name from Yin (殷) , the most famous capital, but the Shang Dynasty is its official name.[14] However, until the 20th century , many people called it the Eun Dynasty, and in some cases, it is collectively called Eun Sang (殷商).

This is because the name Yin has been inherited since the founding of the Western Zhou Dynasty, which destroyed Shang.[15] Unlike the Shang people, external powers seem to have tended to call it the Yin Dynasty, derived from Yinhe, which served as the capital of the Shang Dynasty for a long time.[16] The Shang people only used Eun as the name of their city, and called their tribe name 'Sang'. The word silver does not appear in the oracle bone inscription either. For reference, in those days, ‘ui’ (衣)[17] or [l], which later seems to have split into [j] and [n].] Or, there was a nickname called ‘Daeup Sang’ (大邑 商). In the oracle bone inscription, Dae (大) is connected to Cheon (天), so the notation 'Cheon-eup Sang' (天邑 商) is also found.

Influenced by this, when the famous history of the era , when Samacheon wrote the fraud , the title of the Sang -dan was written as "Silver" but "The Silver", and the influence of "Scam" is greatly spread in China for more than 2,000 years. Of course, the official name is the right country because the historical evidence of the contemporary relics point to the statue, not the silver.

The words merchant , merchant, etc. originated from this country. Where the Shang Dynasty people wandered around doing business,[18] It is said that it originated. The current lettuce poem also has the same origin.

 more detailsShang Dynasty/Genealogy documentcastPlease note.

According to the librarian , Seongtang , who defeated the king of Hana , was founded. Seongtang is a king that is also confirmed in the armor gate and is referred to as the Great and Cathedral. However, in the Gapgolmun, King Tang was a king who revived the Sang Dynasty, not the founder. However, in general, the Chinese dynasty is 'founded'[19] The same expression is used by the monarch who pushed out the existing Jungwon Dynasty and made the new dynasty to catch the hegemony in the midfield. It makes sense to understand that the person who reinforced the Sang -dara, which was the level of the emperor, was the castle. In the beginning, there is a description of building a town in the armor gate, but the expression itself is not used. 'Guk' was used in cities rather than statues in pre -modern units. More questions in the modern academia are that there is no destruction of different destruction in the existing armor gate. There is no record of ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha.

From the oracle bone inscription, the founder of the Shang Dynasty can be traced back to the Jegok Gosin clan, who are also included in the Three Emperors and Five Emperors, the ancestors of the ruling royal family of the Shang people, the founding force of the Shang Dynasty. The son of Ganjeok, the second queen of the Jegok Gosin clan, is Seol (卨, 契), the progenitor of the Shang people. Of course, there is a record in the 《Shiki》 that Seol, the progenitor of the Shang royal family, was enshrined in a statue during the reign of the Yuyu family in Jesun, but it is only a legendary country with no historical substance that only appears in the Sagi called Hana, so the Shang Dynasty was not founded during this period, as the contents related to Hana exist only in folk tales. There is no historical record that it was King Tang who overthrew Hana and became the first emperor of the central plain, and even in the oracle bone inscription, which is the first text and record, there is no historical record of the Shang Dynasty. Since there is no mention of Hana at all, let alone the content, the record in “Shiji” must be viewed as a legend forcibly inserted by Sima Qian after thousands of years had passed. This is because the contradiction between reality and records in Hana's history is too great to rely on tales and fictional legends.

The names of all the kings of the Shang Dynasty found in oracle bone inscriptions are all named according to the Ten Signs . It is also seen as part of the Shang Dynasty's strong character of constitutional unity . For reference, the royal genealogy of the Shang Dynasty, which Sima Qian, who wrote 《 Siji 》 , collected and recorded for several years, starting from Henan Province, the capital of the Shang Dynasty, for his writing, is largely consistent with the oracle bone records of the Shang Dynasty excavated in the 20th century. Of course, they are not all the same and some parts are different, but considering the time, they are relatively accurate. There are also cases where there are differences in terms of content other than genealogy, for example, the records of the last king Jesin (帝辛) are different. Thanks to this, most of the evaluations of Emperor Xin have been based on Sima Qian's 《Shiji》, viewing him as a tyrant, but with the discovery of the oracle bone inscription, some were reevaluated. It is highly likely that this part of history was intentionally distorted in order to justify it in the Zhou Dynasty, which initially rebelled in a princely state and took power and became king.

In the 《History》, the ancestors of Xia, Shang, and Zhou are all listed as emperors of the Xianyuan clan. If this is true, the strangest case is the Zhou Dynasty . There are a total of 20 generations from the Emperor Xuanyuan clan to Jiewang, the last monarch of Han Dynasty , a total of 17 generations from Emperor Xuanyuan clan to King Tang, the monarch of the revival of the Shang Dynasty, and a total of 46 generations from Emperor Xuanyuan clan to Emperor Zhou, the last monarch of the Shang Dynasty. However, in the records of the Zhou Dynasty , there are only 19 generations in total, from Emperor Xuanyuan to King Wu, the first monarch of Western Zhou. In other words, it is highly likely that the Zhou Dynasty's genealogical records were compiled based on those of the Shang Dynasty, and this provides circumstantial evidence to assume that this was an act to raise the status of the Huiseong royal family of the Zhou Dynasty. In fact, this is not a special thing even today, and many Chinese surnames are descended from the Emperor Xuanyuan clan, and some are descended from the Three Emperors and Five Emperors, such as the Yan Emperor Shennong clan. A famous example is that Taejo Bang of the former Han Dynasty claimed to be a descendant of Jeokje, meaning Emperor of Flames. In this context, the Zhou Dynasty records can be seen as proving the consistency and civilization-level authority of the Shang Dynasty records at the time.

After King Tang , who was the central figure based on the Shang clan, the Shang dynasty moved its capital several times. The excavated and confirmed capitals of the Shang dynasty include the Yanshi ruins in Henan Province, which are presumed to be the capital of the middle period, Bo , and the Yin Ruins in Xiaotun Village , Anyang City, Henan Province, which was the capital of the later period after the Bang Dynasty .[20] The oracle bone script was mainly excavated from the Anyang Yin Ruins site. It is rare to find oracle bone script in other sites.[21] Conversely, there are parts of the early Shang Dynasty that are difficult to know in detail because there are no oracle bone scripts, but a master's degree student in a related major published a paper in a major academic journal in the field of ancient and medieval Chinese history in 2022. #

In Sagien , only the stories of King Tang , Taegap , Taimu , Bangeong , Mujeong , and Jesin are told in relatively detail, and the rest of the kings are only introduced as to their succession to the throne or their brief actions. After transferring the capital to Yinheo, it reached its heyday again during the Mujeong period in the 13th century BC, and expanded its influence by subjugating many surrounding tribes. However, as shown in Chosae , due to the excessive eastern policy of the kings Je -eul and Je -sin at the end of the dynasty, they lost their influence in the western region.[22] , Taking advantage of this opportunity, the Zhou Dynasty in the Shaanxi region gathered western tribes and attacked the Shang Dynasty. In the end, the Shang Dynasty was defeated in the Battle of Muya and the nation was destroyed. The last king, Je Xin , was given the dishonorable posthumous title 'Zhou' by the Zhou Dynasty , and along with King Jie of Han Dynasty, he became synonymous with a tyrant.

In this way, the Sang -na ended with the rebirth of the Lunar Dynasty, which was the kingdom of the country, and the rules of the country, which was served in the relationship between the king , and it took several years to complete the rebellion because the resistance of theats continued.

The Zhu Dynasty, which suppressed the triple trilateral eggs , sealed the royal family of the Sang Dynasty, which was cooperative for them, to the Song Nara Armed Forces to rule the family members. In addition, the ritual of the statue, which is the basis of the country, was the only inherited among the submarines.[23] He was treated as a descendant of the former dynasty in his own royal family, including the rituals of the Zhu Nara.

In addition, King Wu's younger brother, Kang Suk Bong , was enfeoffed in the old capital of Shang, Chaoge, and his fiefdom was Wei . Unlike the time of King Wu, who was enfeoffed in the old capital of Shang, the Shang royal family, Mi Zi Clan, was enfeoffed in a place far from the old capital of Shang, and the Shang clans that did not go to Song were divided and relocated to various regions such as Guanzhong and Luoyi, which greatly weakened the Shang power.

It is estimated that Sang Nara has conducted external conquest activities and formed its own empire. It is also China's first civilization dynasty.[24] The award country seems to have urged at least the nominee to recognize the initiative of the Sang -na.

The power a king has varies depending on time and space. At that time, in China, city-states that served the Shang Dynasty and many ethnic groups that did not serve the Shang Dynasty coexisted, and these were not divided by a border at any point. It is said that there were Shang Dynasty towns among the ethnic groups, and there were also ethnic villages among the Shang towns.[25] This was the same during the Zhou Dynasty, but as time passed, the Shang Dynasty's sphere of influence became more advanced in civilization and its territory became larger, so more cities continued to submit to the Shang Dynasty, and as time went by, foreign villages were subjugated or assimilated into the Shang Dynasty and disappeared. Eventually, during the Han Dynasty, various ethnic groups were assimilated to the extent that immigrants from Gaya could be found in the areas of Pachok, Hyeongnam, and Gangnam.

There are many reasons why the Sang Dynasty led in the center and ruled the ceiling nations. The development of politics and administrative system was still less, but the bigger reason was the natural environment of the midfield at that time. Even in the age of appeal, many areas around the Yellow River are wetlands. It was a jungle .[26] Because of this, he lived around several bases. However, due to climate change and frequent wars, the Yellow River basin gradually became flat, traffic has developed, and a huge country has emerged. On the other hand, the Janggang basin in the south was still in a lot of jungle, so the population density was low, and even it was concentrated in some hubs, so there were still many people.

So, the Shang people, who had continued to develop civilization and technology from the Yellow River region with the advanced Bronze Age civilization and knowledge, pioneered the central plains, subjugated various surrounding tribes, and expanded their power. At some point, they came to the founding of the first civilized state in the central plains, which was the Shang Dynasty.

In Chinese academia, Iridu culture was assumed to be a legendary country, but it was forced to connect, but it is limited to Chinese academia and estimated. Prior to the Sangdang, even if various ceiling countries existed in the midfield, and that Hanara existed, it was more likely that it was only the strongest city or tribal country. Modern people think that Hanara was destroyed, the Sang -dan was founded, and that the Lunar Dynasty was built after the conquest of the Sang Dynasty, but in reality it was high.

In the Bronze Age of China, no centralized countries such as the Jin and Han of the future have not yet emerged. The replacement of the lower → Sang → state is the strongest replacement of the city or the group, and the former dynasty was not destroyed by external invasion and the new dynasty was not built.[27] In ancient Greece, the hegemony of Athens and Sparta's hegemony, ie, the hegemony passed from Athens to Sparta before and after the Peloponnesian War, the hegemony passed to the Myeongjo and the Thursday War. In addition, the hegemony did not destroy the hegemony in a similar context that Athens did not destroy that he had passed to Sparta.

To summarize, the cities that held hegemony changed in the order of Lower → Upper → Zhou, but the ruling class and residents of various other cities remained without significant changes. To elaborate, even during the Spring and Autumn Period, the descendants of the Han Dynasty were treated as the royal family of the Qi Dynasty , and the descendants of the Shang Dynasty were treated as the royal family of the Song Dynasty .[28] However, because Hana is only a legendary nation with no archaeological reality, and there are no records related to Hana even in the oracle bone inscription of the Shang Dynasty, the first written text and record, it is appropriate to regard the Han Dynasty as a civilization in the early state stage of the Shang Dynasty.

First of all, looking at the relationship between the Han Dynasty and the Shang Dynasty, there are many contents praising Tang King in the oracle bone inscription , but there is no mention of him defeating a strong enemy such as the Xia Dynasty. Moreover, the character '夏' is not visible in the oracle bone inscription, and the year is simply distinguished by spring and autumn, not spring, summer, autumn and winter. In addition, in the sense that the culture presumed to be the late Han Dynasty culture and the culture presumed to be the early Shang Dynasty culture are continuous, some scholars argue that the replacement of Xia and Shang, unlike the replacement of Shang and Zhou, was a minor dispute related to succession within the ruling class, and this view is archaeologically and philologically reasonable.

On the other hand, the relationship between the Shang Dynasty and the Zhou Dynasty is slightly different in nature. Unlike the Han Dynasty (presumably) and the Shang Dynasty, whose centers were in central regions such as Luoshu, Yellow River, and Jisu , the Zhou Dynasty's base was the Guanzhong Basin region, where the Shang Dynasty's influence was weak. Also, after the Zhou Dynasty was victorious, it attempted to control indigenous forces by dividing its relatives in the Shandong region and relocating the Qiang people. In terms of culture, the object of ancestral rites changed from ancestral rites to cloth, and the method of fortune-telling changed from animal bones to tree branches, but there was no significant change in culture. This is different from the Lower and Upper Period, where there were no significant changes in culture.

According to records such as Fraud and Sigyung, the country settled under the masonry to avoid the fusion of the king's grandfather . Afterwards, he gained a western heart and gradually grew up, and initially confronted the Sangda, but gradually recognized the hegemony of the Sang -dara and submitted it to the imperial country of the Sang -dara. However, the areas of Kisan, landscapes, and scenes, which are the basements of the country, were far from the city of the Sang -dara, and the forces of the Zhil Dynasty were not ignored by the advantages of such periphery. I was wary of the Lunar Dynasty so that the same record was released.[29] There is also a record that the father of the order king was imprisoned and died by the king. There is also a record that the King of Order went to see the king of the Sang Dynasty.

Traditionally, the Zhou dynasty's national surname, Xi, was in a relationship of intermarriage with Jiangcheng. The wife of Gogongdanbo and the mother of Jielik was Taegang, the wife of King Wu of Zhou was Jiang Taigong's daughter, Eopgang , and later, the queen from Xin whom King You of Zhou favored Posi was also Jiangcheng because Xin was a Jiangcheng vassal. However, as the Zhou dynasty grew stronger, there were also cases of intermarriage with other surnames. King Zhou's mother was Ren (任) and his wife was Si (姒). In the <Hyo-sa> of the <Book of Changes>, there is a passage about King Zhou of Shang, the father of Zhou, marrying his daughter to King Zhou. This shows that the Zhou dynasty had grown to the point where it had to form a marriage alliance with Zhou. King Zhou (Je-sin) imprisoning King Wen in Liu Liu seems to have been part of a policy of restraint against Zhou.

King Munjeong of Shang imprisoned Gye-rye and killed him, but by the time of Gye-rye's son, Seo Baek-chang, that is, King of Zhou, his power had grown strong enough to conquer Yu, Ye, and Sung, which were close to the base of the Shang Dynasty. The emperor continued to keep a check on Se Baekchang by imprisoning him in glass, but eventually, during the reign of King Xibal of Zhouwu, the son of Sebaekchang, the Western tribes, including Kang, Yong, Shu, Mu, Lu, Peng, and Fu, united as the head of the allied army and defeated the Shang army at Muya and achieved hegemony. Afterwards, the Zhou Dynasty dispersed and relocated the Shang Dynasty refugees to various places.

In terms of Bronze Age culture, there was no significant difference between the Zhou Dynasty and the Shang Dynasty.[30] It may be from the time of Gogong Danbo, but if you look at the relics from the time of his great-grandson King Zhou Wu, who had a fight with the Shang Dynasty, it is very similar to that of the Shang Dynasty. It appears that the culture of the Zhou Dynasty developed through constant acceptance and exchange with the culture of the Shang Dynasty. The Zhou Dynasty, like the Shang Dynasty, also has traces of fortune-telling using animal bones. Although the origins of the tribes may have been different, their cultures seem to have become similar around the time of the Shang Dynasty.

The characteristic of the opponent is, above all, the bronze flag is bronze . This is a relic that indicates that the Sangdong was a bronze civilization.[31]

During this period, bronze are excellent in formative levels, but the form, size, and threatening form of the chilmun are quite different from the Chinese dynasty culture after the top and stocks. It is reminiscent of Latin American civilization. The bronze ages of the Sang -dan era are free from the type, so archaeologists struggle to hold their characteristics and name them. According to the Cambridge China Ancient History, which has not yet been translated in Korea, there are approximately four or five distinctions.

At that time, the technology for making bronzeware seemed to have been difficult to mass-produce as after the Zhou Dynasty , and precious bronzeware was mainly used for ancestral rites . During the Zhou Dynasty, the decoration became somewhat simpler and it appears that the bronze casting technology had deteriorated compared to the previous era. However, this can be thought to be because bronzeware expanded from simple ceremonial use to become a monument to the nobility rather than because the casting technology retreated. That's not to say that the bronze vessels of the Zhou Dynasty do not have flashy patterns, but are characterized by detailed engravings of the gifts the owner of the relic received from the Zhou royal family, the merits of his ancestors, and his pride. Therefore, the historical value of the Zhou Dynasty is actually higher.

Compared to the highly developed bronze technology, architectural technology was not very developed. As it was before the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period , roof tiles had not yet been invented, so roofs had to be replaced frequently , and once buildings were built, their durability was low, so they had to be rebuilt frequently. Perhaps because buildings collapsed frequently, human sacrifices were buried in the ground before building to pray for the building to become stronger. This custom also existed in primitive civilizations in Japan, Africa, and America, where buildings often collapsed due to earthquakes, and for this reason, human bones are often found under the remains of pillars of other buildings.

In other words, even the high -end houses or even the palace where the ordinary people or the upper class lived were that thatched house . Of course, even if it was built at thatched, there would have been a level difference.

It is presumed that the Shang dynasty was a state with a strong theocratic ideology. The god worshipped by the Shang people during this period was Emperor . Emperor was an ancestral god, and they believed that when the king died, he would become Emperor. In other words, it was an ancient theocratic state that treated humans as divine beings. The king was the only priest who could communicate with Emperor and led the worship rituals for Emperor. Since Emperor had a bloodline meaning, clans that worshipped the same Emperor united to form a state. Through this, we can see that the Shang dynasty was a city-state where clans gathered. Since the rite of offering sacrifices to the Emperor of Heaven was the privilege of the Emperor of Heaven, even after the fall of the Shang dynasty, the relatively secular Zhou dynasty and other contemporary people’s perceptions were such that they could not arbitrarily exterminate the descendants of the Shang royal family, and so many of them looked down on them, but many of them were considered precious.

Even after the fall of the Shang Dynasty, the belief in Qi was maintained and continued throughout history to the point of near immortality. The title Emperor , meaning Great God , appeared under Qin Shi Huang, who unified the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period, and in the 16th century, it was somewhat unexpectedly combined with an external religion, which was Christianity . Missionary Matteo Ricci collected words to express God in order to express the God of Christianity in Chinese . Eventually, the word Sangje was well accepted by the Chinese and was translated as Sangje . The term Sangje was widely used in missionary work until the Pope issued a decree not to allow any word other than God in terms of doctrine.

During the Shang Dynasty, the custom of human sacrifice was prevalent as a religious ritual. In fact, not only in the Shang Dynasty but also in ancient cultures, ancestral rites and human sacrifice rituals were phenomena that appeared all over the world, with only differences in degree.[35] , the Shang Dynasty was at a particularly severe level.

The details and methods of human sacrifice in the Shang Dynasty are frequently mentioned in oracle bone texts , and remains that appear to be related to this have also been excavated in large quantities. The main targets were slaves and foreigners, and among the oracle bone records, there is also a record of fortune telling on how to sacrifice the captured women of the ruling class of the enemy country. Looking at the records of the oracle bone inscriptions, it is presumed that when farming failed or a disaster such as a natural disaster occurred, a person in charge, such as a shaman, was offered as a sacrifice. If there were no suitable sacrifices, their own citizens were also sacrificed, and it is estimated that there were as many as 12 ways to sacrifice humans for sacrifice. In addition, human sacrifice As traces of ancestral rites , a human head boiled in a bronze pot was discovered in 1999. As a result of analyzing the skull and teeth of the person boiled in the excavated pot, it was found that the current Anhui Province It was determined that the girl was captured from the Luan City area. Considering that she did not have cavities, it is presumed that she was the daughter of a high-ranking family who could eat meat. The distance between Luan City and Yinhe is over 500km, which gives an idea of ​​the scope of the war of conquest carried out by the Shang Dynasty at the time.

There is a trace of humanity offerings in the kanji that inherits the armor gate . 'Min', which means people, was originally a slave that was originally offered as a sacrifice, and it is said that it embodies the knife in the eyes with hieroglyphs . The slaves facing the human -human offerings were blinded and kneeled, and then tied up with a rope , and the dolls depicting them were also excavated. The origin of civilians depicts this cruel appearance . And the red 'enemy' ( ) is made by burning and killing people in the form of fire under the shape of a human shape. Blood 'blood' (血) also represents the blood of the person in the form . One of the zodiacs , the tomb , was also used as a letter to a kind of punishment. It is similar to the form of forming animals such as cows and pigs, as a way to make two vertically to make a sacrifice like a Chinese character.

There was also a custom of burial , which later appeared in similar ways in many cultures and countries. Instead of being buried as is, they cut off the head and buried it. Some people interpret this as 'to make people obey orders without even thinking about death so that they can manipulate them.' However, in ancient China, the thinking organ was considered the heart, not the head . Therefore, some interpret it as being to replenish the energy of the soul of the tomb owner. It is assumed that the burial was done with the concept of food to nourish the soul, just as mountain people eat health food. At this time, the severed heads were sent to a bone factory and used to make bone vessels. The skulls excavated here show traces of the upper part having been cut off with a saw-like tool.

In addition, in the ruins of the building, there were a number of traces of traces of humanism that buried people in the basics of the building.[36]

This customs customs are similar to those of other regions and other times. For example , Molec , Dagon , Baal , etc.[37] It is similar to the fact that the Sang -dara was built in the form of a pyramid, which was performed in the altar of the Pyramid Altar.

This customs customs can be speculated that the cause of the fact that the Sang -dara has survived in the Bronze Age, when the concept of a full -fledged conquest war began. In the Sangan Dynasty, which was also a newly unanimous state , it seems that they were sacrificed to the gods they believed to handle many prisoners who were captivated by hostile tribes or wars with the country .

However, even though this period was the Bronze Age , it was not a completely primitive tribal society, and it was a time when the concepts of humanity and morality were gradually being developed, and prisoners of war were recognized as a labor force that could be used, not just insectivores who only gobble up food, and in later generations, human sacrifices targeting prisoners of enemy countries gradually decreased.[38] According to Chinese historian Li Shuo, archaeologically speaking, human sacrifice was not prominent in the early Shang Dynasty. It starts to get worse after 70 to 100 years and tends to decrease again in the later stages. However, it did not completely disappear, so criticism from surrounding tribes still persisted. In the end, it is presumed that one of the main reasons for the fall of the Shang Dynasty was that the surrounding feudal states, which were the targets of such cruel human sacrifices that performed sacrifices according to the Shang Dynasty's unique religious rituals to instill fear in the feudal lords, supported the rebellion because they considered the Zhou dynasty, the same feudal lord , to be trustworthy.

There are claims that such customs existed in other places before that, and that the Shang Dynasty became notorious for human sacrifice because the first detailed recorded culture began during the Shang Dynasty, but it is in the Shang Dynasty that a particularly large number of human sacrifices have been discovered archaeologically nearby. Traces of human sacrifice are found in some cultures older than the Shang Dynasty, but they are largely similar to the cultures of the early stages of the state before the Shang Dynasty. There are still no traces of burial customs, and it can be seen as a culture in the early stage of a prosperous state like the Shang Dynasty. The size of the ruling tribe group in the period before the founding of the Shang Dynasty may still have been less than that of the Shang Dynasty, and the cultural characteristics appear to be almost the same.

According to Sima Qian's "Sihi", it was recorded that Emperor Zhexin, King of Zhou of the Shang Dynasty, created a lump shaped like an envelope, but the record in "Sihi" is incorrect. It is not that the brutal methods were adopted during the reign of the Emperor, but that they had been practiced in the Shang Dynasty since before. According to the records of the oracle bone inscriptions, the Emperor attempted to reduce the number of human sacrifices to some extent and change the range of sacrifices from prisoners of war and slaves to Shang nobles . It is possible that the cruel customs of the Shang Dynasty were transformed into the legend of the Emperor and recorded in the Shiki.

After the fall of the Shang Dynasty, the custom of human sacrifice gradually disappeared during the Western Zhou Dynasty, and almost no traces of it were found after the Middle Dynasty. However, as the Western Zhou Dynasty entered the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period, when its capital was taken over by Gyeon Yong and its authority was lost, China's custom of human sacrifice was revived. For example, Song Yanggong and Jinmokgong, who were even called losers, are known to have buried a large number of their subjects when they died . Due to the nature of the feudal system , it seems that one of the reasons is that each region or feudal lord had different systems and customs. When the authority of the Zhou royal family was strong, the feudal lords followed the command to refrain from bad practices, but when it weakened, they did not follow the command and acted in their own way. For reference, in the Greater China region, such evil practices are considered Confucian.[39] It gradually decreased due to intensive criticism from intellectuals, and in the case of burial , it completely disappeared during the Sui Dynasty , but was repeatedly revived and banned due to the invasion of the central plains by the northern conquering dynasties.[40] It disappeared completely during the reign of Emperor Kangxi in the middle of the Qing Dynasty .

Chinese reporters, a historian, published a challenging claim by publishing a public history book 'Sang Nara Conquest'. The main contents described here are as follows. But consider that some of the contents have a subjective perspective.

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• Humanity offer was universal in Sangdah, a newly unanimous country. Small traces of human -human offerings are also found in ' Hanara ( Early Tour )' before the Sangan Dynasty .
• Surprisingly, in the early 70-100 years of the Sang -dara, pork livestock was used as the main sacrificial object in consciousness . However, as the Sang -dara began to expand, the customs of humanity began to become a kind of national religious level.[41]
• Phase electricity[42] There is a trace that a kind of religious reformation that asks only bronze instead of people or livestock seems to have been attempted to abolish the high -level humanism , but in the end, the reformist was defeated.[43] It led to a rapid retro , and the reaction reduced the size of the medium -term country, but the number of human offers and cruelty increased significantly.
• One of the external hubs of the Sang -dara, Hubei Panlongcheong area shows a pure form of human -minded culture as it is unusually assimilated with local culture. It is likely that this may have been influenced by the royal family at the time and brought about the Reformation, but it is unknown whether the opposition has gained a kind of lesson during the retro process, but the current ruling class is not visible. This is a similar feudal state, but it is a difference from the state, not a state -like country like a Sangan .
• The state has the same name, but is largely divided into three. The first is the Kangseong State, and the second is the Shang clan lordship branched by Mujeong, but this state lasted for a very short period of time. And the third is the Hiseongju tribe who destroyed the Shang Dynasty. The author argues that ancient history is complicated and twisted because even scholars are unable to distinguish the differences between these three.
• The Sang -na developed mainly by offering a human offering to the people of the west. In the religious view of the family, I was a capricious and cruel god, so I had to satisfy it as a steady sacrifice .
• Heesung's family enters the Oranca area in the northern mountain area after his father -in -law's father, and lives calmly to avoid confusion.[44] , Going back down when the grandfather 's grandfather's high school[45] Hunting for relatives, he became a tributary that was provided with interest in the Sangsa. The main family serves in the Sangdang for a long time, and the culture is quite upset.
• The late country begins with the silver heaven of the radius . Unlike before, Eunhe was not a city surrounded by walls, but the town of each of the two family members (because of the exclusive) of the family . As a result, the nobility of the Holy Navy was not formed, and the clan of each town was guaranteed to some extent, and the human -human offerings were made individually in each town, not the centralized event by the central nobles. Thanks to this , there were some towns who refused to customize the human offering .
• In the late family, the royal family was routine enough to remain a trivial and personal reason for the royal family, or whether the child remains, and has been a large -scale manner .
• The author estimates that the sacrifice of the Sang -dara means to give an ancestor's product, but on the other hand, there was a festival to eat the remaining foods and the remaining foods, so that the sacrifice may have been so active to suppress the dissatisfaction of the middle and lower classes.
• At the end of the Shang period , during the period of Qi and Qi , the Shang royal family identified themselves with the ancestral gods, and as part of this strengthening of royal power, the subjects of human sacrifice were not only the existing Qiang tribe and Qiang chieftains, but also the Shang tribe. Expanded to nobles . This action aroused great resentment among the Shang clan group, and is analyzed as the reason why some Shang clan members sympathized with the Zhou clan during the subsequent Eun-ju Revolution.
• It is known that Baekeupgo was killed for disrespecting Sang, but it can be seen as a ritual of alliance between Sang and Lord. From the Shang King's point of view, he offered the family of King Wen of Zhou to his ancestors as a sacrificial offering and even ate with them, so the logic is that he was blessing the uncivilized Zhou people by including them in the religious order of the Shang Dynasty. However, no matter what King Zhou's intentions were, it was truly an outrageous act for the Zhou people, a different culture, and this served as an opportunity for the Zhou Dynasty to decide to destroy the Shang Dynasty.
• However, in the early days, it seems that even King Wen was reluctant because he was not yet confident in denying the religious theory of the Shang people. Accordingly, King Wen learned the reverse trigrams of the Shang people and developed them in his own way.[46] , secretly imitating the oracle bone copying that only Sangwang can do at his own home.[47] There are traces that even without authority prior to the conquest of the Shang Dynasty, it appears that they carried out a kind of experimental Shang religious ritual in their own way, imitating the Shang royal family and communicating with Shang Emperor in some way to avoid bad luck and to mix the reverse trigram and oracle bone copy. In other words, it was an attempt to prove that races other than the Shang tribe could communicate with Sangje. The author defines that the I Ching is a compilation of King Wen's fortune-telling abilities , and that, unlike today's mainstream interpretations, the original text of the I Ching is a record of King Wen of Zhou divining his personal history and immersing himself in a kind of Shang Dynasty's faith and religious mysteries using the Shang Dynasty I Ching, which is a collection of the thoughts of the Three Emperors and Five Emperors, the ancestors of the Shang Dynasty. Based on this, he estimates the relationship between the Shang Dynasty and the Zhou Dynasty at the time.
• King Mu of Zhou, who became king after the death of King Wen, was anxious about whether he could really destroy Shang, but he believed in the Shang Dynasty religious principles reinterpreted and founded by his father, and did not seem to completely believe in the concept of virtue derived from his younger brother Dan. It is believed that this led King Mu to hold a large-scale human sacrifice ceremony after his victory in the Battle of Mokya . After the miraculous victory in the Battle of Muya, King Zhou committed suicide by setting himself on fire.[48] King Mu overthrew this through religious rituals and held human sacrifices to appease the public sentiment, mainly targeting prisoners of the Shang tribe who had rebelled against Zhou until the very end. The author inferred this act from two major perspectives: one was King Mu's revenge story, and the other was King Mu's own assimilation into the Shang Dynasty.[49] I saw it as Therefore, if King Mu had lived long, he may have been recorded as a monarch with a dark side who, although he was the expansionist monarch of the Zhou Dynasty who overthrew Shang, carried out a ritual of slaughter like Wu Jing. According to Qu Yuan's 'Astronomical Texts', his younger brother, Duke of Zhou, was dissatisfied with King Mu because he thought he was trying to follow in Sang's footsteps again.
• King Zhou Wu died only 22 months after destroying Sang.[50] , instead of the young King Seong , the royal family of Zhou became regent . During this period, the 'Samgam Rebellion' broke out and, while suppressing it, the ruins of Yinhe 's Yin statue were destroyed so thoroughly that it could be said to be intentional. The author saw this as a trace of the Zhou Gongdan forces' efforts to completely destroy the culture of human sacrifice in the Zhou Dynasty, which had been maintained under the influence of the Shang Dynasty, and erase its documents and records, dismissing it as the dark history of the Zhou royal family and trying to cover up the evil practice of human sacrifice so that it would not be recorded and unknown to future generations. And here, along with the concept of the Son of Heaven influenced by the Shang Dynasty, the new secularized religious culture of the Zhou Dynasty , represented by the 'Mandate of Heaven', is revised. It seems that those in power in the early Zhou Dynasty thought that forgetting was an effective way to eliminate bad habits.
• In order to separate the powerful Shang clan forces, the Zhou Dynasty moved the refugees to Guanzhong, the Zhou base, or sent them to Song , and also transferred the capital to Nak-eup.[51] Even at this time, the evil of human sacrifice still persisted among a significant number of Shang people. Archaeologically speaking, it is said to be almost or less common in other Sang migration areas, but it is said to have been severe in the Nak-eup area, especially in special workshops around the Shang bronze ware production area. It was not until the reign of King Yew, decades later, that it was discarded, and seeing that it was found to a lesser extent in other priests' temples, it appears that Nak-eup was the area where the most stubborn people who wanted to adhere to the so-called traditional culture of the Shang Dynasty migrated. Even within the same Nak-eup, there is no such thing in the Zhu region, so it seems that the Shang and Zhu cultures are separated and continued even though they live in the same urban area. In response to this behavior of the Shang people, he pointed out problems such as the fact that the residents of the Shang Dynasty still worship the gods of the Shang Dynasty without knowing the order of heaven that changed the dynasty, and there is a record of threatening that if they do not obey the King of Zhou's orders, they will be punished in the future, although this time he only preaches.
• In addition, the form of bad habits is sometimes visible even in the national dynasty, such as the alien area of ​​the main dynasty, or the sesame seeds that have not been conquered in the state. Surprisingly, the ratio of Sun -ji -ja in the Yan Dynasty is unexpectedly high, which seems to have continued until the early days of the regional culture that lived in the area. Although there is a distant influence in the royal family, there is a trace of Sunjang in the tomb that appears to be from Sang Nara or China in the crowd area. However, most of them go away in the middle of West.
• The inheritance of the 'Sangje' concept is weakened, and it is transformed into a 'cloth' concept, and the concept of 'duck' is preached for the commercial and the people.[52] In the end, the sky is so capricious that it is difficult for humans to know the will properly, and the theory is that the sky is helped by doing the virtue of the human world. As the king was crowned, Jugong and Sogong also preached the concept of protection of small people, such as farmers and farmers, because they thought that they had to protect them in the excessive abuse and exploitation of the aristocracy.
• The text record is almost eliminated in the Seoju era, but the oral war cannot be prevented, and from the Spring and Autumn period , where the authority of the royal family is weakened , the customs of humanity will be held again in some of them. There is also a trace of mimics by Songyang Gong , a descendant . However, if you criticize the brother -in -law's brother Samaja, "It doesn't fit the sacrifice of livestock, but what is a person?" Nonado , the eldest son of Jujugin ,[53] For the first time, he sacrificed the prisoners after the conquest, and at that time, he was criticized for "the spirit of Jugong will probably not come to Nona again."[54] And this act is not mainstream of intellectuals such as oil prices.
• About 500 years later, Confucius , a character , studied adversity[55] It seems that he has noticed some of the demolition of the main gonggong and the customs of the Sang -dara, who was behind it .

Of course, since this is just the author's theory rather than academic theory, there is something to consider. First of all, the author's specialty is the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties periods, not the Shang and Zhou Dynasties.[56] It also contains overly subjective claims, such as some leaps in parts that cannot be confirmed historically, such as the unrecorded emotions of ancient people.

For example, Kang Tae -gong claimed that the literature from the national era to the dark era was not an anglers, but the cows were caught in Joga, the city of the city , or that he had been an inn on the Hwangha River or the Gukjin .

If you look at this point, you would say that there is still literary data, but it is said that Kang Taegong may have been a butcher who was captured as a prisoner of the Kang clan to be sacrificed to Eunhe and then released and lived there, so he may have known the inside story of the merchant fortune-tellers who came to rescue the bones. So Eupgang, the daughter of Kang Taegong , who became friendly with King Zhou, who was interested in fortune telling, and later married King Jumu , was originally. There are many unconfirmed hypotheses, such as that he may have married Baekeupgo, the eldest son, first in order to reunite the Zhou and Qiang tribes (who were at odds due to capture of prisoners) . However, a professor who specialized in China's Shang and Zhou Dynasty criticized it, saying, "This work is based on a large amount of archaeological data and classics and absorbs many academic achievements, so it appears academic to general readers, but many of the book's innovative descriptions are not academic conclusions deduced based on historical data and logic." Shim Jae -hoon , an authority on the Shang and Zhou Dynasty in Korea, said, The professor also criticized it. In the end, since ancient history is an area where reasonable inferences can only be made through the small number of literary records and archaeological artifacts, the author's claims can be understood as interesting claims with some basis, rather than blind faith.