François Mitterrand
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Category
- François Mitterrand
- french president
- French Interior Minister
- French Minister of Justice
- French male politicians
- Born in 1916
- died in 1996
- who died of prostate cancer
- People from Charente
- from the University of Paris
- from the Paris Institute of Political Science
- Vichy France/Person
- Mugunghwa Grand Order
- White Lajaba Medal 1 grade
- Commander's Cross of the Virtuti Military Order
- Order of the Legion of Honor/Grand Croix
- French National Merit Medal
- Elephant Knights Medal
- Seraphim Knights Medal
- Finnish White Rose Medal
- Daehoon Wi -Kuk Hwa
- Olympic opener
- Socialist (France) General Secretary
- party representative/France
- chief clerk
- Carolus Grand Prize winner
- person who died of cancer
- civil servant politician
- 프랑스의 장관
- member of the House of Representatives
- 미테랑 가문
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real name | François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterand François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand | ||||||||||||||||||
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tenure | 21st President | ||||||||||||||||||
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1. outline
French politician, 21st president .
The first president and two presidents produced by the left wing in the history of the French Fifth Republic[4] He served as president for 14 years, the longest of any French head of state since Napoleon III . He is also the first French president to hand over de facto power to the prime minister under a cohabitation government .[5]
With such a turbulent political career, he is considered the most powerful French politician since Charles de Gaulle due to the first change of government to the left in the French Fifth Republic and his subsequent long-term rule. For this reason, like De Gaulle, he is a figure whose evaluations are greatly divided even to this day.
The first president and two presidents produced by the left wing in the history of the French Fifth Republic[4] He served as president for 14 years, the longest of any French head of state since Napoleon III . He is also the first French president to hand over de facto power to the prime minister under a cohabitation government .[5]
With such a turbulent political career, he is considered the most powerful French politician since Charles de Gaulle due to the first change of government to the left in the French Fifth Republic and his subsequent long-term rule. For this reason, like De Gaulle, he is a figure whose evaluations are greatly divided even to this day.
2. career
more detailsFrançois Materan/Life documentcastPlease note.3. evaluation
He is one of the first figures to symbolize the French left and the Socialist Party , and his importance in French political history, especially modern political history after the Fifth Republic, is very significant in any sense. Mitterrand overcame the situation in which the left had not been in power for 20 years since the establishment of the Fifth Republic in October 1958 , and implemented 'horizontal regime change' for the second time in a presidential system in which real power is held through elections.[6] Made it happen.
3.1. Positive
Even now , it is the political godfather of French progressive forces including the French Socialist Party.[7] He is a president admired by many French people. In particular, he was the first leftist leader in France to hold power for a long time after the establishment of the Fifth Republic.[8] Afterwards, he became the president who laid the foundation for the peaceful transition of power between the French left and the right.
In the internal administration part, working hours were reduced at the beginning of the term (40 hours per week → 39 hours per week)[9] In addition, he was very interested in human rights issues , such as the abolition of anti-demonstration laws and the death penalty.
In addition, he showed great interest in the issue of elderly people in France, which the previous conservative government had not been interested in, and appointed a special minister and formed a special committee to devise customized policies such as elderly care.
He also paid considerable attention to cultural projects, such as building the Mitterrand Library at a cost of billions of euros and generously supporting the film industry. President Mitterrand pushed ahead with mega-scale construction projects called Grand Projects, despite opposition from all walks of life. Several landmarks that symbolize modern Paris, such as the Louvre Pyramid , La Défense Arc de Triomphe , and La Villette Park , built as a result of this project, are as if they were built with Mitterrand's perseverance.
Also, diplomatically, like Mitterrand, he is said to have worked with German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, who was in power for a long time, to work on European integration , contributing to the launch of the European Union and working to establish liberalism and democracy throughout Europe .
In the internal administration part, working hours were reduced at the beginning of the term (40 hours per week → 39 hours per week)[9] In addition, he was very interested in human rights issues , such as the abolition of anti-demonstration laws and the death penalty.
In addition, he showed great interest in the issue of elderly people in France, which the previous conservative government had not been interested in, and appointed a special minister and formed a special committee to devise customized policies such as elderly care.
He also paid considerable attention to cultural projects, such as building the Mitterrand Library at a cost of billions of euros and generously supporting the film industry. President Mitterrand pushed ahead with mega-scale construction projects called Grand Projects, despite opposition from all walks of life. Several landmarks that symbolize modern Paris, such as the Louvre Pyramid , La Défense Arc de Triomphe , and La Villette Park , built as a result of this project, are as if they were built with Mitterrand's perseverance.
Also, diplomatically, like Mitterrand, he is said to have worked with German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, who was in power for a long time, to work on European integration , contributing to the launch of the European Union and working to establish liberalism and democracy throughout Europe .
3.2. denial
Immediately after taking office, the social democratic policies he wanted to implement were not realized due to financial problems from the middle of his term, and he turned to implementing neoliberal austerity policies after that, disappointing his supporters. In fact, according to Attali, Mitterrand was quite satisfied with the early reforms, but did not seem to want further reforms afterwards.
Therefore, even when the leftists won again in 1988 and regained real power, it is said that the domestic affairs sector, such as the economy, was left almost entirely to the prime minister and hardly interfered. From the latter half of his tenure, he had no time to pay attention to internal affairs because the international situation was so turbulent, such as the capitalization of Eastern Europe, German reunification, and the collapse of the Soviet Union, in relation to the end of the Cold War .
In addition, France is criticized for continuing to maintain its Françafrique policy of exerting strong influence on former African colonial countries . Even after France became independent, it went beyond simple influence on the former colonial countries of Africa to the extent of influencing their overall national affairs. This policy has not changed in all French governments since Charles de Gaulle , and Mitterrand also faithfully inherited this policy and escaped French influence. They went beyond simple sanctions against the leaders and even resorted to assassinations and coups. Especially in 1987 On October 15, when Thomas Sankara, the president of Burkina Faso, who advocated anti-imperialism and was respected to this day for his reformist tendencies, was murdered in a coup by his colleague Blaise Compaoré, France , along with the American CIA , supported pro - French policies in nearby Africa. dictator Félix Houphouët-Boigny , Moussa Traoré , Ghassingbe Eyadema , and Omar Bongo are being mentioned as potential masterminds, and Mitterrand, who was French president at the time, is also receiving great criticism. And this policy is one of the reasons for the establishment of anti-French military dictatorships in African countries such as Mali , Burkina Faso , Niger , and Gabon in the 2020s , trying to break away from France 's long-standing influence .
And after his death, he was criticized as suspicions were raised that he may have provided weapons to the government forces in the Rwandan genocide . However, it is somewhat unfair to place the blame solely on Mitterrand. In 1994, when the Rwandan civil war broke out, the Socialist Party, the ruling party in France, suffered a crushing defeat in the lower house elections, and a large number of right-wingers were elected and a second cohabitation government was formed centered on Édouard Balladur, so it is difficult to hold him solely responsible.[10] Of course, regardless of whether Mitterrand is out of power, he cannot help but take moral responsibility and be criticized as the head of state for not taking any action as the President of France. In particular, he must bear even heavier responsibility in the areas of national defense and diplomacy since they are related to external affairs and are clearly under the jurisdiction of the President.
On July 10, 1985, New Zealand protested against France's nuclear test in the South Pacific. It is also criticized for issuing an order to sink the Greenpeace ship "Rainbow Warrior," a private environmental movement group anchored in Auckland Harbor. It is said that the head of the leftist government, because he opposes the nuclear test, committed a military operation that even the rightist government would not dare to do, and that was in New Zealand, a friendly country. Even one person died in this incident. This is because until the days of President Jacques Chirac , French presidents regardless of left or right regarded nuclear weapons as the basis for guaranteeing their country's status as a great power.
Therefore, even when the leftists won again in 1988 and regained real power, it is said that the domestic affairs sector, such as the economy, was left almost entirely to the prime minister and hardly interfered. From the latter half of his tenure, he had no time to pay attention to internal affairs because the international situation was so turbulent, such as the capitalization of Eastern Europe, German reunification, and the collapse of the Soviet Union, in relation to the end of the Cold War .
In addition, France is criticized for continuing to maintain its Françafrique policy of exerting strong influence on former African colonial countries . Even after France became independent, it went beyond simple influence on the former colonial countries of Africa to the extent of influencing their overall national affairs. This policy has not changed in all French governments since Charles de Gaulle , and Mitterrand also faithfully inherited this policy and escaped French influence. They went beyond simple sanctions against the leaders and even resorted to assassinations and coups. Especially in 1987 On October 15, when Thomas Sankara, the president of Burkina Faso, who advocated anti-imperialism and was respected to this day for his reformist tendencies, was murdered in a coup by his colleague Blaise Compaoré, France , along with the American CIA , supported pro - French policies in nearby Africa. dictator Félix Houphouët-Boigny , Moussa Traoré , Ghassingbe Eyadema , and Omar Bongo are being mentioned as potential masterminds, and Mitterrand, who was French president at the time, is also receiving great criticism. And this policy is one of the reasons for the establishment of anti-French military dictatorships in African countries such as Mali , Burkina Faso , Niger , and Gabon in the 2020s , trying to break away from France 's long-standing influence .
And after his death, he was criticized as suspicions were raised that he may have provided weapons to the government forces in the Rwandan genocide . However, it is somewhat unfair to place the blame solely on Mitterrand. In 1994, when the Rwandan civil war broke out, the Socialist Party, the ruling party in France, suffered a crushing defeat in the lower house elections, and a large number of right-wingers were elected and a second cohabitation government was formed centered on Édouard Balladur, so it is difficult to hold him solely responsible.[10] Of course, regardless of whether Mitterrand is out of power, he cannot help but take moral responsibility and be criticized as the head of state for not taking any action as the President of France. In particular, he must bear even heavier responsibility in the areas of national defense and diplomacy since they are related to external affairs and are clearly under the jurisdiction of the President.
On July 10, 1985, New Zealand protested against France's nuclear test in the South Pacific. It is also criticized for issuing an order to sink the Greenpeace ship "Rainbow Warrior," a private environmental movement group anchored in Auckland Harbor. It is said that the head of the leftist government, because he opposes the nuclear test, committed a military operation that even the rightist government would not dare to do, and that was in New Zealand, a friendly country. Even one person died in this incident. This is because until the days of President Jacques Chirac , French presidents regardless of left or right regarded nuclear weapons as the basis for guaranteeing their country's status as a great power.
4. etc
British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (left) and West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl (center), who together led Europe in the 1980s. Among them, President Mitterrand was the first to pass away in 1996, Prime Minister Thatcher passed away in 2013, and Prime Minister Kohl passed away in 2017. As a result, all three leaders who represented Europe during the post-Cold War period of historical transition remained only a part of history.
- He is the first French president to visit Korea. He visited Korea in September 1993, and as he was accompanied by the famous actress Sophie Marceau , a huge crowd gathered to see her. Mitterrand, thinking that Koreans had come to see him, told the interpreter that he had not known she was so popular in Korea and was very satisfied. Still, he returned the Oegyujanggak books that were looted during the Byeonginyangyo on a permanent loan basis, and even got into a big fight with the librarians of the French National Library who opposed this. In this way, Mitterrand made the return a fait accompli, opening the way for the return of cultural assets. As a side note, there is a rumor that they offered a big deal to return Oegyujanggak books in exchange for purchasing TGV , but this is unfounded. Given the nature of the president at the time, who spoke of "Japanese blond hair," he might have been criticized as "cheap" if he had proposed such a big deal.[11]
- There is a 'Biography of Mitterrand' written by Jacques Attali, who was his assistant and was called a world-renowned scholar, to commemorate the 10th anniversary of Mitterrand's death. Some say that the Korean translation is a bit awkward because it was done in a hurry, but there is no problem in reading it. There are many detailed episodes about the creation of the EU and German unification, so it is worth reading for those interested in European and international issues.
Funeral photo of Materan.[12]
In the 1960s, when she met An Peng-jo, she started living in two houses and also had an out-of-wedlock daughter named Mazarin. This scandal came to light in 1994 when it was exposed through the magazine Paris March. If it had been in the English-speaking world, it would have been a huge target of attack, but the French media, regardless of left or right, criticized <Paris March> for making sensational reports by bringing up personal issues that had nothing to do with the president's political affairs, and French public opinion at the time was also not friendly to <Paris March>. Before Mitterrand, Giscard d'Estaing had an affair with an actress and was involved in a car accident, but it was not reported for privacy reasons. Mitterrand's successor, Jacques Chirac, also had an affair but it was not reported. Mild acts of sexual deviance that did not result in serious public issues, such as accepting a bribe, assaulting someone, or embezzling public funds, were not reported for privacy reasons. The fines under the Privacy Protection Act are considerable, and the French sexual culture is open-minded, and the private life of politicians is not a subject of interest in public opinion, so there is no value in writing about the private life of politicians. This trend of the French media continued until the early days of Sarkozy, but changed drastically in the 2010s.[13] Of course, this report was made by a simple gossip magazine, not a major media outlet, and the reason this scandal grew was because it became known that the motorcycle he rode while having an affair was an Italian motorcycle, not a French one.
- In 1982, the year after Mitterrand was elected president, the right began to attack him and the left, and the left did not fight back much. Angry at this, Mitterrand asked political humorist André Berkoff to write a novel about "things the right doesn't say". The following year, in 1983, Berkov published 《Recapture》, a book criticizing the right-wing under the pseudonym 'Katong', and at that time, in France, who Katong was was a hot topic. Mitterrand's aide, Jacques Attali, described it as a "masquerade". Interestingly, Katong altered his voice and gave an interview to a radio broadcast, and the owner of that voice was French President Francois Hollande .[14]
- There is an interesting anecdote with the successor president, Jacques Chirac. During a presidential debate in 1988, Chirac told Mitterrand, “ We are no longer president and prime minister.” You and I are here as equal candidates. Mitterrand immediately shot back, saying , "You're right, Prime Minister!" (Vous avez tout à fait raison M. le Premier Ministre) . Mitterrand's response always appears when talking about famous sayings by French politicians, and some experts even say that the outcome of the election was decided by this conversation.[15]
- On July 14, 1994, on the occasion of the anniversary of the French Revolution, German troops were invited to a military parade and marched through downtown Paris . 50 years after the liberation of Paris in 1944, a historic event in which German troops marched through downtown Paris on France's biggest national holiday. This became a symbol of full cooperation between France and Germany.[16]
- During a state visit to Switzerland in 1984, The village of Bourg-Saint-Pierre in the Valais requested compensation from President Mitterrand for conscripting village supplies during the Napoleonic Wars in 1800, and this amount was repaid . However, not everything was repaid. Originally, about 20 billion won, including interest for 184 years, was supposed to be compensated, but only about 600 million won (45,334 Swiss francs ), equivalent to the principal, was repaid. The information in the linked post is incorrect.
- When President Kim Young-sam was very popular in Korea in the 1990s , a game called YS guessed well appeared. The content was a game in which YS competed against leaders from around the world by shooting the so-called YS faction. President Mitterrand also appeared here, along with Bill Clinton, Margaret Thatcher, and Deng Xiaoping.[17]
- In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of Mitterrand's birth, France put his portrait on its 2 euro coin.
- Due to the nationalization of banks during the Mitterrand administration, the French Rothschild family suffered a loss of more than 30 billion francs .
- It is referenced in the 2017 film Mr and Mrs Adelman . At the male protagonist Victor's family gathering, Victor's father accuses Mitterrand of being a communist.
- In 2024, US President Joe Biden had an accident confusing this person with Emmanuel Macron .
5. affiliated party
belong | period | note |
1936 | admission | |
1936 | bolting | |
1936 - 1945 | initiation into politics admission | |
1945 | bolting | |
1945 - 1964 | founded | |
1964 - 1971 | reorganization | |
1971 - 1996 | reasonable political retirement Dead |
6. election history
year | type of election | ward | affiliated party | Number of votes in the first round (% of votes) | 2nd Votes (Percentage of Votes) | Whether or not to win | note |
1946 | 30,080 (25.37%) | -[18] | won (2nd place) | first line | |||
1951 | 20,310 (17.29%) | Winner (3rd place) | re-election | ||||
1956 | 24,871 (20.17%) | won (2nd place) | 3 lines | ||||
1958 | 7,768 (21.79%) | 12,219 (32.13%) | Lost (2nd place) | ||||
1962 | 10,385 (32.72%) | 21,705 (67.38%) | Winner (1st place) | 4 lines | |||
1965 | 8,656,346 (31.72%) | 10,619,735 (44.80%) | Lost (2nd place) | ||||
1967 | Nièvre 3rd arrondissement | 20,394 (56.27%) | - | Winner (1st place) | 5 lines | ||
1968 | 15,791 (43.94%) | 20,207 (53.83%) | 6 lines[A] | ||||
1973 | 17,058 (47.52%) | 22,278 (62.41%) | 7 lines | ||||
1974 | 11,044,373 (43.25%) | 12,971,604 (49.19%) | Lost (2nd place) | ||||
1978 | Nièvre 3rd arrondissement | 17,544 (44.70%) | 24,158 (60.21%) | Winner (1st place) | 8 lines | ||
1979 | 4,763,026 (23.53%) | - | Winner (No. 1) | ||||
1981 | 7,505,960 (25.85%) | 15,708,262 (51.76%) | Winner (1st place) | first line[A] | |||
1988 | 10,367,220 (34.10%) | 16,704,279 (54.02%) | re-election |
7. look around
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[1] Saint Paul Angouleme.[2] Method.[3] Professional Higher Research Degree. Like DEA, it can be seen as between a master's and a doctoral degree .[4] Mitterrand, François Hollande[5] Cohabitation governments were formed twice during his tenure, 1986-88 and 1993-95.[6] The first was the 1974 French presidential election . However, at this time, it could not be said to be a regime change in the true sense because it was a change from a Gaullist right-wing government to a Bydgaullist center-right government.[7] Of course, there are quite a few socially respected progressive figures besides Mitterrand, but among full-time politicians, Mitterrand can be called the godfather.[8] It may be surprising, but even at the time when the social democratic craze was sweeping Europe , France had a strong leftist image, but surprisingly, the actual leftist period in power was not long. Even before the Fifth Republic, with the exception of the liberal political parties, socialist forces rose up in rebellion in the 19th century and rose to power for a while before being swept away. In the early and mid-20th century, they barely managed to come to power, but it fell apart when they were taken over by the Nazis during World War II . In the end, excluding the period of the Fourth Republic coalition government, the period of continuous administration was not as long as expected. See also Socialist Party (France) .[9] Originally, the pledge of the presidential election was to reduce the working hours to 35 hours a week, but it was shortened to 39 hours a week after some compromise with opposition from the right wing camp.[10] In fact, a later report by the Rwandan government implicated Edouard and other French officials.[11] The opening of the TGV was made in the first year of Miteran's term in France.[12] From the left, Mitterrand's first wife, Mrs. Danielle Mitterrand, Jean-Christophe Mitterrand, his extramarital daughter Mazarin (center), and Gilbert Mitterrand. The woman wearing a black veil behind Mazarin is Mazarin's mother (Mitterand's mistress) Anne Pinjo.[13] In particular, in the aftermath of the Dominique Strauss-Kahn incident in 2011 and the French #MeToo movement, there was a growing awareness within France that "the media and politicians have been covering up the sexual behavior of those in power too much."[14] At the time, he was the secretary of the Elysee Palace, and at this time, he also met Ségolène Royale , who was his one-time girlfriend (I call her his girlfriend because she was not married, but they had four children together, and they continued their relationship until the 2007 French presidential election, so she was almost his wife).[15] It is said that the French rate this kind of wit very highly as a virtue that politicians should have. Mitterand himself, in an earlier discussion with Giscard d'Estaing, said 'Vous n'avez pas le monopole du cœur.' (You can't monopolize people's minds.').[16] Mitterrand's political rival, former President Valerie Giscard d'Estaing, criticized this, but the fact that he invited German troops (then West German troops) to a Paris march even during his tenure was discovered and reversed.[17] For reference, to be more serious, YS was in good health enough to always go for a morning jog, but at this time, Mitterrand was in a very weak state when he came to Korea due to the aftereffects of prostate cancer, so he was not in good condition as shown in the picture.[18] It was a proportional representation system for each region .[19] 1st voting 3rd, 2nd voting second place[A] 20.1 20.2 2nd place in the first round of voting, 1st place in the second round of voting[21] 1st place in the 1st round of voting, 2nd place in the 2nd round of voting[22] Resignation before the start of the term
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