Seool
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1. outline
Seo-eol (庶孼) is a social class that refers to the offspring of a nobleman ( yangin ) born to a concubine rather than a descendant of the royal family . Because they were born in an unhealthy relationship, they were inferior to the descendants of the royal family, but they still had some of the privileges of noblemen, but because they were treated as semi-noblemen, they were very ambiguous in the social class. #
For reference, a son born to a commoner concubine was called a bastard , a daughter was called a maiden, a son born to a commoner concubine was called an erja, and a daughter was called an ernyeo. These are collectively referred to as Seo-eol. More details later.
The eldest son of a nobleman was lowered to middle class, but if his father was a king or royal family , he was treated with dignity as his status was maintained as a true royal , let alone a middle class, although there was a distinction in rank from his legitimate children . Especially in the late Joseon Dynasty, when the hands of the royal family were at a premium , mothers were forbidden to everyone, regardless of gender .[1] King Yeongjo , whose mother was a low-class citizen , became king, and his concubine Anbin Lee , who was from a low-class class, got in trouble for calling his daughter, the princess, “you.” This also applies to those whose father is a prince .[2] Regardless of the mother's status, the son was a royal who received a military title and split off from the main royal family to found a branch (Jeonju Lee Clan OO branch), and the daughters also married into the royal family of a noble family like the royal princesses. This was also the case for royal descendants who were demoted to being no different from ordinary noblemen of the opposite sex, as they fell away from the standard of royal treatment and maintenance. However, this was limited to the official royal descendants listed in Seonwonrok, and the descendants of King Jeongjong listed in Yuburok, a genealogy in which royal women were registered, were an exception. For this reason, Lee Deok-mu, a descendant of King Jeongjong 's illegitimate son , Murimgun, was not treated properly as a nobleman even though he was the royal grandson.[3]
The word is often applied to other classes with the conditions listed below.
For reference, a son born to a commoner concubine was called a bastard , a daughter was called a maiden, a son born to a commoner concubine was called an erja, and a daughter was called an ernyeo. These are collectively referred to as Seo-eol. More details later.
The eldest son of a nobleman was lowered to middle class, but if his father was a king or royal family , he was treated with dignity as his status was maintained as a true royal , let alone a middle class, although there was a distinction in rank from his legitimate children . Especially in the late Joseon Dynasty, when the hands of the royal family were at a premium , mothers were forbidden to everyone, regardless of gender .[1] King Yeongjo , whose mother was a low-class citizen , became king, and his concubine Anbin Lee , who was from a low-class class, got in trouble for calling his daughter, the princess, “you.” This also applies to those whose father is a prince .[2] Regardless of the mother's status, the son was a royal who received a military title and split off from the main royal family to found a branch (Jeonju Lee Clan OO branch), and the daughters also married into the royal family of a noble family like the royal princesses. This was also the case for royal descendants who were demoted to being no different from ordinary noblemen of the opposite sex, as they fell away from the standard of royal treatment and maintenance. However, this was limited to the official royal descendants listed in Seonwonrok, and the descendants of King Jeongjong listed in Yuburok, a genealogy in which royal women were registered, were an exception. For this reason, Lee Deok-mu, a descendant of King Jeongjong 's illegitimate son , Murimgun, was not treated properly as a nobleman even though he was the royal grandson.[3]
The word is often applied to other classes with the conditions listed below.
2. history
2.1. Discrimination before Joseon
The most common misconception regarding Seo-eol is that discrimination has intensified since the Joseon Dynasty and that the law banning the appointment of Seo-eol civil servants in the 15th year of King Taejong's reign is the first sign of discrimination against Seo-eul.
This is because records before the Joseon Dynasty are absolutely few and difficult to collect, so research on pre-Joseon ancestral records began in earnest only after the 1990s, and understanding of the bilateral kinship relationship, which was a Goryeo custom, began to become known only after the 1980s. For example, the basis for the claim that Taejong, who came to power through a military regime, enacted the Seo-eolgeumgo Act for political reasons to suppress Jeong Do-jeon , whom he purged , is a '1950s' paper. To conclude, Taejong was a king who opened up some opportunities compared to previous eras, and the origin of discrimination against foreigners was not the Joseon Dynasty, but the earlier era.
Discrimination between books and books is one of the biggest differences between the Korean peninsula dynasties and the Chinese dynasties. Unlike in China after the Song Dynasty, when the status of concubines was limited and not regarded as lowly, and their descendants were given equal status in property inheritance, etc., the treatment of concubines in Goryeo and the previous dynasty, Silla, was basically very poor.
This is because records before the Joseon Dynasty are absolutely few and difficult to collect, so research on pre-Joseon ancestral records began in earnest only after the 1990s, and understanding of the bilateral kinship relationship, which was a Goryeo custom, began to become known only after the 1980s. For example, the basis for the claim that Taejong, who came to power through a military regime, enacted the Seo-eolgeumgo Act for political reasons to suppress Jeong Do-jeon , whom he purged , is a '1950s' paper. To conclude, Taejong was a king who opened up some opportunities compared to previous eras, and the origin of discrimination against foreigners was not the Joseon Dynasty, but the earlier era.
Discrimination between books and books is one of the biggest differences between the Korean peninsula dynasties and the Chinese dynasties. Unlike in China after the Song Dynasty, when the status of concubines was limited and not regarded as lowly, and their descendants were given equal status in property inheritance, etc., the treatment of concubines in Goryeo and the previous dynasty, Silla, was basically very poor.
The king favored a lowly concubine and did not take care of his affairs. Instead, Eunyoung (殷影) advised him, but [the king] did not comply, so Eunyeong took the concubine and killed her. - Samguk Sagi Volume 12, Silla Bonki, King Hyogong
He Yu had a harsh and vicious personality, and accused his concubine of committing adultery with Kano, so he cut off both of her ears and damaged both of his eyes. He also put out his slave's eyes and cut off his ears, nose, and heels. He cut off his genitals and had his concubine eat them, causing those who heard him to cringe. - History of Goryeo, Volume 105, Chapter 18, Heogong (許珙), Heo Yu (許猷)
The son is (崔 弁) and Choi Yeol (崔 烈). Choi Gi -gun gave him one gold sake to Choi and Choi, who died. Choi was angry and tried to hit her with a whip, and Choi said, "This man is a person who died, so he must take care of his family. -Korosa Volume 98 Heats 11 Choi Dictionary
His ( Jung -suk) brother -in -law's Ubokya Jeongjin also had a lot of greed and robbed others' land. In addition, because there was no discernment between the wife and the concubine because they could not rule the house correctly, they were demoted to the study. -Goryosa Volume 100 Thermal Exhibition 13 Jeong Se -yu
Kim Won-myeong and Chansung Lee Gu-su (李龜壽) were close friends who shared life and death together. One day, Lee Goo-su stopped by Kim Won-myeong's house for a drink, and when he saw Kim Won-myeong's concubine sitting with his wife, he said, "If you become a prime minister today and cannot rule the family, how can you set the country straight?" He scolded his concubine and made her leave, then returned without drinking. - Goryeo History Volume 125 Series 38 Kim Won-myeong
The records of King Hyogong's reign reveal the shrunken royal power of the late Silla Dynasty, which allowed the Later Three Kingdoms period, and at the same time reveal that the status of concubines was so insignificant that a minister could kill the king's favorite concubine at will.
Records about Heo Yu and Choi Sa-jeon's sons reveal that they were able to punish concubines at their discretion within the family, but there are only stories of people around Heo Yu being shocked, and he never received any legal restraint. As for the story of Choi Sa-jeon's sons, there is only a later story that the king praised Choi Yeol's generosity. In other words, it is highly likely that Choi Byeon's act itself was not illegal at the time and was acceptable even though it was harsh.
The anecdote between Jeong Jin and Kim Won-myeong clearly reveals the social prestige of a concubine. A wife could never be on the same level as a wife, and they were strictly separated within the family, so if the head of the household treated his wife and concubine equally, it was grounds for impeachment in itself.
Blatant discrimination against concubines is also revealed in Goryeo's Five Clothes Ceremony, which was established during the reign of King Seongjong in the early Goryeo Dynasty, or simply put, in the way of wearing mourning clothes.
In Joseon's Gyeongguk Daejeon , it was stipulated that a concubine should wear Jachoibok (齊衰服) for her husband's parents, but in the Tang system referenced by Goryeo and Goryeo, it was Mubok (無服). There are no related regulations. A concubine in Joseon was required to wear three-year ceremonial clothes after her husband's death, as well as anniversary clothes for her husband's parents, children, her own children, and her husband's wife. Except for the husband, everyone was required to wear anniversary clothes. Although the 3-year ceremonial clothes for the husband's death were the same, the mourning clothes worn for children's funerals were different from Goryeo, which strictly distinguished between eldest and second-born children.
In Goryeo, a concubine wears mourning clothes at the funeral of her husband and his wife, but when the concubine dies first, only the husband and the concubine's children wear mourning clothes. A husband's wife was not required to wear mourning clothes.
In any case, the husband's children wore maid's clothes for their concubines to show courtesy to their mother, and this was designated as the three-month long shimabok (緦麻服), the lightest of the five clothes. Although it was limited to concubines who had sons, it was much worse than the measures taken during the Joseon Dynasty, which required them to use a cane and wear a long skirt.
Concubines in Goryeo were not publicly recognized but closer to being owned by the family or the head of the household, so their status was so low, which naturally led to a weakening of the status of the concubine's children. Even royalty were no exception. Even the first sons of Goryeo kings, commonly called Sogun (小君), were treated extremely poorly compared to those of Joseon.
Kim Mi-il. An official of the royal palace insulted a minor prince for violating the state's ban, but the king could not forbid him, so he was imprisoned in Gaguogok. According to the national system at the time, a son born to a courtier who served the king had his head shaved and became a monk, and he was called Sogun. - Goryeo History Sega Volume 26, April 6th year of King Wonjong’s reign
If he was in power under the military regime , the cause would have been a weakening of the royal authority, but the opponent was an official of the royal court, and he was able to insult Sogun and have him imprisoned. This shows the social perception of the time about life with a low-class mother. When compared to the Lee Sok incident, which led to the birth of the selection system in Joseon, the difference is clear.
The case of Choi Hang, the son of Choi Woo, the longest-serving ruler of the military administration, is also similar. Although he was the son of the most powerful person of his time, he was pushed out of the successor competition by Choi Woo's son-in-law, Kim Yak-seon, due to his son-in-law, was challenged by his nephew Kim Mi's supporters, and even after the succession, he had to struggle with a lack of support.
The reason why treatment was so poor was because of the two-sided kinship structure that was common until Goryeo and the early Joseon Dynasty. As is well known, in Goryeo, the paternal and maternal families, and the father's and mother's families were equal in rank (note that men and women were not equal), but as both families were valued, the status of the lowly mother's family, concubines, and in-laws naturally fell into the gutter.
The Seo-eolgeumgobeop, commonly known incorrectly as having been created during the reign of King Taejong of the Joseon Dynasty, was in fact nothing more than a Confucian skin applied to the laws and practices that existed in the pre-Joseon Dynasty . Rather, in the 14th year of King Taejong's reign, a year before he specified the restrictions on the advancement of senior officials to government positions, King Taejong allowed limited advancement and promotion of high-ranking officials to official positions and promotions through the Hanpoom Seoyongje. In other words, in the pre-Joseon Dynasty, even limited advancement to and promotions to government positions was an uncommon luxury.
In the case of Lee Sok, which was the direct motive for the creation of the selection system, in the Goryeo Dynasty's way of thinking, Lee Sok, not King Taejong, was natural. He was not crazy and talking nonsense, but he was an official with an old way of thinking that he was familiar with as he was born and worked in the late Goryeo and early Seon Dynasties . On the other hand, King Taejong, a Confucian who studied under Lee Sun-gin and Woo Hyeon-bo and became a civil servant in his teens, was in a position to clarify the concept of importance of paternity, as can be seen in the principle of enforcing the law of slave servitude. This was also an issue that many Daegan and Jungshin, who were Confucian scholars, could sympathize with, and the fact that Lee Sok's behavior in the bureaucratic society was not always so good led to the fact that there was no one in the government to protect Lee Sok.
Goryeo and Joseon continued to discriminate, but Goryeo was somewhat tolerant of illegitimate children, and Joseon, which was later founded by Goryeo people, did not suddenly discriminate severely. Discrimination was originally extreme until the Goryeo Dynasty, but gradually eased through the late Goryeo and early Joseon Dynasties, and in the early Joseon Dynasty, illegitimate children were publicly exempted and a system was guaranteed for illegitimate children to hold government positions, albeit limitedly.
Many introductions released on the market emphasize the kinship relationship on both sides and claim that Goryeo was a more equal society than Joseon (even though they know that it is not equal between men and women, they write it that way). Scholars who appear on TV a lot, such as Professor Lee Ik-ju, openly spread the erroneous claim that Goryeo had minimal discrimination against Korean people. It's because they didn't even get a chance to speak out, not because they don't have a proper language or are discriminated against. In fact, much more severe discrimination and harsh punishments were socially guaranteed than in the Joseon Dynasty. As the Joseon Dynasty was founded and the Neo-Confucian order took root little by little, there was a tendency to place greater emphasis on patrilineal lineage, and only then was the range of movement of the ancestors expanded and the kinship relationship on both sides became blurred, allowing the well-known ancestor heotong to proceed actively.
3. Efforts to alleviate discrimination
Goryeo had many legal and social loopholes, so Seo-eol as a social status was not institutionalized, and while most people were discriminated against, some Seo-eol rose up dramatically and rarely. In the Joseon Dynasty, instead of settling down as a single class, discrimination was gradually alleviated with the establishment of a Neo-Confucian ruling order that placed greater importance on the paternal lineage than the maternal lineage. Above all, there is a big difference in that the underclasses were able to unite, raise their voices, and receive a positive response from the nobility class.
As mentioned above , the Seo-eolgeumgo Act enacted during the reign of King Taejong merely re-emphasized the laws and practices that originally existed before the Joseon Dynasty.
In the 14th year of King Taejong's reign, an argument was raised that if the father was a Yangin, the mother should be a Yangin, even if the mother was a Cheon, due to the importance of the father's family and original lineage. According to Uijeongbu's suggestion, Yang-cheop Sosaeng of officials of the 2nd rank or higher could be permanently discharged and appointed to government positions of 5th rank or lower, and Cheoncheop Sosaeng was also authorized to become a Yangin through vassal (release for a fee). The following year, the scope of permission was further expanded, and concubines of officials of the third rank or lower were also allowed to become vassals, so those who had fathers who were officials would never be reduced to slaves unless their fathers were particularly corrupt. (=During the Goryeo period, one could become a real slave.)
In the 14th and 15th years of King Taejong's reign, such measures included a ban on direct appointment of officials at the front door and a Hanpoom Seoyongje system that went down to Gyeonggukdaejeon and became a Seolul Hanpoom Seoyongbeop. In other words, the law on the use of Hanpoom was not created to discriminate against people, but rather it was an institutional device that opened the door to high-ranking officials, even if only to a limited extent, to those who had no opportunity until the Goryeo Dynasty and had to survive on their own and hope for luck.
As patrilineage became more important with the establishment of the Neo-Confucian order, continuous efforts were made to revise this law. In 1550, during the reign of King Myeongjong, he was an illegitimate son whose mother's side was a adoptive family, and his descendants were allowed to take civil service courses down to their grandchildren. However, even in this case, the fact that he was an illegitimate child had to be clearly stated on the answer sheet. Around the 18th century, as the caste system became confused, it became possible to take the civil service exam in the first year of King Jeongjo's reign .
In the late Joseon Dynasty, Seoul increased in number and formed the majority of the middle class, the upper class of the sangmin . As money and culture were acquired, the Seo-eol Tongcheong movement began in the 16th century, and in 1777, when King Jeongjo announced the Jeongyujeolmok (丁酉節目), scholars from Seo-eol such as Lee Deok-mu , Yoo Deuk-gong , and Park Je-ga were appointed to Kyujanggak . Seo-eol, who passed the civil service examination during the reign of King Cheoljong, was also appointed to the position of Cheongyo.
The reason why King Taejong was misunderstood as the beginning of discrimination between Western and foreign cultures is due to the perception of the late Joseon Dynasty. In the late Joseon Dynasty, when it was impossible to conduct empirical research through analysis of historical records spanning Goryeo and Joseon, the earliest period in which those who advocated the abolition of discrimination against ethnic origins could file an appeal was during the reign of King Taejong of the Joseon Dynasty. Therefore, the perception that the Seolgeumgo Act was created to keep Jeong Do-jeon in check became widespread in the late Joseon Dynasty. During the Japanese colonial period, when research on the Goryeo Dynasty was greatly lacking, Lee Sang-baek put forward the thesis in 1934 that he started discrimination by creating the Seolgeumgo Act to provide a justification for removing Lee Bang-seok, not Jeong Do-jeon. This was accepted for several decades in the academic world, which focused on the study of Seolgeumgo in the late Joseon Dynasty, where there was a lot of historical information and was easy to access.
As research on the two-sided kinship structure of Goryeo became a framework in the 1980s and research on the treatment of sons and daughters during the Goryeo Dynasty was published in the 00s, it was finally revealed that the discrimination that was common during the Goryeo Dynasty was gradually eased after the Joseon Dynasty.
The reason why the number of illegitimate children, illegitimate children, eldest sons, and eldest maids in Joseon increased significantly in Joseon can be found by analyzing the word illegitimate children. Among Seo-eol, ‘Seo’ refers to the descendant of Yang-cheop, and ‘Eol’ refers to the descendant of Cheon-cheop. Naturally, there is only one main wife, but there are several concubines , so the number is large from the start. Moreover, the thing to be careful about here is ‘descendants ’. No matter how much your mother is your first wife, if your father is your first wife, that is, if your grandmother is your first wife, then you are also your first wife. Among the famous Kyujanggak inspectors during the reign of King Jeongjo , including Park Je-ga , Lee Deok-mu , and Yoo Deuk-gong , the mothers of two, except Park Je-ga , were dignified Jeongsil wives .[4] However, the grandmother or great-great-grandmother was the concubine. For this reason, the number of Seo-eol is bound to increase as time passes. In this way, the status of Seoul did not end with the illegitimate child of a nobleman , but was passed down from generation to generation and formed a class with the Seoul group.
In 1894, during the Gabo Reform, the caste system disappeared, and the Seo-Eol system disappeared. Of course, it took much longer for it to completely disappear from people's consciousness. Since the concubine system itself was officially abolished only after the Constitution of the Republic of Korea was enacted in 1948 , it took more time for the sense of discrimination against second sons to disappear.
If you look at the 'Reception Room' section of the Dong-A Ilbo in the 1930s, you can see that Seo-ul was discriminated against even at that time.
As mentioned above , the Seo-eolgeumgo Act enacted during the reign of King Taejong merely re-emphasized the laws and practices that originally existed before the Joseon Dynasty.
In the 14th year of King Taejong's reign, an argument was raised that if the father was a Yangin, the mother should be a Yangin, even if the mother was a Cheon, due to the importance of the father's family and original lineage. According to Uijeongbu's suggestion, Yang-cheop Sosaeng of officials of the 2nd rank or higher could be permanently discharged and appointed to government positions of 5th rank or lower, and Cheoncheop Sosaeng was also authorized to become a Yangin through vassal (release for a fee). The following year, the scope of permission was further expanded, and concubines of officials of the third rank or lower were also allowed to become vassals, so those who had fathers who were officials would never be reduced to slaves unless their fathers were particularly corrupt. (=During the Goryeo period, one could become a real slave.)
In the 14th and 15th years of King Taejong's reign, such measures included a ban on direct appointment of officials at the front door and a Hanpoom Seoyongje system that went down to Gyeonggukdaejeon and became a Seolul Hanpoom Seoyongbeop. In other words, the law on the use of Hanpoom was not created to discriminate against people, but rather it was an institutional device that opened the door to high-ranking officials, even if only to a limited extent, to those who had no opportunity until the Goryeo Dynasty and had to survive on their own and hope for luck.
As patrilineage became more important with the establishment of the Neo-Confucian order, continuous efforts were made to revise this law. In 1550, during the reign of King Myeongjong, he was an illegitimate son whose mother's side was a adoptive family, and his descendants were allowed to take civil service courses down to their grandchildren. However, even in this case, the fact that he was an illegitimate child had to be clearly stated on the answer sheet. Around the 18th century, as the caste system became confused, it became possible to take the civil service exam in the first year of King Jeongjo's reign .
In the late Joseon Dynasty, Seoul increased in number and formed the majority of the middle class, the upper class of the sangmin . As money and culture were acquired, the Seo-eol Tongcheong movement began in the 16th century, and in 1777, when King Jeongjo announced the Jeongyujeolmok (丁酉節目), scholars from Seo-eol such as Lee Deok-mu , Yoo Deuk-gong , and Park Je-ga were appointed to Kyujanggak . Seo-eol, who passed the civil service examination during the reign of King Cheoljong, was also appointed to the position of Cheongyo.
The reason why King Taejong was misunderstood as the beginning of discrimination between Western and foreign cultures is due to the perception of the late Joseon Dynasty. In the late Joseon Dynasty, when it was impossible to conduct empirical research through analysis of historical records spanning Goryeo and Joseon, the earliest period in which those who advocated the abolition of discrimination against ethnic origins could file an appeal was during the reign of King Taejong of the Joseon Dynasty. Therefore, the perception that the Seolgeumgo Act was created to keep Jeong Do-jeon in check became widespread in the late Joseon Dynasty. During the Japanese colonial period, when research on the Goryeo Dynasty was greatly lacking, Lee Sang-baek put forward the thesis in 1934 that he started discrimination by creating the Seolgeumgo Act to provide a justification for removing Lee Bang-seok, not Jeong Do-jeon. This was accepted for several decades in the academic world, which focused on the study of Seolgeumgo in the late Joseon Dynasty, where there was a lot of historical information and was easy to access.
As research on the two-sided kinship structure of Goryeo became a framework in the 1980s and research on the treatment of sons and daughters during the Goryeo Dynasty was published in the 00s, it was finally revealed that the discrimination that was common during the Goryeo Dynasty was gradually eased after the Joseon Dynasty.
The reason why the number of illegitimate children, illegitimate children, eldest sons, and eldest maids in Joseon increased significantly in Joseon can be found by analyzing the word illegitimate children. Among Seo-eol, ‘Seo’ refers to the descendant of Yang-cheop, and ‘Eol’ refers to the descendant of Cheon-cheop. Naturally, there is only one main wife, but there are several concubines , so the number is large from the start. Moreover, the thing to be careful about here is ‘descendants ’. No matter how much your mother is your first wife, if your father is your first wife, that is, if your grandmother is your first wife, then you are also your first wife. Among the famous Kyujanggak inspectors during the reign of King Jeongjo , including Park Je-ga , Lee Deok-mu , and Yoo Deuk-gong , the mothers of two, except Park Je-ga , were dignified Jeongsil wives .[4] However, the grandmother or great-great-grandmother was the concubine. For this reason, the number of Seo-eol is bound to increase as time passes. In this way, the status of Seoul did not end with the illegitimate child of a nobleman , but was passed down from generation to generation and formed a class with the Seoul group.
In 1894, during the Gabo Reform, the caste system disappeared, and the Seo-Eol system disappeared. Of course, it took much longer for it to completely disappear from people's consciousness. Since the concubine system itself was officially abolished only after the Constitution of the Republic of Korea was enacted in 1948 , it took more time for the sense of discrimination against second sons to disappear.
If you look at the 'Reception Room' section of the Dong-A Ilbo in the 1930s, you can see that Seo-ul was discriminated against even at that time.
It was the case in the past, and even now, it is a position that arises whenever paternity controversies arise with illegitimate children . If you think of a case like Kim Doo- han , it is easy to make the association. The reason is that the mother is not officially married.[5] Because it is a relationship, it is easy to be suspected of being a child born from a relationship with another man.[6] For this reason, King Yeongjo was embroiled in legitimacy issues throughout his reign.[7]
Hong Gil- dong in the story of Hong Gil- dong is a representative son-in-law, and to be precise, among the sons-in-law, he is the son of a low-born (girl servant). Because of this, there is an opinion that criticizes the ending for having a wife and concubine while sleeping, but what Hong Gil-dong criticizes is discrimination against the enemy, not the system of wife and concubine. Even if he had a concubine, it would not be a contradiction if he did not discriminate between the son-in-law and the son-in-law. Also, although it differs depending on the edition, there are also editions that have 'two wives'.
Hong Gil- dong in the story of Hong Gil- dong is a representative son-in-law, and to be precise, among the sons-in-law, he is the son of a low-born (girl servant). Because of this, there is an opinion that criticizes the ending for having a wife and concubine while sleeping, but what Hong Gil-dong criticizes is discrimination against the enemy, not the system of wife and concubine. Even if he had a concubine, it would not be a contradiction if he did not discriminate between the son-in-law and the son-in-law. Also, although it differs depending on the edition, there are also editions that have 'two wives'.
4. Hanpum Seoyongje
Seo-eol can also rise to government office, but[8] There were restrictions on the rank, which is called the Hanpoom Seoyongje (限品敍用制). Hanpoom means that there is a limit to the grades that can be promoted, and Seoyong means that it is a system for selecting officials.
It was applied throughout the entire Joseon Dynasty, and the restrictions were gradually loosened as time went by. The most representative beneficiaries are Heo Jun , who was given the title of Sungnok Daebu of the first rank during his lifetime and the title of Daebu Sungnok of the first rank and Buwongun after his death, despite being an illegitimate son, and Heo Gyeong, Heo Jun's younger brother, who took the civil service examination.
As part of his efforts to make up for the loss of authority due to war, King Seonjo granted unprecedented government positions and titles to those he deemed capable and trustworthy, even if they were middle class, middle class, or low class citizens. For example, he gave the interpreter Hong Sun-eon a second- class merit sign for his meritorious service in Jonggye Byeonmu, or even gave him a rank of Ma Yi to the Hoseong Merit God, which was given a merit sign for having followed him during the Japanese invasions of Korea, and put Han Myeong-ryeon and Jeong Chung-sin, former slaves, in important positions in the military. gave it
It was applied throughout the entire Joseon Dynasty, and the restrictions were gradually loosened as time went by. The most representative beneficiaries are Heo Jun , who was given the title of Sungnok Daebu of the first rank during his lifetime and the title of Daebu Sungnok of the first rank and Buwongun after his death, despite being an illegitimate son, and Heo Gyeong, Heo Jun's younger brother, who took the civil service examination.
As part of his efforts to make up for the loss of authority due to war, King Seonjo granted unprecedented government positions and titles to those he deemed capable and trustworthy, even if they were middle class, middle class, or low class citizens. For example, he gave the interpreter Hong Sun-eon a second- class merit sign for his meritorious service in Jonggye Byeonmu, or even gave him a rank of Ma Yi to the Hoseong Merit God, which was given a merit sign for having followed him during the Japanese invasions of Korea, and put Han Myeong-ryeon and Jeong Chung-sin, former slaves, in important positions in the military. gave it
4.1. Based on Gyeongguk Daejeon
- Concubine descendants of high-ranking officials of 2nd rank or higher could be promoted to a maximum of 3rd rank , and descendants of a thousand concubines could be promoted to a maximum of 5th rank.
- The limit is 4 ranks for descendants of concubines of 6 ranks or higher, and 6 ranks for descendants of Cheon-cheop.
- If you are below the 7th rank or do not have an official position, the 7th rank is the limit.
- Even in this case, the liberal arts test itself is impossible, so the Ministry of Education (interpretation), the sense of contemplation (astronomy), the sense of change (medicine), Naesusa (private property of the royal family), Hyeminseo (treatment of the common people), Dohwaseo (painting), Sanhak (calculation), and Yulhak ( See miscellaneous fruits such as law).
4.2. standard
- Seo-Eol was able to take the Liberal Arts Department test itself. Those who have passed the civil service exam are admitted to the police officer, and those who have passed the civil service examination are promoted to the department head or chief of guards. For reference, in the case of successful candidates in the liberal arts department , they can be appointed after being recommended to one of Seungmunwon, Sungkyunkwan , and Gyoseogwan. Proportionate.
- If a Seo-Eol passes the Civil Service Examination and becomes a Cham-Sang-Gwan, he/she can become a Nang-Gwan under the three ranks of Hojo, Hyeongjo, and Gongjo. You cannot become a member of the 5 companies, an inspector of the Saheonbu, or a guru of the Uigeumbu.
- Danghagwan, who passed the civil and military examinations as a sergeant, is limited to adverbs, and the dangsanggwan can become a pastor. Saengwon, Jinsa, and Eumgwan are limited to military governors, but those with achievements can become adverbs. People who have not seen Sogwa (Saengwonsi + Jinsasi) and Yinui[9] Those who are from the prefecture are restricted to county ordinances, but if they have achievements, they can become county governors.
- It is allowed to appoint those who passed the civil service examination and became a sergeant major, and those who passed the military examination and became a sang sang-gwan in the central department, career, guru, etc.
- Wuwijang can be a civil official, eumgwan, or military officer, and a military officer can be appointed to Wuhu. Those with outstanding sentences, learning, virtue, and loyalty, as well as those with remarkable talents, skills, and achievements, are specially selected and appointed, and after reporting to the king at the myo-dang and the ancestral rites, they are executed. It's the same with sickness.
4.3. Daejeon circuit standard
- Civilian officials are limited to Jong 2nd rank, and the participation of Left Yun, Right Yun, Hojo, Hyeongjo, and Gongjo of Hanseongbu is permitted. Only civil servants in the Ministry of the Constitution and Constitutional Affairs are allowed to hold office.[10]
- Eumgwan is limited to ministers, and those who first entered the governmental position can be appointed to the 5th department of Dosa, Gamyeok, and Subonggwan.
- The rank of military officer is limited to the 2nd rank military commander, and the deputy governor of the provincial headquarters and the head of each province, the jeoldosa of Pyeongan-do and Hamgyeong-do , the official of the training center, the mausoleum, the temple, the tomb, the palace, the official of the royal guard, and the instructor etc. are not allowed. Each province selects and recommends one person with talent and upright conduct.
- Beginning in the 2nd year of King Cheoljong's reign, seols from high-ranking families can be recommended for seungmunwon if they pass the civil service exam, and for propaganda officers if they pass the military service exam.
5. exception
The bastard son of a royal family had royal blood on his paternal line, so the Seo-eol-geum-go method did not work. Please note that he is not the king's illegitimate son, but the royal family's bastard . Once an ancestor was a king, whether he was a descendant of a concubine or a descendant of a concubine, in the Joseon Dynasty, if he was registered in Seonwonrok (璿源錄), he could escape the Seo-eolgeumgo law.[11] However, this does not mean that they really do not exist, but rather, it means that the right to succession to the throne is recognized and the minimum level of treatment is given as royalty.[12] The king's children were classified into the lower classes of no rank, but the king's legitimate children were classified into the upper class of no rank, namely daegun and princess , and the illegitimate children were classified into the lower classes of no rank , such as gun and princess .[13] The crown prince's legitimate children were Gun and Lord and were Jeong 2nd rank, and his illegitimate children were Gun and Hyeonju and were Jong 2nd and Jeong 3rd ranks respectively.
To be precise, if there was a king or prince among the distant paternal ancestors, they were treated as ordinary noblemen, even if they were illegitimate children or illegitimate children. In any case, if you are a fifth-generation descendant of the king, you will be treated as an ordinary nobleman regardless of whether you are a descendant of the royal family. Therefore, if the king's 5th generation descendants are born with a second birth, they are judged to be a second birth. Women are no exception to this.[14] In addition, unless a person commits high treason, he or she is automatically included in Seonwonrok, the royal genealogy, so legally, the first half of a royal family member was also royal. In the early Joseon Dynasty, royal family members who were illegitimate children or first-born children were listed together in Yuburok, which records the royal daughters, rather than Seonwonrok . Of course, in the royal family, the illegitimate children of the royal family were discriminated against from the descendants of the legitimate children of the royal family, but they also had the right to succeed to the throne, although they were only inferior to the descendants of the legitimate children.[15] Representatively, Haseonggun , the son of Deokheunggun , the illegitimate son of King Jungjong , became the adopted son of Myeongjong and inherited the throne.[16] Another example is that Gwanghaegun, the illegitimate son of King Seonjo , succeeded to the throne. In fact, Sukjong was the last king to succeed to the throne as his legitimate son . Afterwards, King Heonjong succeeded to the throne as the eldest son of Sunjo's eldest son . Sunjong ascended the throne as the eldest son, but the country was already on the verge of ruin.[17]
As a bonus, in the early Joseon Dynasty, there was an attempt to treat the princess as a subordinate, but since it was related to the authority of the royal family, it was completely crushed by the king. As shown in the selection section, the concubine of King Taejong of the Joseon Dynasty was from the royal family. In order to marry off Princess Shin, the maid born to Shin Bin, a sire candidate was being looked for, but a person named Lee Sok (李續) , the governor of Chuncheon , made a statement such as, “No matter how much I am a princess, I cannot marry my son to the daughter of a court lady,” and ended up receiving 100 lashes with a stick and being demoted to a slave . All property was confiscated and even government servants were reduced to government servants, but the family was finally restored in the grandson's generation. Lee Sok made such an outrageous remark when his own son was also mentioned as a candidate for sire .In his opinion, he seemed to think that whether he was a member of the royal family or anything else, he was just a person. If we look at it seriously, during the Goryeo Dynasty , the first sons of the royal family, called Sogun, were almost completely excluded from the right to succeed to the throne. As Goryeo was a Buddhist society, the royal family banished most of its subordinates and cut off side branches, establishing the legitimacy of the royal family by calling themselves Yongson . In this way, it seems that King Taejong's statement went completely against the will of King Taejong, who wanted to solidify the Confucian-style religious system , as the maternal lineage was much more important in determining the status of children than in the Joseon Dynasty, and the Goryeo tradition, which made no exceptions even for the royal family, remained. Subsequently, during the reign of King Sejong, King Taejong's maternal grandson said at Saganwon that since his mother was a princess, they should be distinguished by writing that she was an illegitimate daughter. Six officials of Saganwon were sentenced to prison and sent into exile at once . However, Saganwon said, 'It's true that you said something crazy and it's a crime, but please look at it because it's a civil servant', so there was an incident where he was reinstated after delaying for several months. Normally, the words of government officials would be defended, saying that the language channel should be opened, but it shows that this was not an ordinary incident, to the extent that the same officials who were supposed to defend it were seen as having done something wrong.
Although Gyeongjong was first installed as Prince Wonja , at the time of his birth, Jang Hui-bin , his biological mother, was only a concubine and not a queen , Yeongjo was Gyeongjong's half-brother, and Jeongjo was the son, or illegitimate grandson, of Prince Sado, King Yeongjo's illegitimate son . Sunjo was also the illegitimate son of King Jeongjo. Although King Heonjong's father and King Sunjo's legitimate son, Crown Prince Hyomyeong , was later revered as Ikjong, and his biological mother became a queen, he was not the crown prince at the time of his accession to the throne as his father, Crown Prince Hyomyeong, died young. In addition, Cheoljong was a collateral royal family who was removed from the right to succeed to the throne early on during the reign of his grandfather Euneongun.[18] Gojong inherited the throne as the adopted son of Crown Prince Hyomyeong , but according to his previous genealogy, he was the great-grandson of Prince Eunsin , and beyond that , in actual lineage, he was a collateral royal family, being the 8th generation descendant of Prince Inpyeong , the 3rd son of King Injo and Queen Inyeol .[19]
An example of the Jeonju Lee clan being an exception to the Seo-eolgeumgo law is Lee Seo-gu (李書九). Coincidentally, he was a close friend of Lee Deok-mu , Park Je-ga , and Yoo Deuk-gong , all of whom were from Seoul, and was a descendant of King Seonjo 's illegitimate son.[20] Therefore, he was treated as just a nobleman, and was promoted to Uuijeong, the highest position among the four families of Kyujanggak Hanhak. In the case of Yoo Deuk -gong, King Jeongjo cherished him, and although he held a very important official position for a young man, he was only a 3rd rank official. Lee Deok-mu is a bit unusual. Although he was a descendant of royal family, he was born before the descendants of King Jeongjong , that is, before bastards were listed in Seonwonrok, so even though he was a descendant of the king, he was treated as a descendant and was not given much importance.
To be precise, if there was a king or prince among the distant paternal ancestors, they were treated as ordinary noblemen, even if they were illegitimate children or illegitimate children. In any case, if you are a fifth-generation descendant of the king, you will be treated as an ordinary nobleman regardless of whether you are a descendant of the royal family. Therefore, if the king's 5th generation descendants are born with a second birth, they are judged to be a second birth. Women are no exception to this.[14] In addition, unless a person commits high treason, he or she is automatically included in Seonwonrok, the royal genealogy, so legally, the first half of a royal family member was also royal. In the early Joseon Dynasty, royal family members who were illegitimate children or first-born children were listed together in Yuburok, which records the royal daughters, rather than Seonwonrok . Of course, in the royal family, the illegitimate children of the royal family were discriminated against from the descendants of the legitimate children of the royal family, but they also had the right to succeed to the throne, although they were only inferior to the descendants of the legitimate children.[15] Representatively, Haseonggun , the son of Deokheunggun , the illegitimate son of King Jungjong , became the adopted son of Myeongjong and inherited the throne.[16] Another example is that Gwanghaegun, the illegitimate son of King Seonjo , succeeded to the throne. In fact, Sukjong was the last king to succeed to the throne as his legitimate son . Afterwards, King Heonjong succeeded to the throne as the eldest son of Sunjo's eldest son . Sunjong ascended the throne as the eldest son, but the country was already on the verge of ruin.[17]
As a bonus, in the early Joseon Dynasty, there was an attempt to treat the princess as a subordinate, but since it was related to the authority of the royal family, it was completely crushed by the king. As shown in the selection section, the concubine of King Taejong of the Joseon Dynasty was from the royal family. In order to marry off Princess Shin, the maid born to Shin Bin, a sire candidate was being looked for, but a person named Lee Sok (李續) , the governor of Chuncheon , made a statement such as, “No matter how much I am a princess, I cannot marry my son to the daughter of a court lady,” and ended up receiving 100 lashes with a stick and being demoted to a slave . All property was confiscated and even government servants were reduced to government servants, but the family was finally restored in the grandson's generation. Lee Sok made such an outrageous remark when his own son was also mentioned as a candidate for sire .
Although Gyeongjong was first installed as Prince Wonja , at the time of his birth, Jang Hui-bin , his biological mother, was only a concubine and not a queen , Yeongjo was Gyeongjong's half-brother, and Jeongjo was the son, or illegitimate grandson, of Prince Sado, King Yeongjo's illegitimate son . Sunjo was also the illegitimate son of King Jeongjo. Although King Heonjong's father and King Sunjo's legitimate son, Crown Prince Hyomyeong , was later revered as Ikjong, and his biological mother became a queen, he was not the crown prince at the time of his accession to the throne as his father, Crown Prince Hyomyeong, died young. In addition, Cheoljong was a collateral royal family who was removed from the right to succeed to the throne early on during the reign of his grandfather Euneongun.[18] Gojong inherited the throne as the adopted son of Crown Prince Hyomyeong , but according to his previous genealogy, he was the great-grandson of Prince Eunsin , and beyond that , in actual lineage, he was a collateral royal family, being the 8th generation descendant of Prince Inpyeong , the 3rd son of King Injo and Queen Inyeol .[19]
An example of the Jeonju Lee clan being an exception to the Seo-eolgeumgo law is Lee Seo-gu (李書九). Coincidentally, he was a close friend of Lee Deok-mu , Park Je-ga , and Yoo Deuk-gong , all of whom were from Seoul, and was a descendant of King Seonjo 's illegitimate son.[20] Therefore, he was treated as just a nobleman, and was promoted to Uuijeong, the highest position among the four families of Kyujanggak Hanhak. In the case of Yoo Deuk -gong, King Jeongjo cherished him, and although he held a very important official position for a young man, he was only a 3rd rank official. Lee Deok-mu is a bit unusual. Although he was a descendant of royal family, he was born before the descendants of King Jeongjong , that is, before bastards were listed in Seonwonrok, so even though he was a descendant of the king, he was treated as a descendant and was not given much importance.
6. Cases from other countries
In Japan , there was also the concept of illegitimate children and illegitimate children. In the case of the Edo shogunate , there were few cases in which the legitimate successor to the shogunate was succeeded. Among the 15 shoguns of the shogunate, only three were born as the eldest sons : Ieyasu Tokugawa , Iemitsu Tokugawa , and Yoshinobu Tokugawa . Iemitsu was the only person who succeeded to the shogunate as the 'shogun's legitimate son'.[21] Even so, Yoshinobu is the one who returned power to the Meiji Emperor and ended the shogunate era with his own hands.
Since the Middle Ages in Europe, concubines were not allowed at all according to Christian doctrine , so there was no concept consistent with a first son. Instead, there were cases of having an unofficial mistress , and the children born to such a relationship were collectively referred to as 'illegitimate children', that is, illegitimate children . Even if the illegitimate child was male and the original wife had no son, if she had a daughter, the daughter inherited the title, and it was very difficult for an illegitimate child to become the successor to the title. So likewise, the children of illegal clergy[22] Usually they were considered nephews or close relatives. An exception is Cesare Borgia . However, the concept of bastard children existed among the Germanic tribes before Christianity took root .
English : bastard, love child, natural child[23] , illegitimate child, etc. correspond to this. A particularly frequently used word is bastard.[24] In Korean, it is usually translated as an illegitimate child rather than an illegitimate child, taking into account this unique Western custom.
Occasionally, it is an illegitimate child, but it is not hidden, and the father takes responsibility for raising it with permission from his wife. There are rare cases in creative works, making it difficult to classify it.[25] In these cases, it is translated as illegitimate child (female), or it is translated as illegitimate child and then translated as illegitimate child (female), and there are also cases where the translation goes back and forth.[26]
However, in fantasy works modeled on medieval Europe, there are cases where Korean or Japanese authors sometimes introduce the concepts of concubines and illegitimate children instead of using the concepts of mistress and illegitimate children, even though the setting is Western. Of course, there are rare cases, such as Berserk , that bring to life the concept of an actual medieval Western government and illegitimate child, but there are many films that incorporate such Eastern concepts despite being set in the West.[27]
Since the Middle Ages in Europe, concubines were not allowed at all according to Christian doctrine , so there was no concept consistent with a first son. Instead, there were cases of having an unofficial mistress , and the children born to such a relationship were collectively referred to as 'illegitimate children', that is, illegitimate children . Even if the illegitimate child was male and the original wife had no son, if she had a daughter, the daughter inherited the title, and it was very difficult for an illegitimate child to become the successor to the title. So likewise, the children of illegal clergy[22] Usually they were considered nephews or close relatives. An exception is Cesare Borgia . However, the concept of bastard children existed among the Germanic tribes before Christianity took root .
English : bastard, love child, natural child[23] , illegitimate child, etc. correspond to this. A particularly frequently used word is bastard.[24] In Korean, it is usually translated as an illegitimate child rather than an illegitimate child, taking into account this unique Western custom.
Occasionally, it is an illegitimate child, but it is not hidden, and the father takes responsibility for raising it with permission from his wife. There are rare cases in creative works, making it difficult to classify it.[25] In these cases, it is translated as illegitimate child (female), or it is translated as illegitimate child and then translated as illegitimate child (female), and there are also cases where the translation goes back and forth.[26]
However, in fantasy works modeled on medieval Europe, there are cases where Korean or Japanese authors sometimes introduce the concepts of concubines and illegitimate children instead of using the concepts of mistress and illegitimate children, even though the setting is Western. Of course, there are rare cases, such as Berserk , that bring to life the concept of an actual medieval Western government and illegitimate child, but there are many films that incorporate such Eastern concepts despite being set in the West.[27]
7. a person who corresponds to the surname
7.1. real person
- In the Joseon royal family, all princes who received the title of "prince" and princesses who received the title of "princess" - However, among the royal family, the legitimate grandchildren of the king's legitimate children (grandson) are equally treated as princes, so it is necessary to distinguish them from the illegitimate princes.[28][29]
- Gongsun Zan - bastard
- Kim Dae-jung - This is what he revealed in his autobiography, more precisely, he was the son of a concubine at birth, but his mother later became his main wife and became a deficit.
- Narses I - Bastard
- Bahram I - Erja
- Song Ik-pil 's father, Song Sa-ryeon - Erja (a slave on his mother's side)
- element - let's freeze
- Yuki Hideyas -Sir
- Lim Gyeong -eop - According to the records of the 6th year of King Injo's reign (1628) in the Annals of King Injo, he was impeached for sending a gift to Kim Ryu, and according to Ganwon, he was from Cheon-eol (Erja).
- Jung Nan- Jung - Eoolnyeo
- Jeong Do-jeon - To be precise, I am not a child, but I had to suffer in many ways because my maternal grandmother was a slave.
- Hwan Seok- Geon - Freeze
- Hwang Hee - let's freeze
- Hormizd I - Bastard
7.2. fictional character
It's different from an illegitimate child, so let's not write an illegitimate child character here. This is the case if the mother is a "concubine", and if the mother or father is a "black history", it is an illegitimate child. The difference between whether mother and father were officially married or not.
- Mung bean flower -Baeki River[33]
- My Country - Nam Seon-ho[34]
- Secret Royal Inspector: Joseon Secret Investigation Team - Seong Ei-beom[37]
- Earth and Joy - Park Do-soo[38]
- Dear Thief - Hong Eun-jo[39]
- Troll Trap - Snow White
- Men of the Harem - Tratla
8.
[1] Especially in the late Joseon Dynasty, it was not an illusion to dream of becoming the mother of a future king after giving birth to a prince. A representative example is Mr. Lee .[2] Except for the crown prince, the descendants of the crown prince (grand prince) and the illegitimate prince (prince prince) were treated without much difference except that the number of generations in which their descendants were treated as royals differed by one number.[3] However, what is questionable is that Jeongjong had no legitimate children and all of his sons were bastards, but the descendants of Deokcheongun , the half-brother of the Murimgun, were clearly treated as noblemen, and although they were royal descendants in name and name, they were never treated differently as if they were not proper noblemen because they were the illegitimate grandchildren of the temporary king Jeongjong.[4] Park Je- ga's mother was definitely a concubine .[5] In fact, the method of taking a concubine was also subject to etiquette, but it was much lighter than the etiquette of a formal marriage. Likewise, the selection and marriage procedures for the official queen concubine are quite detailed and complex, but this is not the case for concubines .[6] The Shin Andong Kim family, the parties involved , recognized him as one of their own early on, and independence activists like Kim Gu and Japanese imperialists also recognized him, and media articles remain, so his paternity is certain. However, because he made too many absurd exaggerations to embellish his unhappy childhood (in fact, Kim Doo-han also exaggerated and made a lot of mistakes in many other areas. If you compare the actions of Kim Doo-han, the main character of the drama, The Age of Savages, which was produced based on what Kim Doo-han said, with the actions of Kim Doo-han, a real person, the difference is significant.), people like Dool Kim Yong- ok, who question whether he is his father, can forget. In the late 2000s, a controversy arose with Mr. Wi, who claimed to be a descendant of Kim Jwa-jin , and the controversy was resolved once again by organizing the data and position.[7] It is famous that Yeongjo has only talked about the issue of origin, and he showed no -rose and paranoia . However, the origin of the King's and the complex also acted as a factor in relieving the discrimination. Prior to that, the prince of the concubine became king ( Gwanghae -gun , Gyeongjong , but his ancestors and artificials were extracted, but his father was 'Seolson'), and the king born in the body of a woman who was a mild and sultry like Yeongjo was even more unusual. Yeongjo said, "Jim was a revival of the Emperor's Concentration" ( A phrase published in a letter sent to the wings of the Namwol King ) "Jill Chai Mobiya" ( Your mother is a year ! I didn't want to hear the phrases that came from the status of the native of the Roh Ryun -ryun, and it was hard to say that it was a thousand or subsequent in front of the king.[8] Although it is said to be a seer, it may be called 'the stand' strictly. Early had to take a look at the past. It was a time when a woman was born as a woman who was born as a woman.[9] Tongryewon, a government office in charge of ancestral rites, is a low-level civil servant position[10] The result of seolhetong[11] On the contrary, there was an incident where Prince Yangnyeong 's first daughter Lee Gu-ji was punished for disturbing the royal family's honor by remarrying a commoner and giving birth to a daughter .[12] Still, with that amount, I could play and eat for the rest of my life. First of all, in Joseon, the right of succession was clearly given to illegitimate children up to the fourth generation of the king, so if a great-great-grandfather was king, it was not entirely undesirable for his great-grandfather, grandfather, father, and himself to become kings of Joseon tomorrow even if he were to die. As evidence, Cheoljong was able to become king even though he was the 7th cousin of Heonjong by blood and was the first son to be born after King Yeongjo . Of course, he was registered as the adopted son of King Sunjo , and legally inherited the throne as the younger brother of Ikjong (Mujo was posthumously honored during the Korean Empire ) and the third-degree uncle of King Heonjong. Of course, by blood, he is the 6th cousin of Ikjong and the 5th cousin of King Sunjo.[13] Originally, the princess was the only princess among the princesses with a rank of Jeong 1, but she was later upgraded.[14] First of all, princesses have no business becoming concubines . Princesses who were not princesses were also married into the royal family of prestigious families. Moreover, considerable restrictions were placed on the sire , as was his honor. See sire section. In fact, the influence of this person was great for not only the princess but also the princesses to marry into good families .[15] In other words, the legitimate child had priority, but if there were no legitimate children, the illegitimate child took over. In the early days of King Jungjong, Lee Gwa, the mastermind, attempted to dethrone King Jungjong and enthrone King Jinseong, King Seongjong's illegitimate son, in the early days of King Jungjong's reign. Even before King Myeongjong's death, King Seonjo took over. It seems that it was natural for a king (illegitimate son) to succeed if there was no grand prince (illegitimate son).[16] If an illegitimate son had no right to succession, he would have to go up a very high level. King Jungjong, King Myeongjong's father, had only two legitimate children , King Injong and King Myeongjong, but both of them had no children. King Seongjong, King Jungjong's father, had only Yeonsangun's legitimate children other than King Jungjong, but since he was a dethroned king, he had no right to succession, and all of his children died after King Jungjong came to the throne. Then, if you go up to Seongjong , it is Deokjong , and this person's only legitimate son other than Seongjong is Grand Prince Wolsan . Grand Prince Wolsan only had an illegitimate son and died without any legitimate children. (Intentionally having an illegitimate child instead of a legitimate son was part of the way to leave no room for succession to the throne.) Above Deokjong is King Sejo , and Sejo had Yejong other than Deokjong, and Yejong had Grand Prince Jean , but Grand Prince Wolsan was Prince Pyeongwon, the 7th son of King Sejong. He became a serving son of and died without an heir. In the end, one had to choose among the successors of King Sejong's children, but King Sejong had only 8 legitimate sons, so his lineage as a legitimate son was not cut off. However, from King Myeongjong’s point of view, King Sejong is the great-great-grandfather (…).[17] Surprisingly, many kings are actually a scribe than a deficit and more than the princess. Of course, the queen is one and the concubines are inevitable, so there is an inevitable face, and exceptionally, Taejong and Sejong have seen many children in the queen, but the ratio is reduced in later generations. As a result, there is a small number of successors who can lead to the deficit, and the probability of the scribe increases.[18] If you even look at it, Cheoljong himself is the illegitimate son of Jeongye Daewongun , Jeongye Daewongun is also the bastard son of Euneongun, Euneongun is the bastard son of Crown Prince Sado, Crown Prince Sado is the illegitimate son of King Yeongjo, and even Yeongjo is the bastard son of King Sukjong (...). Fortunately, because his great-great-grandfather Yeongjo was king, he was not treated as a relative.[19] The king himself or close royal family members often wrote their names in foreign letters, perhaps to protect themselves in case they became king . Cheoljong's real name was Lee Won-beom, and Gojong's real name was Lee Myeong-bok, which were not foreign letters. In other words, it is highly likely that he never thought about becoming king from the time he was born.[20] In the first place, the royal lineage itself was passed down through the illegitimate son of the ancestor , and the bastard later honored his father.[21] Wherever you go, it is rare for the eldest son to succeed. There is only one legitimate eldest son, but there are countless cases where the eldest son is not the eldest son or the eldest son or the eldest son is neither the deficit nor the eldest son, and there are many cases in which he is pushed out of the position of successor due to political scheming.[22] Catholics did not ban the marriage of the clergy in the early days. However, the clergy who tried to pass on their children and the property were forbidden to marry the clergy.[23] This expression is especially used a lot in Scotland .[24] In English, it is also used as an insult .[25] However, even in these cases, it was difficult to become the successor to the family, except in cases where the original wife had no children. There is a way for the royal family to give a title to an illegitimate child of a noble family by making a loose excuse, but since the illegitimate child of a nobleman is not related at all in the family register, unless the original spouse dies and does not marry the child(...), there is no way to pass on the title. There was no.[26] For example, Slava's son Sandor in Heroes of Might and Magic 6, originally called a bastard, was raised and raised without discrimination except that he was not the heir. Slava originally planned to marry Sandor's mother, Elizabeth, but the emperor He could not get married due to his orders, and eventually had to marry Kate. And although Elizabeth lived in the Grand Duchy of Griffin, she does not appear to have the status of a concubine or to be treated as a concubine, and she also had the status of a Baroness, a low-ranking noblewoman who could act in her own way. Because Sandor's position was ambiguous, he was translated as an illegitimate child only at the beginning of the work, and has been translated as a bastard ever since.[27] Looking at the character's background description or setting, an illegitimate child is a more appropriate expression than an illegitimate child, but there are cases where it is called an illegitimate child. Also, there are cases where characters with a mixture of the two attributes appear.[28] Persons who ascended the throne as bastards include King Seonjo (Prince Haseong), Prince Gwanghae, King Gyeongjong ( Prince Yuan ), King Yeongjo (Prince Yeoning), King Sunjo ( Prince Won ), and King Cheoljong (Prince Deokwan). Originally, because King Cheoljong was so far away from the throne, he was not enthroned and was simply called Lee Won-beom , but he was enthroned as Deokwan-gun only a day before his accession to the throne.[29] In some cases, such as Nosan-gun and Yeonsang- gun, despite being legitimate, they were demoted on the grounds that they were criminals. However, these two are cases in which the endings were deprecated first and thus demoted, so they are nominally equivalent to Seol. Fortunately, Nosan-gun was reinstated and received the tomb title Danjong.[30] In King Taejo Wang Geon, the theory of King Gyeongmun's father, Gungye, was adopted, so Gungye appears as King Gyeongmun's bastard son and a prince abandoned by the Silla court.[31] Meanwhile, his older brother was an illegitimate son and became a traitor, so Yusis became the official successor to the dukedom even though he was an illegitimate son.[32] Although he was technically an illegitimate son, he was officially recognized as a prince of the empire.[33] Lee Kang is the son born to his father Baek Man-deuk after he raped Yu-Wol, who was a slave.[34] He utters a famous line that clearly penetrates Seo-eol's reality from the first episode, saying to his friend Hwi, who is jealous of his family, "A bastard is cut off from a nobleman and cut in half, and I am Eolja who cut off half of that half. "[35] Although she is the eldest daughter of the emperor , she is the son of a concubine. Although she is favored by the emperor, it seems that her powers are limited, as in reality she is bestowed with her detached palace, which is far from her imperial palace.[36] Because of this, the younger half-brothers treated him almost like a slave, looked down on him, and even abused him.[37] It was born right now[38] In episode 14, it was revealed that Park Seung's real name was reversed with his real legitimate half-brother, Park Tae-seo.[39] I was born as an odd girl.[40] There is a mention that he is from a bastard.[41] Hwangun and Hwangsogeo are considered bastards because their mothers were concubines from a princess of a defeated country, and Hwangmireung is considered an idiot because her mother was from the lowest social class.[42] Conversely, Sabrina, her half-sister and the queen of fairyland, is the daughter and daughter of the true queen.[43] It was adapted into the story of Jinsa Jang's bastard son.[44] In episode 27, it is said that she also has the blood of the previous emperor flowing through her, and in episode 28, the truth is revealed. In fact, her true identity is that the previous emperor took a concubine for the purpose of obtaining a successor to continue his lineage. It turned out to be the daughter of an abandoned concubine, the illegitimate daughter of the previous emperor and the half-sister of Empress Fiona, whom the empress had conceived and given birth to .[45] His mother is a slave, his half-brother is Lee Dae-gil , and Lee Dae-gil is the son of a concubine.[46] Since her father is a nobleman who served as the 2nd jongpum champan and her mother, Wolmae, is a gisaeng classified as a lowly class , she is a female eolnyeo.[47] Since the Marquis of Blois kidnapped and forcibly raped Cordelia, she was technically close to an illegitimate child. Although the Marquis of Blois herself intends to take advantage of it, she considers Cordelia as her hidden wife, referring to her as her wife, and officially registers Victoria as her biological child, so she is considered an illegitimate daughter rather than an illegitimate child. treated as
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