ghost marriage
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1. outline
In the West , it refers to a case where a high- status person marries a spouse of a lower status, but the true meaning is that such cases are designated as exceptions and are disadvantaged .
Usually, it was strictly applied to sons with inheritance rights, that is, direct male descendants , and relatively less so to female descendants such as collateral descendants or daughters.[1] Of course, it is not as if a daughter can just marry anyone, as she is less strict than a son and has respect for her family.[2]
For reference, here, 'marriage to a spouse of a lower status than one of a high status' means not only a commoner or commoner marrying a noble or royal family , but also a royal family marrying a noble , and in some cases, a noble marrying a noble of lower status than oneself .
In the Korean expression for a high-status marriage, if the spouse is of a low status, the words nakhon (落婚) or strong marriage (降婚) are used , and if the spouse is of a high status relative to oneself, the words anghon (仰婚) or sanghon (上婚) are used. # Although the concept itself is different, the marriage of a princess or princess was considered to be marrying into a lower-ranking family, so it was called Ha-ga ( lower marriage ) .
The opposite concept of common marriage is called equal marriage, equal marriage , and homogamy , which means marrying one another.
Usually, most of them go like the Salika law , but there are exceptions, as in the UK case.
Usually, it was strictly applied to sons with inheritance rights, that is, direct male descendants , and relatively less so to female descendants such as collateral descendants or daughters.[1] Of course, it is not as if a daughter can just marry anyone, as she is less strict than a son and has respect for her family.[2]
For reference, here, 'marriage to a spouse of a lower status than one of a high status' means not only a commoner or commoner marrying a noble or royal family , but also a royal family marrying a noble , and in some cases, a noble marrying a noble of lower status than oneself .
In the Korean expression for a high-status marriage, if the spouse is of a low status, the words nakhon (落婚) or strong marriage (降婚) are used , and if the spouse is of a high status relative to oneself, the words anghon (仰婚) or sanghon (上婚) are used. # Although the concept itself is different, the marriage of a princess or princess was considered to be marrying into a lower-ranking family, so it was called Ha-ga ( lower marriage ) .
The opposite concept of common marriage is called equal marriage, equal marriage , and homogamy , which means marrying one another.
Usually, most of them go like the Salika law , but there are exceptions, as in the UK case.
2. origin
It originated when the Germanic tribes conquered Western Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire . Middle Ages As the era progressed, the Germanic people inherited land and status equally only among men, so later, all male descendants of a duke came to be called duke. Therefore, a method was needed to reduce the number of nobles, and the inheritance law designed for this purpose was noble marriage .
For example, if two duke families each have two sons and two daughters, and each of them marries into the other family, although the absolute number of population and households will double, assuming that four children is the average birth rate, the number of dukes relative to other classes will remain the same. However, if half of these eight people get spouses of lower status, there will be two duke couples, while couples with only one parent being a duke will have four couples. If there are no restrictions on high-ranking marriages, the number of dukes (and successors) increases compared to other classes, so it can be seen that the size of the individual pie has decreased.
Being the king's consort could be a means of gaining enormous power, so in many countries, a limited number of families were often designated or implicitly regarded as the queen's clan .
In fact, it was a concept that was not accurately established before modern times, and it was only around the late 18th and 19th centuries that the concept became fully established. Before that, it was customary to marry someone of similar status, and sometimes there were cases of marriage to someone of relatively lower status, but unless it was an extreme case such as marriage to a commoner, it was recognized as an equal marriage.
For example, if two duke families each have two sons and two daughters, and each of them marries into the other family, although the absolute number of population and households will double, assuming that four children is the average birth rate, the number of dukes relative to other classes will remain the same. However, if half of these eight people get spouses of lower status, there will be two duke couples, while couples with only one parent being a duke will have four couples. If there are no restrictions on high-ranking marriages, the number of dukes (and successors) increases compared to other classes, so it can be seen that the size of the individual pie has decreased.
Being the king's consort could be a means of gaining enormous power, so in many countries, a limited number of families were often designated or implicitly regarded as the queen's clan .
In fact, it was a concept that was not accurately established before modern times, and it was only around the late 18th and 19th centuries that the concept became fully established. Before that, it was customary to marry someone of similar status, and sometimes there were cases of marriage to someone of relatively lower status, but unless it was an extreme case such as marriage to a commoner, it was recognized as an equal marriage.
3. Western case
Simply put, royalty should marry royalty and nobles should marry nobles. From the royal family's point of view, even until the early 20th century, marrying an aristocrat of the level of a marquis or count from a marginal area was treated as a noble marriage. In some cases , the Habsburg family in Austria or the Hohenzollern family in Germany did not recognize such a marriage relationship and thus deprived them of their right to inherit .
However, such strict considerations were rare and marriages were usually between noble families or members of the royal family. For example, if the ruling family of an independent country is a duke or grand duke, it has the same rights in marriage as the royal family of another country. There were also cases where non-ruling families, descendants of some ruling families, were recognized as intermarriage partners to whom the status of common marriage did not apply.[example] A child born through a high-status marriage could not inherit the title of a high-ranking parent. For example, a child born to a man from a duke 's family and a woman from a count's family could not inherit his father's title, the duke, but only his mother's title, the count. In the case of the Hohenzollern family and the Habsburg family, there were more cases of marriages with counts and marquis families rather than ruling families. A representative example is Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire .
However, in reality, there were families of Counts who were Standeshair , so it is a bit more complicated. The concept of the fifth rank , which is ranked in the order of duke , marquis , earl , viscount , and baron , is roughly a five-level concept of title that has been used in Europe since the Middle Ages, so the concept of five ranks used by past Chinese dynasties was used as a translation. It does not mean that the duke is the highest and the marquis and count are the lowest, as is often misunderstood. In the first place, the reason why Duke Baekjanam's fifth rank was able to be divided into a clear hierarchy in China was because, based on the feudal order and civil law system centered on the Emperor and the capital, most of the highest-ranking dukes were collateral families of the Emperor's family. Therefore, the Chu Dynasty , a powerful nation during the Warring States Period, was only a viscount, and the protagonist of unification, the Qin Dynasty, was originally a viscount, but was promoted to a count for helping the emperor of the Zhou Dynasty. The actual national power and title did not match.[4][5] In the European concept of title, it was not a question of whether one was a count or a duke, but the independence of whether one was a duke awarded by a superior lord or a ruling monarch of an independent fiefdom was important.
In the case of Europe, the lord of a principality that rules an independent country can also be a duke , and a great lord who is a subject of the king can also be a duke, and a prince younger than the second son may be given the title of duke as an honorary title even if he does not have a fiefdom. There were just counts, but there were also court counts , margraves , and princes of the Holy Roman Empire, and sometimes independent counts. Therefore, for each of these titles, there is a difference between nominal high and low and actual power. In the end, the issue of marriage to a noble family should not be simply understood as 'a duke is higher than an earl, so if a child of a duke's family marries a child of a count's family, it is a marriage to a noble family' .[6]
Rather, the ruling family (whether the territory was large or small) was more important. Although they are often collectively referred to as nobles , among nobles, nobles, who are 'lords' who rule their own territories , and nobles, who are vassals of such lords, are regarded as having different statuses (similar to the status gap between nobles and commoners).[7] In other words, as the Holy Roman Empire was disintegrated in the German-speaking world , the British states emerged as de facto independent states, and in the case of these principalities and counties, even if their nominal titles were low, they were regarded as ruling families as monarchs ruling independent territories, and therefore marriages between ruling families became equal marriages. Of course, this also has complex changes, such as the fact that the old ruling families that lost their territories due to the annexation of small feudal states to neighboring large countries after Napoleon I was swept away were recognized as Standeshair, and were customarily recognized as equal to the ruling families, although they were not actual ruling families . However, this was not well observed.
The same goes for succession to the throne. Unlike a mistress or a concubine , it is a formal marriage, and although it is often confused because European nobles and royal families give birth to many illegitimate children , a noble marriage is a valid marriage under the law.
However, such strict considerations were rare and marriages were usually between noble families or members of the royal family. For example, if the ruling family of an independent country is a duke or grand duke, it has the same rights in marriage as the royal family of another country. There were also cases where non-ruling families, descendants of some ruling families, were recognized as intermarriage partners to whom the status of common marriage did not apply.[example] A child born through a high-status marriage could not inherit the title of a high-ranking parent. For example, a child born to a man from a duke 's family and a woman from a count's family could not inherit his father's title, the duke, but only his mother's title, the count. In the case of the Hohenzollern family and the Habsburg family, there were more cases of marriages with counts and marquis families rather than ruling families. A representative example is Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire .
However, in reality, there were families of Counts who were Standeshair , so it is a bit more complicated. The concept of the fifth rank , which is ranked in the order of duke , marquis , earl , viscount , and baron , is roughly a five-level concept of title that has been used in Europe since the Middle Ages, so the concept of five ranks used by past Chinese dynasties was used as a translation. It does not mean that the duke is the highest and the marquis and count are the lowest, as is often misunderstood. In the first place, the reason why Duke Baekjanam's fifth rank was able to be divided into a clear hierarchy in China was because, based on the feudal order and civil law system centered on the Emperor and the capital, most of the highest-ranking dukes were collateral families of the Emperor's family. Therefore, the Chu Dynasty , a powerful nation during the Warring States Period, was only a viscount, and the protagonist of unification, the Qin Dynasty, was originally a viscount, but was promoted to a count for helping the emperor of the Zhou Dynasty. The actual national power and title did not match.[4][5] In the European concept of title, it was not a question of whether one was a count or a duke, but the independence of whether one was a duke awarded by a superior lord or a ruling monarch of an independent fiefdom was important.
In the case of Europe, the lord of a principality that rules an independent country can also be a duke , and a great lord who is a subject of the king can also be a duke, and a prince younger than the second son may be given the title of duke as an honorary title even if he does not have a fiefdom. There were just counts, but there were also court counts , margraves , and princes of the Holy Roman Empire, and sometimes independent counts. Therefore, for each of these titles, there is a difference between nominal high and low and actual power. In the end, the issue of marriage to a noble family should not be simply understood as 'a duke is higher than an earl, so if a child of a duke's family marries a child of a count's family, it is a marriage to a noble family' .[6]
Rather, the ruling family (whether the territory was large or small) was more important. Although they are often collectively referred to as nobles , among nobles, nobles, who are 'lords' who rule their own territories , and nobles, who are vassals of such lords, are regarded as having different statuses (similar to the status gap between nobles and commoners).[7] In other words, as the Holy Roman Empire was disintegrated in the German-speaking world , the British states emerged as de facto independent states, and in the case of these principalities and counties, even if their nominal titles were low, they were regarded as ruling families as monarchs ruling independent territories, and therefore marriages between ruling families became equal marriages. Of course, this also has complex changes, such as the fact that the old ruling families that lost their territories due to the annexation of small feudal states to neighboring large countries after Napoleon I was swept away were recognized as Standeshair, and were customarily recognized as equal to the ruling families, although they were not actual ruling families . However, this was not well observed.
The same goes for succession to the throne. Unlike a mistress or a concubine , it is a formal marriage, and although it is often confused because European nobles and royal families give birth to many illegitimate children , a noble marriage is a valid marriage under the law.
3.1. German
As a region that originated from Gwicheon commercial marriages, a very strict rule of excluding Gwicheon commercial marriages was applied. To a certain extent, in cases where male descendants born from equal marriages were completely cut off, there were cases in which priority was given to female descendants even if there were male descendants born from an equal marriage. For example, the Nassau-Weilburg family of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , when the male descendants were cut off in the early 20th century, even violated the Salica Law, which was observed like a new capital complex, and enthroned the female Grand Duchess Maria Delide .[8]
Even now that the law of absolute primogeniture has been established, Luxembourg still applies the common marriage system of noble birth, but it is applied to marriages that could be scandalous, rather than based on status as in the past. In 1987, when Jean , the second son (third) of Archduke Jean and the first younger brother of Archduke Henri (then Archduke), married a French woman, Carlos Hugo of the Borbonne-Parma family tackled him, raising the controversy over marriage between nobles.[A] There is a case where the Borbonne-Parma family was cut off from the main family for eight years and the name of the archduchy was fixed as the maternal Nassau-Weilburg family.[10] In 2006, Archduke Henri's third son, Louis, also got into an accident with his girlfriend at the age of 19 and had a child due to speeding, got married, and gave up his right to succession as it was defined as a noble marriage. The two eventually divorced, losing their right to succession and suffering the embarrassment of losing face.[11]
However, in some cases, the immediate male descendants born in equal marriage, such as the Cherrygen family of the Baden Grand Province , were broken. Kaspahauser is intertwined here. There was no absolute principle of whether the South Koreans were completely cut off and the descendants of the royal family and the descendants of the ghost marriage system.
In a strict family, all descendants from female lineages and noble marriages are excluded and distant relatives are searched for. Because of this rule, Franz Joseph I of the Austro-Hungarian Empire did not give succession rights to the children of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, his nephew and heir to the throne . Franz Ferdinand's wife , Sophie Chotek von Chotkova , was not a princess of the ruling family but a count's daughter, so her marriage to Franz Ferdinand was clearly a marriage of nobility. In fact, the Crown Prince himself could have been deprived of his right to succession to the throne because of this low-ranking marriage, but the previous heir and Ferdinand's cousin, Crown Prince Rudolf, died of a mysterious suicide after being embroiled in a scandal, and public opinion was very upset, so in order to calm the situation, he allowed his nephew's right to succession.
Because of this situation, Franz Ferdinand was the heir to the throne, but Sophie had to be satisfied with receiving the title of Duchess of Hohenberg rather than princess , and none of the three children born to them had the right to inherit the throne. Not only this, but no royal family members except her stepmother, Archduchess Maria Teresa , and her two half-sisters attended the wedding, and when Sophie attended official events, she had to go lower than the lowest-ranking archduchess, so she could not even go near her husband or even see him. This was almost the same level of treatment that European royal families treated their mistresses and their illegitimate children , and the relationship between Ferdinand's family and the Habsburg family was quite uncomfortable.
In order to preserve his wife's prestige, Ferdinand often brought her to official events, but even then, if he went out as crown prince, his attendant , Sophie, would be stuck far away, so he had to choose a title lower in rank than the heir to the throne.[12] For example, at the time of the Sarajevo Incident, the date was also their wedding anniversary, and since Ferdinand was attending in the capacity of the Commander-in-Chief of the Austrian Empire's Army, not as an heir to the throne , it was acceptable for him to accompany Sophie. There is also an example of the Palatinate Wittelsbach family, one of the elector families of the Holy Roman Empire . When the childless Elector Charles II died, despite the fact that his father Karl I Ludwig had many sons of noble birth (i.e. Charles II's half-brothers), his southern relative, Philip Wilhelm , who was close to 20 cousins , inherited the Electorate of the Palatinate.[13]
In the German-speaking world, where strict inheritance laws such as the Salica law and exclusion of noble marriages were applied, there were many cases where a truly distant relative inherited a title. In the German-speaking world, equal inheritance was received, so even if a distant relative, he was a worthy lord who inherited other fiefdoms of the family . And since they are all incestuous anyway , it may seem very distant on the paternal line, but if you check the actual number of relatives through the female line, they are much closer than you think.[14]
Faber-Castell , which we know well as a pencil company , was originally a noble marriage between the Baroness Faber and the Marquis of Castell, and the Countess of Faber-Castell was born.
Roman Nov Dynasty of the Russian Empire[15] In the same case, the original successor of Alexander I was his first brother, Constantine . However, Constantine's anti -aircraft gave up his succession by divorcing his wife, Anna Pyodorovna and remarried with Johannna Grucchin Ska, a Polish aristocracy. As a result, the next emperor went to Nikolai I, the second younger brother of Alexander I. But immediately after Alexander I died, Nikolai I and Constantine anti -aircraft were complicated for a while in the barrel of concessions of each other, and eventually Nikolai I was crowned the Russian emperor. However, young officers in the military, who had previously followed Constantine, insisted on reforms from the stomach, suggesting that they were rebelled and suppressed during the rebellion of Nikolai. This is called De Cabrest's egg .
There were other types of discrimination other than exclusion from succession. Prince Alexander of Hesse, the maternal ancestor of Philip Mountbatten, had no choice but to leave the Russian Empire of Nicholas I , to which he had depended, when he married Julia Hauke, the maid of honor of his younger sister, Princess Marie of Hesse, by running away at night . He was a major general in the Russian Imperial Army at the time , and his military career was cut short by dismissal .[16] Since he was not accepted by either his home country, the Grand Duchy of Hesse , or the Austrian Empire , he survived in Switzerland receiving living expenses provided personally by his family, and was able to continue his military career in the Austrian Imperial Army only after Russia took action to correct his dismissal to full discharge .
Even now that the law of absolute primogeniture has been established, Luxembourg still applies the common marriage system of noble birth, but it is applied to marriages that could be scandalous, rather than based on status as in the past. In 1987, when Jean , the second son (third) of Archduke Jean and the first younger brother of Archduke Henri (then Archduke), married a French woman, Carlos Hugo of the Borbonne-Parma family tackled him, raising the controversy over marriage between nobles.[A] There is a case where the Borbonne-Parma family was cut off from the main family for eight years and the name of the archduchy was fixed as the maternal Nassau-Weilburg family.[10] In 2006, Archduke Henri's third son, Louis, also got into an accident with his girlfriend at the age of 19 and had a child due to speeding, got married, and gave up his right to succession as it was defined as a noble marriage. The two eventually divorced, losing their right to succession and suffering the embarrassment of losing face.[11]
However, in some cases, the immediate male descendants born in equal marriage, such as the Cherrygen family of the Baden Grand Province , were broken. Kaspahauser is intertwined here. There was no absolute principle of whether the South Koreans were completely cut off and the descendants of the royal family and the descendants of the ghost marriage system.
In a strict family, all descendants from female lineages and noble marriages are excluded and distant relatives are searched for. Because of this rule, Franz Joseph I of the Austro-Hungarian Empire did not give succession rights to the children of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, his nephew and heir to the throne . Franz Ferdinand's wife , Sophie Chotek von Chotkova , was not a princess of the ruling family but a count's daughter, so her marriage to Franz Ferdinand was clearly a marriage of nobility. In fact, the Crown Prince himself could have been deprived of his right to succession to the throne because of this low-ranking marriage, but the previous heir and Ferdinand's cousin, Crown Prince Rudolf, died of a mysterious suicide after being embroiled in a scandal, and public opinion was very upset, so in order to calm the situation, he allowed his nephew's right to succession.
Because of this situation, Franz Ferdinand was the heir to the throne, but Sophie had to be satisfied with receiving the title of Duchess of Hohenberg rather than princess , and none of the three children born to them had the right to inherit the throne. Not only this, but no royal family members except her stepmother, Archduchess Maria Teresa , and her two half-sisters attended the wedding, and when Sophie attended official events, she had to go lower than the lowest-ranking archduchess, so she could not even go near her husband or even see him. This was almost the same level of treatment that European royal families treated their mistresses and their illegitimate children , and the relationship between Ferdinand's family and the Habsburg family was quite uncomfortable.
In order to preserve his wife's prestige, Ferdinand often brought her to official events, but even then, if he went out as crown prince, his attendant , Sophie, would be stuck far away, so he had to choose a title lower in rank than the heir to the throne.[12] For example, at the time of the Sarajevo Incident, the date was also their wedding anniversary, and since Ferdinand was attending in the capacity of the Commander-in-Chief of the Austrian Empire's Army, not as an heir to the throne , it was acceptable for him to accompany Sophie. There is also an example of the Palatinate Wittelsbach family, one of the elector families of the Holy Roman Empire . When the childless Elector Charles II died, despite the fact that his father Karl I Ludwig had many sons of noble birth (i.e. Charles II's half-brothers), his southern relative, Philip Wilhelm , who was close to 20 cousins , inherited the Electorate of the Palatinate.[13]
In the German-speaking world, where strict inheritance laws such as the Salica law and exclusion of noble marriages were applied, there were many cases where a truly distant relative inherited a title. In the German-speaking world, equal inheritance was received, so even if a distant relative, he was a worthy lord who inherited other fiefdoms of the family . And since they are all incestuous anyway , it may seem very distant on the paternal line, but if you check the actual number of relatives through the female line, they are much closer than you think.[14]
Faber-Castell , which we know well as a pencil company , was originally a noble marriage between the Baroness Faber and the Marquis of Castell, and the Countess of Faber-Castell was born.
Roman Nov Dynasty of the Russian Empire[15] In the same case, the original successor of Alexander I was his first brother, Constantine . However, Constantine's anti -aircraft gave up his succession by divorcing his wife, Anna Pyodorovna and remarried with Johannna Grucchin Ska, a Polish aristocracy. As a result, the next emperor went to Nikolai I, the second younger brother of Alexander I. But immediately after Alexander I died, Nikolai I and Constantine anti -aircraft were complicated for a while in the barrel of concessions of each other, and eventually Nikolai I was crowned the Russian emperor. However, young officers in the military, who had previously followed Constantine, insisted on reforms from the stomach, suggesting that they were rebelled and suppressed during the rebellion of Nikolai. This is called De Cabrest's egg .
There were other types of discrimination other than exclusion from succession. Prince Alexander of Hesse, the maternal ancestor of Philip Mountbatten, had no choice but to leave the Russian Empire of Nicholas I , to which he had depended, when he married Julia Hauke, the maid of honor of his younger sister, Princess Marie of Hesse, by running away at night . He was a major general in the Russian Imperial Army at the time , and his military career was cut short by dismissal .[16] Since he was not accepted by either his home country, the Grand Duchy of Hesse , or the Austrian Empire , he survived in Switzerland receiving living expenses provided personally by his family, and was able to continue his military career in the Austrian Imperial Army only after Russia took action to correct his dismissal to full discharge .
3.1.1. Exception to ghost marriage
Those from the Standeshair family were nominally treated as equal marriages, not noble marriages. In reality, there were cases where it was not followed well. The Hesse-Kassel family and the Hanover dynasty , which were annexed to the Kingdom of Prussia, are also eligible for equal marriage with foreign royal families. In the case of the Hesse-Kassel family, the Grand Duchy of Hesse , ruled by their relative, the Hesse -Darmstadt family, continued to exist as a constituent state of the German Empire, and the Hanover family was also a relative of the British royal family , so they were recognized as royal bloodlines even after the country ceased to exist. 1871 After German unification , the kingdoms that became its constituent countries (Bavaria, Saxony, Württemberg), the 6th Grand Duchy, the 5th Duchy, and the 7th Duchy were not annexed to Prussia but were federal constituents of the German Empire, so they were also eligible for equal marriage with foreign royal families.
In addition to the above examples, descendants from the royal office, which are generally abolished, are usually treated equally with the royal family who is reigning in the problem of the Gwacheon. In the case of the case of the Hessen Cassel family, the Tuscan Grand Prize, the Modena, the Barbon Dynasty , and the royal family of the Borbon Dynasty , the royal family, which is abolished by the unification of Italy , is a reign of the royal family. Because there is.
In addition to the above examples, descendants from the royal office, which are generally abolished, are usually treated equally with the royal family who is reigning in the problem of the Gwacheon. In the case of the case of the Hessen Cassel family, the Tuscan Grand Prize, the Modena, the Barbon Dynasty , and the royal family of the Borbon Dynasty , the royal family, which is abolished by the unification of Italy , is a reign of the royal family. Because there is.
3.2. france
France was legally defined by the law, but it was customary. The French aristocrats were filtered out by the French monarch or the lord's permanent lord before marriage.
In the case of a monarch, there was a marriage between Henry, Duke of Orléans, who would later be crowned Henry II , and Catherine de Medici of the Medici family . However, at this time, it was not thought that Catherine would become queen because Prince François, the older brother of Henry, Duke of Orléans, was alive. When Henry II ascended to the throne, Catherine's status became an issue, but since there were no set regulations, it was recognized as a normal marriage. In fact, Catherine de Medici was a descendant of merchants on her father's side, so she belonged to the despised Medici family , but on her mother's side, she inherited the blood of French royalty. Catherine de Medici's maternal grandmother, Jeanne de Bourbon, was the daughter of the Bourbon family , a collateral branch of the Capetian dynasty.[17] Joan's daughter, Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne, married the Pope's nephew , Lorenzo II de' Medici, according to the wishes of the King of France, who had his eyes on Italy at the time, and her only daughter was Catherine. Lorenzo II de' Medici also received the title of Duke of Urbino from his uncle . After Lorenzo's death, Urbino passed to another family, but the title of Urbino was nominally passed on to Catherine, who married Henry as Duchess of Urbino . In other words, although the paternal lineage may have been a noble marriage, the maternal lineage had some form of appearance.
Afterwards, Henry III married Princess Louise of Lorraine , but it was only occasionally said that Louise was of low rank, and it was also considered an equal marriage. To be precise, the fact that Queen Louise was considered of low status had nothing to do with her family. Louise was the actual eldest daughter of Nicolas, the second son of Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, and her father remarried twice, so she was living like Cinderella and being mistreated by her second stepmother, who was three years older than her. In addition, Henry III, who was famous for being sentimental and spontaneous, failed to marry his lover, the Duchess of Condé, and broke up, leading to Poland-Lithuania. On the way to the coronation , he met Louise, who was on a family trip, briefly, and then suddenly proposed to him, so these were the words that the original bride candidates grumbled about.
Lorraine is a strictly ruling family, and members of the Lorraine family can marry royal families of other countries .[18] In fact, the low-ranking family is not the Lorraine family, but its branch, the Guise family, which is a Foreign Prince that is about half a level lower than the ruling family.[19] treated well. For example, Charles V, Duke of Lorraine married Eleonore of Austria, the half-sister of his close friend Leopold I , his son Leopold , Duke of Lorraine, married Elisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans , niece of Louis Elected as the first generation . In addition, Elisabeth Therese, the younger sister of Franz I, had been talking about marrying Louis, Duke of Orléans, a maternal cousin of Louis
Considering that later , Louis[20] It seems that common marriage was considered a taboo that should be avoided, but a custom that was not legally regulated .[21]
In the case of a monarch, there was a marriage between Henry, Duke of Orléans, who would later be crowned Henry II , and Catherine de Medici of the Medici family . However, at this time, it was not thought that Catherine would become queen because Prince François, the older brother of Henry, Duke of Orléans, was alive. When Henry II ascended to the throne, Catherine's status became an issue, but since there were no set regulations, it was recognized as a normal marriage. In fact, Catherine de Medici was a descendant of merchants on her father's side, so she belonged to the despised Medici family , but on her mother's side, she inherited the blood of French royalty. Catherine de Medici's maternal grandmother, Jeanne de Bourbon, was the daughter of the Bourbon family , a collateral branch of the Capetian dynasty.[17] Joan's daughter, Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne, married the Pope's nephew , Lorenzo II de' Medici, according to the wishes of the King of France, who had his eyes on Italy at the time, and her only daughter was Catherine. Lorenzo II de' Medici also received the title of Duke of Urbino from his uncle . After Lorenzo's death, Urbino passed to another family, but the title of Urbino was nominally passed on to Catherine, who married Henry as Duchess of Urbino . In other words, although the paternal lineage may have been a noble marriage, the maternal lineage had some form of appearance.
Afterwards, Henry III married Princess Louise of Lorraine , but it was only occasionally said that Louise was of low rank, and it was also considered an equal marriage. To be precise, the fact that Queen Louise was considered of low status had nothing to do with her family. Louise was the actual eldest daughter of Nicolas, the second son of Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, and her father remarried twice, so she was living like Cinderella and being mistreated by her second stepmother, who was three years older than her. In addition, Henry III, who was famous for being sentimental and spontaneous, failed to marry his lover, the Duchess of Condé, and broke up, leading to Poland-Lithuania. On the way to the coronation , he met Louise, who was on a family trip, briefly, and then suddenly proposed to him, so these were the words that the original bride candidates grumbled about.
Lorraine is a strictly ruling family, and members of the Lorraine family can marry royal families of other countries .[18] In fact, the low-ranking family is not the Lorraine family, but its branch, the Guise family, which is a Foreign Prince that is about half a level lower than the ruling family.[19] treated well. For example, Charles V, Duke of Lorraine married Eleonore of Austria, the half-sister of his close friend Leopold I , his son Leopold , Duke of Lorraine, married Elisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans , niece of Louis Elected as the first generation . In addition, Elisabeth Therese, the younger sister of Franz I, had been talking about marrying Louis, Duke of Orléans, a maternal cousin of Louis
Considering that later , Louis[20] It seems that common marriage was considered a taboo that should be avoided, but a custom that was not legally regulated .[21]
3.3. uk
Although it is a European country, there was no marriage law throughout its history. To begin with, England had very few nobles.[22] Because a strict primogeniture system was applied, only the eldest descendant of a duke could become the successor duke.[23] This was because, strictly speaking, he was considered a commoner before he officially inherited the title.[24] Of Henry VIII's six queens , only two were from the ruling family. Another example is Anne Hyde, daughter of James II and Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon.[25] For example , Mary II and Anne , who were born together, ascended the throne as queen without any problems.
Of course, in the past in Europe, marriage alliances were one of the main diplomatic tools, so in Britain, the next heir or high-ranking royals often married foreign royals, and it was very rare for a woman from the noble or gentry class to become queen. However, even so, it is true that compared to other countries, it was relatively tolerant of marriages with large class differences.
Then, in 1772 , the King of England King George III enacted the so-called Royal Marriage Act of 1772. This law contained the provisions that the marriage of the heir to the throne without the monarch's permission was not legal, and this law effectively became the standard for compulsory marriage between nobles.[26][27]
However, unlike in the German-speaking world, the law stipulated that any marriage recognized by the monarch could obtain legality regardless of the status of the spouse, so from then on, marriages that would have been defined as common marriages in other countries were carried out without any problems in England.
For example, Queen Mary (Mary of Teck), the wife of George V and mother of Edward VIII and George VI, was from the Teck ducal family, which was created through a noble marriage from the Württemberg family in Germany.[28] In other countries, she would not have been able to marry a member of the royal family, but since England did not have much of a concept of marriage between nobles, her marriage to King George V was recognized as an equal marriage, and all of Mary's children were recognized as legitimate children. In fact, even at the time, there were many criticisms that Mary's parents came from a noble family, but because it was a marriage largely supported by her grandmother-in-law, Queen Victoria , no one objected much. She was originally engaged to Prince Albert , the older brother of King George V and the eldest grandson of Queen Victoria , but Prince Albert died young from the flu, so she married George V as a criminal punishment . Queen Mary's daughter-in-law, Elizabeth Bowseryan , was also from an earldom family, so her marriage to George VI was similarly not a big problem.[29] Rather, the royal family, including Queen Mary, agreed, saying, 'A woman like this is worthy of marrying Bertie (King George VI's nickname),' and the marriage took place. In addition, since the British earl was essentially a tribal chieftain, there were not as many problems with marriages with the royal family as there were in Europe. There is an opinion that the abdication of King George VI 's older brother, Edward VIII, to marry the American Wallis Simpson was also a noble marriage. However, the reason why the British royal family at the time strongly opposed the marriage of Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson was not because she was American, but because she was a divorcee who had already been married once and had a messy private life, including openly having an affair with Edward VIII with her remarried husband . The Anglican Church , headed by the King of England, also prohibits remarriage after divorce in principle.
The marriage of Camilla Parker Bowles and Charles III was almost treated as a marriage of noble birth, but it was ruled that this had nothing to do with it, as there was no concept of excluding common marriage in England. #
Since the late 20th century, the Hanoverian dynasty, the former dynasty of England and the former dynasty of the Kingdom of Hanover, has abandoned the German-style noble marriage system and changed to the British style(?), which recognizes marriages recognized by the head of the family as equal marriages.
Of course, in the past in Europe, marriage alliances were one of the main diplomatic tools, so in Britain, the next heir or high-ranking royals often married foreign royals, and it was very rare for a woman from the noble or gentry class to become queen. However, even so, it is true that compared to other countries, it was relatively tolerant of marriages with large class differences.
Then, in 1772 , the King of England King George III enacted the so-called Royal Marriage Act of 1772. This law contained the provisions that the marriage of the heir to the throne without the monarch's permission was not legal, and this law effectively became the standard for compulsory marriage between nobles.[26][27]
However, unlike in the German-speaking world, the law stipulated that any marriage recognized by the monarch could obtain legality regardless of the status of the spouse, so from then on, marriages that would have been defined as common marriages in other countries were carried out without any problems in England.
For example, Queen Mary (Mary of Teck), the wife of George V and mother of Edward VIII and George VI, was from the Teck ducal family, which was created through a noble marriage from the Württemberg family in Germany.[28] In other countries, she would not have been able to marry a member of the royal family, but since England did not have much of a concept of marriage between nobles, her marriage to King George V was recognized as an equal marriage, and all of Mary's children were recognized as legitimate children. In fact, even at the time, there were many criticisms that Mary's parents came from a noble family, but because it was a marriage largely supported by her grandmother-in-law, Queen Victoria , no one objected much. She was originally engaged to Prince Albert , the older brother of King George V and the eldest grandson of Queen Victoria , but Prince Albert died young from the flu, so she married George V as a criminal punishment . Queen Mary's daughter-in-law, Elizabeth Bowseryan , was also from an earldom family, so her marriage to George VI was similarly not a big problem.[29] Rather, the royal family, including Queen Mary, agreed, saying, 'A woman like this is worthy of marrying Bertie (King George VI's nickname),' and the marriage took place. In addition, since the British earl was essentially a tribal chieftain, there were not as many problems with marriages with the royal family as there were in Europe. There is an opinion that the abdication of King George VI 's older brother, Edward VIII, to marry the American Wallis Simpson was also a noble marriage. However, the reason why the British royal family at the time strongly opposed the marriage of Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson was not because she was American, but because she was a divorcee who had already been married once and had a messy private life, including openly having an affair with Edward VIII with her remarried husband . The Anglican Church , headed by the King of England, also prohibits remarriage after divorce in principle.
The marriage of Camilla Parker Bowles and Charles III was almost treated as a marriage of noble birth, but it was ruled that this had nothing to do with it, as there was no concept of excluding common marriage in England. #
Since the late 20th century, the Hanoverian dynasty, the former dynasty of England and the former dynasty of the Kingdom of Hanover, has abandoned the German-style noble marriage system and changed to the British style(?), which recognizes marriages recognized by the head of the family as equal marriages.
3.4. etc
- In fact, it can be said that almost all (you can even say all) modern European royal families have a practice of excluding marriages of noble rank. Like the Russian Empire , the Kingdom of Greece , or Spain, there was no original practice of excluding marriages of noble birth, but as the dynasty changed to another royal family due to inheritance, etc., there were cases where the custom of excluding marriages of noble birth from that royal family was introduced. Alexander I , king of the Glücksburg dynasty of Greece , married not a princess from the ruling family, but Aspasia Manos from the Manos family, one of the most prosperous families among the Phanariotes in his country. Because of this, Aspasia did not become queen in the end and was given the title of princess.[30] The two had only a wealthy daughter, Alexandra , so they could not inherit the throne, but even if Alexander had a son, it is unlikely that he would have been crowned King of Greece.[31]
- Since the 20th century, monarchies have been abolished in most European countries, and in the case of monarchical countries, egalitarianism has spread due to the influence of the 1968 Revolution and other marriages. In modern times, marriages that seemed impossible by past standards are common, and most royal and high-ranking families use the British system, which defines marriages that have not been approved by parliament, family heads, or kinship councils, etc. as marriages of nobility, rather than due to differences in status, and deprives them of family succession rights. In particular, the Swedish royal family frequently had marriages that were virtually indistinguishable from the general public, and there were similar cases in the Norwegian royal family. Compared to the past, the British royal family also tends to accept people with diverse backgrounds, such as Catherine Middleton .
- The Eastern Roman Empire overwhelmed the emperor's hemophilians to marry a foreign royal family to marry a domestic aristocracy rather than endanger restraint. In the Protocol of Basilios II immediately , there are two of the three things that should never be sent to foreign countries . In this case, the aristocratic family has room to go over, but it is a domestic problem anyway. In the beginning, since the days of the Roman Empire, the restraint was not a lineage inheritance, and it was common for the son -in -law to succeed.[32] In fact, in addition to the East Roman Empire, this is also seen in the dynasty of China and the royal family of Joseon. In other words, the stronger the kingship did not like to marry the royal marriage with the foreign dynasty. Thus, it is right to see that the exclusion of Gwacheon is a special custom of Western Europe, where the equal dynasty divided the area in one metropolitan culture.[33]
4. Oriental case
In fact, there was no concept similar to Gwacheon Soul in the East . Before modern times, any country around the world was similar.
- In Silla , under the bone rank system , the established theory is that if another bone rank person marries, the child will follow the lower status of the parents, which is closer to that of Europe than the general East Asian dynasty form. Because of this, incestuous marriages occurred frequently in the 6th and 7th centuries , when sacred bones became very rare . Because bone quality discrimination was stronger than gender discrimination , after the male sacred bone disappeared, a female sacred bone became the successor, and an unprecedented queen appeared in Korean history. It was only after the female sacred bone disappeared that the true bone became known. A man could take the throne. Of course, Kim Chun-chu did not sit idle until the death of his female seonggol. He strengthened his political position through the two generations of Kim Yong-su and Kim Chun-chu , and made political compromises with Crown Prince Dongryun, while Kim Chun-chu, the leader, went through all kinds of hardships, such as directly entering the diplomatic front and eradicating opponents such as Bidam , before finally gaining the throne. Even after all this, he was not recognized as a sacred bone and had no choice but to ascend to the throne as a true bone. This shows how strong the walls of the bone structure were.
- In Goryeo , if a royal man married a noble woman, the child born from the marriage did not become a noble, but since women's inheritance rights were also recognized, the mother's status had a greater influence than expected on becoming king. Therefore, even the king's children were sent out if their mother was of high birth , and marriages between relatives (intra-family marriages) were frequent among the royal family for fear of a situation where the king's daughter would get married and her maternal grandson would inherit the Wang family name. Then, the situation changed when King Chungseon selected 15 families that could intermarry with the royal family as prime ministers and only these families were allowed to intermarry with the royal family. When King Gongmin married his third wife Ikbi, the daughter of his royal family, he changed the family name of his wife, and King Gongyang's mother was also of the Wang clan. Considering that there were cases of marriages (intra-tribal marriages) between royal relatives among collateral royal families, it was not strictly observed, but cases of intra-tribal marriages certainly became rare from that time on.
- In the early days of Joseon , the Yangcheonje was legally allowed by the Yangcheon and Sangmin, and the child could be treated as a deficit, but there was a difference between the deficit of the government and the child of the espionage . However, as the Yangban system was renovated and gradually changed to the rebirth system, the customs of marriage only were settled. On the other hand, the marriage with Cheonmin is called an immediate agent, and if either of the parents are Cheonmin, the child is also defined as a thousand people. However, if he became a celestial man as an exception, he became a man who was a man who was a man. In the late Joseon Dynasty, the number of people was too reduced, enacting the Nobi species law so that if the mother was both, the child could be both. The marriage in the class was legally limited. Although there were cases of leading prestigious agreements, the class class was not officially differentiated. In the case of the Joseon royal family, the queen was legally eligible for any status . However, for political reasons, there were many cases where the candidates were narrowed by the restraint of some leading families. Gandaek concubine is similar. The exception was that the concubine was originally a palace or a visa, but the king's victory was worn by the king. The children of the Queen and the concubines were also discriminated against the deficit and the scribe, respectively. However, the children of the concubine were pushed out of the order of succession, and there was a succession of the throne. The children of the concubine and their descendants were also recognized as the four generations.
- In Japan , there was once a practice of excluding marriages of noble birth. According to the old imperial war code, which was implemented between immediately after the Meiji Restoration and 1947, members of the imperial family could only marry members of the same imperial family or members of the flower family . In particular, there was an unwritten rule that a wife (crown princess, empress) in the direct line of the imperial family must be from the Wu Xie family or royal family of the same imperial family or Chinese family. However, there is a difference in that this side recognizes the succession rights of illegitimate children. With the enforcement of the Japanese Constitution on May 3, 1947, the Chinese people were reduced to the status of commoners. Then, on October 14, the former imperial family, excluding direct descendants of Emperor Taisho, left the imperial family . Still, they married only themselves and maintained their own world. But in 1959 This strong, impenetrable wall was broken when Crown Prince Akihito married Michiko Shoda , a commoner. Instead, Empress Michiko's life in the imperial family was not easy, and because she was a commoner, she suffered all kinds of in-laws, insults, and abuse for 40 years. Even after becoming empress, she suffered, and only became somewhat comfortable after the death of her mother-in-law , Empress Dowager Nagako, in 2000 . Afterwards, Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko's two sons and one daughter all married commoners, and it became common for the Japanese imperial family to receive commoner sons-in-law and daughters-in-law.
The title of lord is Bulhaeosaeok (不下漁色).
A feudal lord is a nobleman or scholar of his country .[34] He does not take his daughter as his wife.
- In China , like Western Europe, even during the Spring and Autumn Warring States period, when several equal dynasties divided territory within a single metropolitan cultural area, wives were often found in the vacancies of other princely states. A princely state of a different name would marry the daughter of the Emperor Zhou. However, the difference from Europe was that even bastards could inherit the king/throne. Would n't Confucius have said that the Taoist lords were foreign to China ? However, after the unification of China by Emperor Shi Huangdi , the situation changed rapidly. Since the world was unified, there were naturally no other royal families with whom to intermarry as equals . Accordingly, successive Jungwon dynasties intermarried between nobles and prominent families for generations, and royal spouses were also found in noble families.[36] Until the Tang Dynasty , it was an aristocratic society, so it maintained a closed marriage group. In the Song Dynasty , it expanded to the families of the new noblemen, but intermarriage between noble families still continued. In the Yuan and Qing dynasties, which were ethnic dynasties, intermarriage between Mongols and Manchus was encouraged, and intermarriage with Han Chinese was avoided. However, in the Ming Dynasty , with the exception of the first of the nation, the imperial family established the custom of taking spouses from the common class rather than nobles or prestigious families.[37] Of course, in ordinary noble families, they married among themselves.
5. A person famous for ghost marriage
- Franz Ferdinand
The most famous example of modern noble marriage. As the heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, it was natural to marry a princess of a country, but surprisingly, the woman Franz married was Sofie Chotek von Chotkova , who was only the daughter of a count .[38] Because of this, Franz and Sophie's two sons and one daughter were not recognized as having the right to succeed to the throne, and only inherited their mother's noble title.[39] And at an event he attended to save the status of his wife, who was treated poorly by the imperial family, the Sarajevo incident broke out.
- Edward VIII
Former king of the Windsor dynasty of England . He voluntarily abdicated the British throne to marry an American divorcee, Mrs. Simpson . However, as shown in the document, the reason why the British royal family and cabinet strongly opposed the marriage, to the extent that Edward VIII abdicated, was due to privacy issues rather than issues with Mrs. Simpson's status.[40]
- Karol II
King of Romania . Even before marriage , his private life was so promiscuous that he dated a woman named Gigi Lambrino ( 1898-1953 ) and gave birth to an illegitimate son named Karol Lambrino ( 1920-2006 ). Afterwards, he married Princess Eleni of Greece and Denmark and gave birth to his legitimate son, King Michael I , but he openly cohabited with a woman named Magda Lupescu, committed an affair, and was divorced. Due to this disgraceful behavior, he lost the trust of his father Ferdinand I and the people, and was excluded from the succession to the throne. When Ferdinand passed away, his son Michael I ascended the throne in his stead. However, he ignored this, kicked out his son through scheming, and then ascended the throne again. In the end, he is kicked out of the throne and marries Magda in his exile.
- Ludwig Wilhelm
Duke of the Kingdom of Bavaria .[41] As the maternal grandson of Maximilian I, the first King of Bavaria , Joseph , he was clearly a descendant of the royal family, even if he was a collateral, but when he became pregnant with his second child after having a daughter with theater actress Henriette Mendel, he officially married and gave up his right to succession to the Bavarian throne and dukedom in 1859 .[42] Her younger sister was the famous Elisabeth von Wittelsbach , and she cherished her brother's illegitimate daughter. This niece was Countess Larish, who had arranged a secret meeting between Crown Prince Rudolf and Marie von Bechera and was kicked out of the court after their suicide. Because of this, Elisabeth cut off her nephew and his family, and declared that they would never even be called by their names .
- Prince Alexander of Hesse
He is the fourth son of Grand Duke Ludwig II of Hesse and the older brother of Princess Marie of Hesse, Empress of Alexander II . Although he was a capable soldier who was awarded the Order of St. George in the Russian Empire , where his younger sister was married , he fell in love with Julia Hauke , Marie's maid and the count's daughter , and ran away at night to marry her. Nevertheless, Julia received the title of Duchess of Battenberg from Alexander's older brother, Grand Duke Ludwig III of Hesse , and founded the Battenberg family. She gave birth to four sons and one daughter and lived a happily married life with Alexander for the rest of her life. Alexander and Julia's eldest son is Prince Ludwig of Battenberg , the maternal grandfather of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh , and their third son is Prince Heinrich of Battenberg, the husband of Princess Beatrice of England . In particular, Ludwig married Princess Victoria of Hesse , Queen Victoria 's maternal granddaughter , and Heinrich married Queen Victoria's daughter Princess Beatrice. All of his sons were famous for their marriages.[43] Eventually, the Battenberg family became very prosperous , with Alexander's granddaughters producing the princesses of Greece and Denmark , the queen of Sweden , and the queen of Spain .
- Charles, Duke of Courland
Among the characters who married nobles, the main character of the anecdote has a very dramatic backstory. He is the third son of August III , Elector of Saxony and King of Poland and Lithuania , and is also the maternal uncle of Charles IV and Louis XVI . Although he was clearly the son of a royal family, in 1760 , during his brief reign as Duke of the Duchy of Courland-Zemgalen, he secretly married Franziska Krasinski, a Polish count.[44] They had one daughter. Later, this daughter, Maria Cristina, married Carlo Emanuele, Duke of Savoia Carignano, a collateral family of the Savoy royal family , and they had one son and one daughter. Among them, their son, Carlo Alberto , later ascended the throne as king of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont after the direct line of the Savoy royal family was cut off, and became the king of the newly established Kingdom of Italy . became a direct ancestor.
6. effect
- Due to the nature of excluding Gwacheon's marriage and pursuing homeless, there are limited homes that can marry, so the European royal family has become intense . Occasionally, the Korean -American family has become a high -ranking aristocracy, and a new lineage comes in, but in this case, when the generation passes, it eventually became incest. Germany is relatively better because it has been divided into many independent small countries for a long time. As a result, they often marry their spouses from the German royal office in many European royal family. Queen Victoria 's hemophilia was inherited in the Russian imperial family.[45] In addition, the hemophilia has caused the Russian revolution, which is a huge butterfly effect . Based on the British Elizabeth II, Norwegian Haral V Haral V is 6 villages, 8 villages, Margrete II of Denmark , Sweden 's Carl 16 -year -old Gustav , Spanish Juan Carlos I , and Albert in Belgium Two -year -old , Luxembourg 's Henri Great Duke is eight villages. As a side note, Elizabeth II and her husband Philip Mount Bathton are 8 villages and seven villages.[46]
- Many European royals were connected to each other, and many of them were far and close relatives. At all, they came from other foreign royal family, insisting on the succession of other countries, and this led to war. The case of seeing all of this is described in the document in detail with the Spanish succession war .[47]
- Because the standards for marriage between nobles and commoners were different in each country and family, the method of application was that if it was hung on the nose, it was a nose ring, and if it was hung on the ear, it was an earring.[48] So, if you go back through the European royal genealogy, you'll often find that the descendants of monarchs were country knights or even commoners among their ancestors.
- Sweden, where Charles XIV John ascends the throne The Bernadotte dynasty strictly applied the principle of exclusion of upper-class marriages and the Salica Law in order to avoid the bad reputation of being a lowly family that rose to prominence overnight .[49][50] As a result, there were not many descendants left who inherited the throne, and eventually, with the marriage of Charles In fact, the reason the Bernadotte dynasty was able to survive while maintaining a noble marriage until the late 20th century is because, similar to the Hohenzollern family , the previous Swedish kings who headed the family had sons. The first king , Karl He was a father and son . On the contrary, hereditary Prince Gustav Adolf had one son and four daughters, and his only son was Carl If hereditary Prince Gustav Adolf had had many sons, Sweden's noble marriage system could have been maintained to this day.[51]
- A recent example of a noble marriage is the King of Belgium. Leopold III 's second wife, Princess Leti, Lillian Bael. Leopold III and Lilian Bael married in 1941 during World War II. Because Lilian Bael was from the United States, she was not given the title of queen, and her three children with Leopold III were not given the right to succeed to the throne . Lilian Bael's children later encountered various problems.[52] It became a problem for the Belgian royal family. In some ways, it may be a good thing that Lilian Bael's children did not have the right to succession. Ironically, it was his mother, Elisabeth , who introduced Lilian Bael to King Leopold III . In fact, the problem was the accident that occurred after Lilian Bael's children grew up, but there was no legal problem with the remarriage of Leopold III and Lilian. This is because Queen Astrid had already died in a car accident two years before he met Lilian Bael, and Leopold III was a widower . Therefore, when it was said that Leopold would remarry, Queen Astrid's parents and King Leopold III's former mother-in-law, Prince Karl of Sweden and Princess Ingeborg of Denmark, bitterly criticized the Belgian people, asking what was the problem with remarriage after widowhood, which people who often treat divorce as a joke even welcomed their own grandchildren .[53] As an aside, before her death, Lillian left a will asking her to be buried near Waterloo , where she spent the rest of her life , but for reasons of respect for the royal family, she was buried together with her husband and his ex-wife.
- There are also quite a few aristocratic families that sprang from the royal family due to high-ranking marriages. However, most of this side did not have the right to succession to the throne, and this is called non-dynastic in English. For example, from the Habsburg dynasty to the House of Hohenberg ( 1900 )[54] , from the Grand Duchy of Hesse to the House of Battenberg ( 1858 )[55] , from the royal family of Württemberg to the Duke of Teck ( 1871-1981 .)[56] , the House of Urach ( 1867 ) was derived.
- The ascension to the throne of former King Juan Carlos I of Spain also had an impact. When Alfonso, Duke of Asturias, uncle of the original heir, Juan Carlos, married[57] had renounced his right of succession.
- The Brazilian royal family was divided into two lineages due to problems related to the application of noble marriage. Among the sons of Izabeu, the eldest daughter of the last Emperor Pedro II, the eldest son, Pedro de Aucantara, was originally the heir. However, when Pedro married a Czech nobleman in 1908 , causing controversy over his marriage to a noble family, he gave up his right to succession and was replaced by his second son, Luis.[58] When Pedro died in 1940, his eldest son, Pedro Garstan, declared himself the head of the imperial family, claiming that his father's renunciation of his right to succession was invalid because the constitution of the former Brazilian Empire did not stipulate that the heir to the throne should marry a member of the royal family.
- There are cases where a family broke off ties with their original family due to a dispute over marriage between nobles, a representative example being the Bourbon-Parma family of Luxembourg. The former Grand Duke of Luxembourg was a member of the Bourbon-Parma (Italian for Bourbon-Parma) family as his father was Prince Felix of Bourbon -Parma.[59] Since the Luxembourg family is still the ruling family to this day, members of the family were relatively free from controversies about marriage between nobles and nobles. As a result, all of Archduke Jean's sons married commoners, and although Archduke Jean himself did not object to the marriage at all, Carlos Hugo, the head of the Bourbon-Parma family who had lost control of the area, claimed that it was a noble marriage.[A] A controversy arose. Accordingly , in 1987 , Grand Duke Jean broke with his main Bourbon-Parma family and changed his surname and identity, calling himself a member of the Nassau-Weilburg family . In 1995 , however , the two sides reconciled, and except for Archduke Jean himself and Archduke Jean's eldest son, Archduke Henri, other sons and grandsons resumed using the title of Prince of Bourbon-Parma and retained the right of succession to the Bourbon-Parma family, but the family name of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg was maintained as changed.
- Since marriage to a noble family is a legacy from the time when the country was viewed as the property of the royal family, modern royals continue to receive support from the people even if they do not keep it, and thanks to this, their family can continue to maintain the monarchy, and marriage to a commoner can actually become an event that will gather support from the people.
- In the 20th century, the monarchy was abolished in most European countries, and it became difficult for princes of the abolished royal family to find spouses from the same royal family, so naturally many families abolished or greatly relaxed the practice of common marriage. The Habsburg family also greatly relaxed the rules on common marriages for nobles, with the heir ( Karl von Habsburg ) marrying the daughter of a conglomerate who received the title of baron, and only the Hohenzollern family still maintains the strict rules for common marriages for nobles. Of course, the Hohenzollern family also somewhat relaxed the rule of marriage between nobles after the abolition of the monarchy, and recognizes marriage as an equal marriage even if married to a member of the general nobility.
- The reasons for the reasons of Russia's de -carist's eggs had an indirect impact. When Nikolai I was crowned, his inheritance was prioritized by his brother , Constantine Pablovic Aid . However, Constantine married a woman from a Polish aristocracy, and his children were not given the succession of the Emperor. Because of this, Constantine gave up the succession of the Emperor and yielded his succession to his brother Nikolai. However, young aristocrats have caused De Cavist's egg in the name of Constantine's emperor.
[1] This is because collateral descendants have little chance of succession due to lack of succession rights, and female descendants have no choice but to get married.[2] For example, when Duchess Helen of Bavaria married Maximilian Anton, the head of the Tourn-Taxis family, a family member of the Standeshair family, her family was against it, saying it would lower the status of her partner, but her younger sister Elisabeth von Wittelsbach and her brother-in-law Franz Josef II agreed, and it was recognized as an equal marriage in 1903. At the time of the marriage of Prince Alois of Liechtenstein and Archduchess Elisabeth Amalie of Austria, it was thought that it was a marriage of noble birth or not, but it was recognized as an equal marriage due to the approval of Emperor Franz Joseph I. Afterwards, the Thurn-Taxis and Liechtenstein families rose in status even further than before by marrying into several royal families.[example] Standeshair .[4] Conversely, the punching bags of the Spring and Autumn Period in the Zheng and Song Dynasties had the highest title, duke.[5] However, during the Spring and Autumn Period, when titles still had meaning, the Qin Dynasty was only a peripheral country, so the title of count actually corresponded to actual national power. In particular, the neighboring Jin Dynasty was in fact the most powerful nation and loser during the Spring and Autumn Period, so it had no choice but to submit to its power until the Jin Dynasty split into the Zhao , Han , and Wei during the Warring States Period.[6] For example, if a count's family included in the Standeshair intermarried with a family that held the title of duke as a vassal of the monarch, the count's family was recognized as the higher-ranking family.[7] In the early to mid-medieval period, there was a gap between independent lords, even noblemen, and lords who were vassals of higher-ranking lords, but in the early and modern times, when the custom of marrying nobles became clear, most feudal local lords were eliminated due to centralization, so this issue is out of the question.[8] Although there were male descendants, he was married to a noble family and the other person was a descendant of Alexander Pushkin, who was of mixed black and white blood, so the conservative grand duchy did not allow a black descendant to become a monarch . In any case, this male lineage was cut off in 1965 .[A] 9.1 9.2 The funny thing is that Burbong Parma's father, the father of Carlos Hogo , was also a nephew Roberto Hogo of Saberio, who became the head of the family, when he married Madeleine of Carlos's mother, Burbong Vuzzle, and was barely overwhelmed by the fact that he was the head of the family (...).[10] However, in 1995, when the two sides reconciled, it was decided that, except for Archduke Jean and his eldest son , Archduke Henri , other sons and grandsons would once again use the title of Prince of Bourbon-Parma and retain the right of succession to the Bourbon-Parma family, but the family name of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg would remain unchanged.[11] Children of Zhang Confucius and Louis Confucius received the title of the Prince (SS), but no inheritance.[12] It was not a problem in itself to intentionally visit with a sub-title rather than a representative title. Peter I also did it during his European inspection, and Joseph II also visited to see for himself what the marital relationship was like as his youngest sister, Marie Antoinette , queen of the Kingdom of France , and his brother-in-law (or husband), king Louis Even though he was the king, he visited as Count Falkenstein, one of many subordinate titles. Of course, everyone in the know knew that he was the Habsburg emperor, but in those cases, he could have gone as a representative, but then it would have been a state visit or a summit meeting , which would be inconvenient, so he did it to make it easier for protocol, but the difference is that Ferdinand had no choice because of his wife.[13] As a side note, the person who tackled this succession was, strangely enough, Louis XIV of France , who claimed the rights of his mistress Elisabeth Charlotte because she was the sister of Charles II. Of course, his argument was ignored in the atmosphere of the German-speaking world, which strictly applied the Salica Laws, and this led to the War of the Palatinate Succession . Although his grandfather was 21 degrees distant from the previous king on his paternal line, he inherited the throne. Of course, the actual intention was to create a two-front front in the west against the Habsburgs and German-speaking British countries, whose attention was focused on the Ottomans due to the Great Turkic War, so that the Ottomans could secure the Balkan Peninsula to some extent.[14] For example, Luitpold, who is currently scheduled to be the next head of the Wittelsbach family, is the 6th cousin of the current head Franz von Bayern and the next head Max in terms of paternal lineage , but since Luitpold's mother is the aunt of Prince Franz and Prince Max (Ruitpold's parents are biological cousins), they are actually cousins , making them even closer.[15] Ekaterina II and her husband, Peter III, the direct ancestor of the Holstein-Gottorpromanov family, are also German in origin . Peter III's mother, Anna Petrovna, was the eldest daughter of Peter I, making her the successor of her aunt, Elizaveta Petrovna, who was obsessed with her lineage.[16] I didn't even receive a pension .[17] She is the biological granddaughter of Louis I of Bourbon-Vendome .[18] Although it appears later, the Lorraine family later became the Holy Roman Emperor after Franz I married Maria Theresa and became the son-in-law of the Habsburg family . In the process, the French royal family, the Habsburg family's archenemy and the maternal family of Franz I (Franz I's mother, Elisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans, was the daughter of Philippe d' Orléans, the younger brother of Louis If the family was cut off, he could obtain the throne of France. Of course, this was canceled when Lorraine was ceded to France.) To appease him, he ceded his home base, Lorraine, to France. If it were a low-ranking family, this would be impossible.[19] It is lower than the royal family and the rule of other countries, but it is higher than that of the five lanterns, and it is not treated as a marriage when married to the ruling family.[20] This was also the case with Henry IV .[21] Louis XIV and Madame Maintenon were married in secret, but it was not made public. Therefore, Madame Maintenon was the king's wife in private, but in public she was not a queen but merely a marchioness. Louis These secret marriages are quite similar to noble marriages, with only a different name. (Because of these similarities, Madame Maintenon is often mistaken as the noble wife of Louis XIV.) In other words, France was not free from noble marriages.[22] However, this seems to be due to the influence of the Norman and Plantagenet dynasties , in which the majority Anglo-Saxons were reduced to the ruled class and a small number of Normans reigned as the ruling class, rather than the influence when the Anglo-Saxons had just established England. Since the ruling class, including the royal family, was made up of Anglo-Saxons during the Wessex dynasty, the number of nobles was relatively large ( the Celts , who were subjugated by the Anglo-Saxons, were also assimilated into the Anglo-Saxons linguistically and culturally ), after William I conquered England and established the Norman dynasty, many of the Anglo-Saxon nobles who had resisted the invasion of the Duchy of Normandy fell into the ruled class and a small number of Normans reigned as the ruling class, so the population of those who ruled as nobles decreased compared to the Wessex dynasty, while on the contrary, the number of the ruled increased.[23] On the other hand, in German countries, even if the estate was inherited only by the eldest son, the remaining legitimate children could also take the title of their father. The existence of so many (female) archdukes of the Habsburg dynasty proves this.[24] As mentioned above, the practice of intermarriage itself originated from the customs of the Germanic people . Although Britain is a Germanic country, it is an island country, so the Anglo-Saxons were able to create their own customs that were different from the Germanic peoples of mainland Europe. They may have also adopted a culture that did not distinguish between intermarriage and interpersonal relationships from the indigenous Celts . In fact, rather than being complete commoners, they were legally considered commoners, but were treated as nobles one level lower in terms of protocol. The successor to a duke was called a marquis, and the successor to an earl was called a viscount, and so on.[25] She died before the accession of James II, so she never became queen.[26] For reference, the reason this law was enacted was because George III's younger brother, Henry, Duke of Cumberland, married Anne Horton , a widow from a commoner, despite his brother's strong opposition. As there were no laws in England at the time to stop this marriage, it was concluded as legal. However, the marriage of Henry, Duke of Cumberland was recognized as a legal marriage because this law did not apply retroactively. Similarly, William, Duke of Gloucester , another younger brother of George III , had a so-called secret marriage with the illegitimate widow Maria Walpole a few years ago , but the marriage was recognized as legal because they married before the Royal Marriage Act was enacted, and their children were also recognized as British royals. However, because it was a clear marriage of nobility by German-speaking standards , it was not recognized as a royal family of the Kingdom of Hanover .[27] This law was maintained until 2015 and then abolished, and in the new throne succession law enacted in 2013 and implemented from 2015, the scope of application was reduced to limit royals who require approval for marriage to those ranked 1st to 6th in line of succession .[28] Fortunately, his mother, Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge , was Queen Victoria 's cousin and a British princess. As a British princess, Mary Adelaide was able to marry into a better family rather than a noble family, but she was so fat that she was called "Fat Mary" and was unable to marry until she was almost 30 years old. In the end, her cousin Queen Victoria actively searched for a husband for her and she was able to marry the Duke of Teck.[29] However, because George VI was the second son, he did not keep in mind the succession of the throne. In this regard, see the document of George VIII and three kings .[30] There were often cases where the king's spouse who married a noble woman was given the title and status of princess.[31] Fortunately, my daughter Alexandra did not see much damage from this. She was given the status of princess and later became part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. She became queen of Peter II . The reason she did not become queen was not because she married a noble woman, but because women were not recognized as inheriting the throne at the time.[32] In the East Roman Empire, the dynasty after the Cominos Dynasty was just a family because of the intertwined confusion between the family.[33] In the Spring and Autumn Period , where the equal dynasty divided the area in one metropolitan culture in the East alone, it was common to get a good chance of the daughter of the main cheonja (in the case of reason). For the monarchs at the time of the new kingship , there were also tacit rules that the members of the ruling family should be married because they were special beings.[34] In other words, the vassal family[35] However, unlike Europe, ancient China was not monogamous but polygamous , so it was possible for an illegitimate child from a vassal family to inherit the throne of the Zhou Dynasty or the throne of a feudal lord.[36] There were cases where a lowly person rose to the position of empress, but it was rare, and basically, China also maintained a closed marriage group in the upper class.[37] Many spouses of the Ming Dynasty imperial family came from the common people, especially the middle and lower class soldiers .[38] At that time, when Franz Ferdinand frequently visited the palace of the Duke of Teschen, a descendant of Duke Karl Ludwig of Teschen, the Austrian imperial family naturally expected that Franz would marry one of the Duke of Teschen's daughters. However, in reality, he was visiting the Duke of Teschen's palace to see Sophie, who was the maid of honor of the Duke of Teschen's daughter.[39] Originally, Franz Ferdinand was the Archduke of Este of Austria, but when the then emperor Franz Joseph I's son, Crown Prince Rudolf, committed suicide, he inherited the crown prince's title. Of course, his marriage to Sophie came before that. If Franz Ferdinand had ascended to the position of crown prince, his marriage to Sophie would have been very difficult.[40] As seen in the example of Henry VIII, who married Anne Boleyn, England did not have such a strong taboo against marrying nobles. Of course, it wasn't that big of a deal, but it was natural for a king to marry a royal from another country.[41] A title given to collateral members of the Wittelsbach family .[42] His younger brother, Carl Theodor, who intended to become a doctor, inherited the dukedom instead, and his daughter became Queen Elizabeth of Belgium .[43] Not only Ludwig and Henry, but also the youngest son, Prince Franz Joseph, married Princess Anna of Montenegro, the sixth daughter of Nicholas I.[44] Because it was clearly a marriage between noble families and the complex political situation at the time, their marriage was only made public in 1764 , a year after Charles lost the Duke of Courland .[45] Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, wife of Tsar Nicholas II of the Russian Empire, is the granddaughter of Queen Victoria .[46] Based on Prince Philip's standards, Prince Philip and Queen Elizabeth II are 8th cousins through the maternal line and 7th cousins through the paternal line.[47] This was actually the reason why the current Spanish royal family was not the traditional Habsburg family but a Bourbon family from France.[48] For example, in the case of somewhat distant collateral royal family members who were not direct royal families, there were cases where marriages were recognized as equal marriages even if they married the monarch's illegitimate daughter or the child of a royal family member from a noble marriage. As a result, it is possible for a daughter of a noble family to marry a distant collateral royal family, but it is recognized as an equal marriage, and later the direct lineage of that royal family is cut off, and the descendant becomes king. An actual example of this is Carlo Alberto , whose mother is the daughter of a royal family (Carlo, the 3rd son of August III ) who married a noble woman. Philip II, Duke of Orléans of France also married Françoise Marie de Bourbon, the illegitimate daughter and biological cousin of his uncle, Louis XIV . Similarly, Princess Alice of Battenberg , who came from a family founded on a noble marriage, married Prince Andreas of Greece and Denmark , and Louise Mountbatten, Alice's younger sister, also married King Gustav VI Adolf and became queen of Sweden. Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg , their cousin and from the same family, married King Alfonso XIII and became queen of Spain. Naturally, the marriages of Carlo Alberto's parents, Philip II and Françoise Marie de Bourbon, and the Battenberg sisters were all recognized as equal marriages. Otherwise, it would have been impossible for the so-called 'Philip the Equal', the descendants of Philip II, Duke of Orléans, and Louis-Philippe I to have taken such a popular stance and confronted the Bourbon family with the power of popular sentiment.[49] It was anti -controlled in the early days of the Bernadotte dynasty, avoiding the former royal family of the Bernadotte dynasty, which was thundered with the help of Napoleon. From Carl XIII, he married before he was crowned Dejere Clari (famous for his fiancée), and his son, Oscar I, was also married to Jose Pin of Roy Hitanberg , the daughter of Oscar I.[50] However, the mother of Jose Pin's mother , Auguste , was a princess of Bavaria, and Jose Pin's first younger brother, Owest , married Portugal's Queen Maria II , his second younger brother, Maximil, married Russia's Mariya Nicola Yev or Women's Grand Prize, and his sister Amelie married Pedu I and became the empress of Brazil. In other words, the paternal lineage is a lower aristocracy, but the maternal world is a bavarian royal family, so it is better for a lineage than a husband.[51] However, unlike Georg Friedrich von Prussia, who was in a similar situation (he is also the eldest of one son and one daughter and has no siblings), who married the princess of the ruling family, Carl XVI Gustav married a noble woman of his own will. In the end, the existence or non-existence of a noble marriage depends on the will of the head of the family.[52] Lilian Bael got along well with her adult stepchildren (she was 11 years older than Leopold III's eldest daughter, Josephine Charlotte , so she was almost her eldest sister), but the real problem was that she was somewhat neglectful of her own children.[53] Belgium's divorce rate has been famous since ancient times.[54] Austrian Crown Prince Descendants of Franz Ferdinand .[55] The House of Battenberg changed its surname to the House of Mountbatten during World War I. They are the maternal family of Prince Philip and the family of Louis Mountbatten .[56] George V 's queen , Tech's Mary 's family,[57] However, Alfonso's marriage to a commoner took place before the collapse of the Spanish monarchy, he had no children, and as he was a hemophiliac , the possibility of him living long enough to have children was low, so the result would not have been different anyway.[58] Louis died a year before his mother, and the nominal throne passed to Louis' son, Pedro Henry.[59] The Grand Duchess of Luxembourg was inherited from her mother, Grand Duchess Charlotte .
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