magistrate
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1. outline
magistrate (奉行) is one of the offices used in Japan from the Heian period to the Edo period . The person holding this office is called the prefect (奉行人), and the government office where the magistrate performed business奉行所) was called.
The word Bonghaeng originally originated from the verb 奉行する, and was literally a title for receiving and carrying out a specific order when a superior gave it. Originally, magistrate was a temporary position created to supervise public affairs or palace events during the Heian period , and even originally, magistrate was a word that meant not the person in charge of this job, but the people who followed under that person. However, later it changed into a word meaning people in charge of practical work rather than specific work, and after the Kamakura period , it changed into a title in charge of the households of the shogunate or local daimyō . The era in which these magistrate positions were most commonly used was the Edo period , and most of the magistrate positions we know are from the Edo period. Most of the magistrates after the Edo periodJeong Bong-haeng (町奉行)classWon-guk service (遠国奉行)Most of these are similar in nature to the government offices of Joseon, which are in charge of local administration, so they are sometimes translated as government offices.
In modern times, it means that it is derived from life and obsessed with something . In particular, it is used as an idiom that means an annoying personality to interfere with each other, from how to cook to how to eat .
The word Bonghaeng originally originated from the verb 奉行する, and was literally a title for receiving and carrying out a specific order when a superior gave it. Originally, magistrate was a temporary position created to supervise public affairs or palace events during the Heian period , and even originally, magistrate was a word that meant not the person in charge of this job, but the people who followed under that person. However, later it changed into a word meaning people in charge of practical work rather than specific work, and after the Kamakura period , it changed into a title in charge of the households of the shogunate or local daimyō . The era in which these magistrate positions were most commonly used was the Edo period , and most of the magistrate positions we know are from the Edo period. Most of the magistrates after the Edo periodJeong Bong-haeng (町奉行)classWon-guk service (遠国奉行)Most of these are similar in nature to the government offices of Joseon, which are in charge of local administration, so they are sometimes translated as government offices.
In modern times, it means that it is derived from life and obsessed with something . In particular, it is used as an idiom that means an annoying personality to interfere with each other, from how to cook to how to eat .
2. presidency by period
2.1. Heian period
As a prefect in the very early days, as mentioned above, it was a temporary position that was occasionally installed for special royal events. At this time, there was no special name for the prefecture, and it was simply called the prefecture.
2.2. Kamakura period
As expected, most of them functioned as temporary positions, but from this period onwards, permanent magistrates began to emerge.
- Jinseobong (鎮西奉行): A magistrate made to govern the Jinseo region ( Kyushu ). After the Yuan Dynasty's expedition to Japan, Jinseotamje (鎮西探題) and disappeared.
- Oshu General Corps (奧州總奉行): A temporary position created to deal with the post-war situation in the Oshu region following the suppression of the Oshu Fujiwara clan.
- Guardian seal (守護人奉行): A magistrate created to rule the local yulryeonguk . These later develop into shugo daimyo .
2.3. Muromachi period
Collect a group of civilians that are favored by the shogunate (奉行衆) Organized, and the word 'bulker' occurs as they begin to call them a boner . This 'Bongjungjung' was created or assigned to a lawsuit.
2.4. Azuchi-Momoyama Period
more detailsOh Bong-haeng documentcastPlease note.Toyotomi Hideyoshi appointed practical officials to assist him, and among them, he called Obong -haeng the people who had a lot of ball and powerful power .
2.5. Edo period
The commonly known hemp was organized at this time, and most of them were installed, but most of them were permanent. In addition, as the most well -developed era of bureaucracy in Japan is the most sophisticated system, the power of the tribe was actually exercised through this act. Therefore, unlike the previous era, when there is no name or a name, even if there is no name, the Edo era has a name and a record.
2.5.1. 3 bags
Among the permanent magistrates, it is the name of the three magistrates who had particularly strong power. It is not an official distinction because the shogunate did not specifically designate three magistrates.
- Sasabonghaeng (寺社奉行): He is evaluated as having the highest power among the three Bonghaeng.[1] It was established as a bonggyō during the Muromachi period, but was formalized during the Edo period. As the name suggests, it was in charge of managing shrines and temples, recruiting related priests, and at the same time, managing the Onmyoji and establishing the rules of Go and Shogi .
- Hakhakso Bonghaeng (学問所奉行): As a prefect established at the end of the shogunate, it managed and supervised the Shoheizaka Academy and the Bunseo Sculpture .
- Appraisal performance (勘定奉行): Referred to the head of the Appraisal Office (勘定方), which was in charge of the shogunate's finances, and was also responsible for managing the Tribunal (評定所), which was the shogunate's litigation organ. He was also in charge of leading the high officials dispatched to the territories under the direct control of the shogunate.
- Jang Bong-haeng (蔵奉行): The magistrate who manages the rice storehouse of the shogunate.
- Lim Bong-haeng (林奉行): A magistrate who manages forests under the direct control of the shogunate.
- Jeong Bong-haeng (町奉行): It existed in almost all regions regardless of shogunate or domain, but what is explained here is the administrative position in charge of the administration, judiciary, and security of Edo, the most core of the shogunate territories and the seat of the shogunate, and naturally had the most duties, so 1604 It is divided into North and South starting from .
- Bukjeong Bonghaeng (北町奉行)
- Namjeong Bonghaeng (南町奉行)
- Prison Bonghaeng (牢屋奉行): A magistrate who manages the shogunate's prison and prisoners.
2.5.2. 3rd grade
Although it was not in the 3rd grade, it was distinguished by putting 下 in front of the 3 prefectures that had strong power. These three are related to civil engineering in common.
- Hearing aid (普請奉行): A prefect in charge of large-scale civil engineering works such as the construction and repair of castles or waterworks.
- Sobocheongbong (小普請奉行): He was also in charge of civil engineering work, but unlike the Bocheong service above, he was mainly responsible for the construction and repair of temples. However , this party was in charge of construction management of Edo Castle .
- lyricist (作事奉行): The shogunate directly managed construction projects, so it was mainly responsible for maintaining and repairing the palace.
- Tatami magistrate (畳奉行): As the name suggests, it was a magistrate who managed the tatami mats of Edo Castle .
There is even an official position like this?
2.5.3. visit to the original country
It is a provincial office that manages the provinces outside of Edo, which are directly under the shogunate. In important areas of the shogunate's direct territories ,[2] There was a feudal lord, and the feudal lord of the region was in charge of ruling the region. Naturally, it was not established in the domain of the daimyo . Except for the Fushimi feudal lord , hatamoto were appointed.[3]
- To Kyoto Jeongbong (京都町奉行): He was in charge of civil affairs, including government affairs in the Kyoto castle town area and trials in the four provinces of Yamashiro, Yamato, Tanba, and Omi, all under the direct control of the shogunate.
- To Osaka Jeongbong (大坂町奉行): A magistrate in charge of the government of the Osaka castle town area. After 1665, when the duties between Kyoto Shoshidai and Fushimi magistrates were adjusted and Kyoto Seifo-magi was established, he also had jurisdiction over the civil affairs of the shogunate-controlled territories of Kawachi, Izumi, Settsu, and Harima Provinces, as well as major shogunate-controlled ports adjacent to Osaka, such as Hyōgo and Nishinomiya.
- Fushimi prefect (伏見奉行): Huge to manage Fushimi.[4] He was in charge of the management of the Fushimi Castle, the Osaka-Kyoto Supun Management, the Trends of the West Daimyo, and the Sympathy Shift. Therefore, unlike other soups, Daimyo was appointed. However, after mid -term, the importance of Fushimi has fallen and has been changed to a place where Hatamoto is appointed.
- Nikko magistrate (日光奉行): A magistrate who manages Nikko . He automatically took charge of the management of Nikko Toshogu Shrine .
- Nara magistrate (奈良奉行): A magistrate who manages the country . The main task was the management of the country's temples.
- For Sunpu Jeongbong (駿府町奉行): A magistrate in charge of the affairs of the Sunpu Jokamachi region.
- Shimizu prefect (清水奉行): A feudal lord in charge of guarding Suruga Bay. Originally an independent feudal lord, it was incorporated into the Sunpu Seifo Feudal lord in 1696 and disappeared.
- Acting of the Apostles (佐渡奉行): Magistrate who manages Sado Island . Since he also managed the Sado gold mine , he had some power for a Wonguk governor.
- Uraga prefect (浦賀奉行): In charge of monitoring ships and cargo entering and leaving the Uraga Strait and civil affairs of the Sagami area around Uraga. It did not exist at first, but was established in 1720 when the entire Shimoda Magistrate was moved there as the Edo Bay region developed .
- Prefect Shimoda (下田奉行): In charge of civil affairs in Shimoda Port and the surrounding areas, and surveillance of ships and cargo entering Kanto. In 1720, the Magistrate's Office was moved to Uraga and abolished. It was re-established twice, from 1842 to 1844 and from 1854 to 1860 , and was repeatedly integrated into Uraga Magistrate.
- Hashirimizu prefect (走水奉行): It was installed in Hashirimizu at the eastern end of the current Yokosuka City , and was a feudal office that monitored ships entering and leaving Edo Bay in cooperation with the Shimoda feudal office and the Misaki feudal office. It was established when the work originally handled by the Ise Suigun, which was affiliated with the Tokugawa family, was placed under the direct control of the shogunate after the establishment of the Edo shogunate, but was abolished in 1696.
- Misaki prefect (三崎奉行): It was established in Misaki, the current downtown area of Miura City , and was in charge of monitoring ships entering and leaving Edo Bay in cooperation with the Shimoda and Hashirimizu gov'ts. It was established when the work originally handled by the Ise Suigun, which was affiliated with the Tokugawa family, was placed under the direct control of the shogunate after the establishment of the Edo shogunate, but was abolished in 1696.
- Haneda prefect (羽田奉行): A provincial office established in Haneda. It was established in 1842 as part of the Tempo Reform to manage coastal defenses and inland navigation of ships near Edo, but it did not last long and was abolished after two years.
- Niigata Prefect (新潟奉行): A feudal office established in 1843 to manage Niigata , which became a direct territory of the shogunate.
- Hakodate magistrate (箱館奉行): A magistrate established in Hakodate to govern Hokkaido . The process of its existence is a bit complicated. Originally, this area was called Matsumae Domain , an area ruled by a local domain lord. Then, in February 1802 , Matsumae Domain was abolished and Ezo Governor (蝦夷奉行) was established, and the name was changed to Hakodate Magistrate in May of the same year, and later Matsumae Magistrate in 1807 (松前奉行) was renamed Hakodate Bongyo, abolished in 1821 with the re-establishment of the Matsumae Domain, and re-established in 1856 with the opening of the Hakodate Port under the name Hakodate Bongyo.
- Kanagawa magistrate (神奈川奉行): Following the opening of the port of Yokohama, a local government office was established in the neighboring Kanagawa to oversee civil affairs, customs collection, and port affairs in the surrounding area.
- Hyogo magistrate (兵庫奉行): A post established in the neighboring Hyogo Port following the opening of the Port of Kobe , which oversaw civil affairs, customs collection, and port affairs in the surrounding area.
- Arai Prefect (新居奉行): A magistrate in charge of checking passage between the Mikawa Province and the Doto United States. It disappeared in 1702 when the Yoshida Domain took over its duties.
2.5.4. damage enforcement
As a magistrate who managed the castle, it was managed by installing and managing the pason magistrates in Sunpu and Osaka respectively.
2.5.5. military governorship
Established at the end of the shogunate, it is a kind of joint headquarters that gathers the prefects who manage the shogunate army.
- army service (陸軍奉行)
- cavalry troop (騎兵奉行)
- infantry service (歩兵奉行)
- Iron Byeonghaeng (撤兵奉行)
- Commander-in-Chief (銃隊奉行)
- Navy Service (海軍奉行)
- Warship Enforcement (軍艦奉行)
2.5.6. etc
- Mangbonghaeng (網奉行): A magistrate who manages the falcons used by the shogunate for falconry.
- Prefect Ikuno (生野奉行): Prefect who manages the Ikuno Silver Mine. Even though it has a regional name, it is not included in the Won-guk magistrate because it is not a magistrate that manages a specific city.
- Yuchilbonghaeng (油漆奉行): As a prefecture that manages lacquerware, oil, and Shinbo managed in religious facilities, it was originally divided into Yubonghaeng and Chilbonghaeng .
- To Geumbong (金奉行): As a magistrate who managed the gold within Osaka Castle , it was managed as a magistrate under the direct control of the shogunate rather than entrusted to the magistrate of Wonguk.
- To Osaka Teppanyaki (大坂鉄砲奉行): As a magistrate who managed the gunpowder weapons of Osaka Castle , it was not entrusted to the provincial magistrate, but managed directly under the shogunate.
- To Changbong (槍奉行): A magistrate who manages spears used in war. As the peace period continues, it is effectively converted into an honorary position.
- Ki Bong Haeng (旗奉行): A magistrate who manages the flags used in war. As the peace period continues, it is effectively converted into an honorary position.
- Mugubonghang (武具奉行): The magistrate who manages the armor and spear of General Jeongi. Originally, Gujokbong (具足奉行), but the name was changed in 1863.
- Foreign General Service (外国惣奉行): A magistrate created to handle diplomacy at the end of the shogunate. A foreign service was separately placed under the lower ranks.
- foreign service (外国奉行)
- Gwolsomulbonghaeng (闕所物奉行): A prerogative to manage property confiscated due to punishment, etc. However, the land was in charge of Bocheongbonghaeng, the house was in charge of Jaksabonghaeng, and only the movable was managed.
- yomulbonghaeng (腰物奉行): Admiral Jeongi's prerogative to manage the ornaments or items to be presented or bestowed.
- Timber and Stone Bonghaeng (材木石奉行): It is a magistrate that produces and manages wood and stone used in construction, etc. It was originally a separate magistracy into a lumber magistrate and a stone magistrate, but they were integrated in 1689 .
- Sanneung Peak (山陵奉行): It is a magistrate that manages the emperor 's tomb. It seems to have been created quite early, but surprisingly, it was installed at the end of the shogunate. In addition, because it was a magistrate related to the imperial family, magistrates were appointed by the government, not the shogunate, and the shogunate was a position that only had the authority to control the magistrate.
- Iron Works (製鉄所奉行): As a magistrate that manages steel mills , as can be inferred from the name, it was established at the end of the shogunate.
- killing (殺生奉行): The name is so cruel that it looks like an executioner, but surprisingly, it was an official who managed hunting.
- Seonbonghaeng (膳奉行): A magistrate who manages snacks and food to be presented to General Jeongi.
- Dojeongbonghaeng (挑灯奉行): A magistrate who manufactures and manages lanterns inside Edo Castle .
- Seomulbonghaeng (書物奉行): The duty of managing books.
- Prefect Fukiage (吹上奉行): A magistrate who managed the Fukiage Institute located in Nishinomaru, Edo Castle.
- On the way (道中奉行): A feudal lord who managed the five highways connecting Edo to each region.
- To Yamabong (野馬奉行): A prefect who manages a ranch, and the ranch managed by this prefect currently exists in Katsushika Ward .
- Hippo Presence (浜御殿奉行): Hama Palace This is the magistrate who managed Hama Palace (浜離宮), which was a detached palace located in Eunsa Park.
- Honjo Prefect (本所奉行): It was a magistrate who managed Honjo, an area on the outskirts of Edo. In Korea, it was an area corresponding to Seongjeosimni, so it was not part of the Wonguk magistrate.
[1] The positions of Gansho-bōgō and Edo Sei-bōgō were under the control of the nochō and were held by hatamoto, but the sasa-bōgō was a position directly under the shogun and was equivalent to the nochō and was held by the fudai daimyo.[2] An area where there is a large city, a geographically important location, a trading port, or a sanctuary.[3] The reason hatamoto, not daimyō, were appointed to the politically and economically more important posts in Kyoto and Osaka was because these two cities originally had separate daimyō-level posts called Kyoto Shoshidai (京都所司代) and Osaka Jodai (大阪城代).[4] At the time, Fushimi was located outside Kyoto.
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