Torino

It is a city located in northwest Italy and is the central city of Piedmont . It is located on the west bank of the Po River and is adjacent to the Alps . Switzerland and France It is an hour's drive from the border .

In Italian history , it is an important city of the Labor Movement as the capital of the Savoy Principal, the predecessor of the Unified Italian Kingdom , and the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinya-Pietmont , and the modern and contemporary Italian Communist Party .

In the 2nd century BC, it was occupied by Hannibal of Carthage who crossed the Alps . It prospered as a barracks city in the Roman Empire and was called by the Latin name Taurinorum at the time . In 312 , the Battle of Taurinorum took place between Constantine I and Maxentius , and Constantine I won, taking control of all the cities between the Alps and the Po River. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it came under the rule of the Frankish Kingdom through the Goths and Lombards, and after the fall of the Middle Frankish Kingdom , the Margrave of Turin was established in 951.

In the 11th century, the youngest son of the Saboian family , Odon , was incorporated into the Savoian family's territory when he married Adelaide Di SUSA 1020 ~ 1091 of Torino's In heirs. However, during the Savoian White Kingdom , the influence of citizens and bishops was strong, and the center of Piemont was Pinerolo at that time, so it was not a preferred place for the Savoian monarch, except for Filipo I, who had been in court and Amedo VIII, who frequently visited Turin in the later years . In 1490, the court of Bianca Di Monferrato 1472–1519, who was in charge of the regent of Carlo Giovanni, who was crowned at a young age, began to emerge as a core city.

Full-scale development began in 1563, when Duke Emanuele Filiberto moved the capital from Chambery to facilitate the invasion of the Kingdom of France and became the capital of the Duchy of Savoy . It was greatly expanded during the reign of Carlo Emanuele I , and in the mid to late 17th century, many French-style buildings were built under Carlo Emanuele II, who was influenced by his French mother Christine Marie . In 1706, during the War of the Spanish Succession , Vittorio Amedeo II and Prince Eugene of Savoy fought in the Siege of Turin against the French army, and won this battle, eliminating French influence in northern Italy and protecting the independence of the Duchy of Savoy. there was. In 1720, after the War of the Spanish Succession and the War of the Quadrilateral Alliance , King Vittorio Amedeo II declared the Kingdom of Sardinia, and it naturally became the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia.[6] During the French Revolutionary Wars , it was occupied by Napoleon Bonaparte 's Revolutionary France and fell under the leadership of the Département du Pô, and the Savoy family moved to Cagliari in Sardinia . In 1814, it was returned to the Kingdom of Sardinia under the First Treaty of Paris and became the capital again, and became the center when the Kingdom of Sardinia and Piedmont, led by Camillo Cavour and Vittorio Emanuele II, promoted the movement for Italian unification . It was the capital of the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 to 1864, during the early days of Italian unification .[7]

Unlike other major cities in Italy that prospered during the ancient Roman Empire or the Middle Ages , development accelerated from the 17th century, and due to the influence of neighboring France , there are many ruins in the Baroque or Neoclassical style rather than the Roman or Renaissance styles that come to mind when thinking of Italy. Because it was the center of the Savoy family that unified Italy, it had a strong image as a city of kings and aristocrats until the 19th century. However, from the early 20th century, as it became the center of the Italian automobile industry (especially Fiat ), it was seen as a city of workers, so it has a two-faced image.

In the early 20th century, Giulio Einaudi, Antonio Gramsci , Carlo Levi, and Leone Ginzburg[8] Prominent anti -fascist activists recorded in modern and contemporary Italian history were active in Turin. During World War II, the Turin industrial zone was a major bombing target for the Allies , and later it came under the influence of the Italian Social Republic , which was established by the German Wehrmacht 's invasion, leading to the Resistenza movement. In the vote to preserve the monarchy held on June 2, 1946 after the end of World War II, the Republican vote rate was higher.[9]

Since the late 1950s, during the period of rapid economic growth in Italy, workers have been immigrating from underdeveloped southern Italy in search of work, and they have been subject to discrimination due to their appearance and Italian accent, which distinguish them from the indigenous people of Turin. Of course, now that it has been passed down to the 3rd or 4th generation, it has naturally harmonized.

In the late 1960s, under the influence of the '68 Movement, there was a 'Hot Autumn' movement centered on Fiat workers, and during the Age of Lead in the 1970s, people suffered from terrorism . The population, which reached about 1.2 million in the 1970s, has now decreased to about 800,000 and has been dispersed as nearby satellite cities such as Montcalieri and Rivoli are developed.

The International Astronomical Union conference was held in 1996 , and the Turin scale was adopted at this conference. Starting in the 2010s, city governments established plans to develop the city into a smart city .

It is the second-largest economic region in northern Italy after the Milan metropolitan area, and is the 16th wealthiest city in Europe in terms of personal income. It is famous as a city with a developed automobile and aerospace industry, and is home to the headquarters and factories of Italian automobile manufacturers Fiat , Iveco , and Lancia .

It is a city with a developed financial industry and is where Intesa San Paolo, Italy 's largest bank , was established. As of 2023, it is the 27th largest bank in the world. In addition, telecommunication company Telecom Italia, broadcasting company RAI , sports brand Kappa , liquor company Martini , and coffee brand Lavazza were established here.

It is the home of the Aquili family of EXOR, one of the largest Italian chaebols . The nickname of Zanni Aquili, former president of Fiat, the predecessor of Exor, is 'The Last King of Italy '. His grandson and the current exor chairman John Elcan also live in Torino.

It is famous as the home of Serie A soccer teams Juventus FC and Torino FC , and took advantage of its proximity to the Alps to host the 2006 Turin Winter Olympics , the 2007 Turin Winter Universiade , and the 2025 Turin Winter World University Games . In addition, it hosted the 1934 FIFA World Cup Italy , the 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy , and the 2006 Turin Winter Olympics, becoming the second city in history to host both the FIFA World Cup and the Winter Olympics. The first was Sapporo, Japan, which hosted the 1972 Sapporo Winter Olympics and the 2002 FIFA World Cup between Korea and Japan . The Eurovision Song Contest 2022 was held in 2022 , and the first WWE Italy PLE, WWE Clash in Italy , was held in 2026 .

It is a very good city with the Korean short track . Kim Gil -ri won eight gold medals by achieving the feats of five crowns.

Chocolate and coffee culture developed under the leadership of the Savoia family . Since the 17th century , chocolate has been exported to neighboring countries such as Switzerland and Germany , and Bicerin, a traditional Turin drink made by adding chocolate and milk to espresso , is famous. Alexandre Dumas ' review of his trip to Turin also mentions that Vicerin was good. It is also the modern birthplace of vermouth , a type of fortified wine .

Among major Italian cities, it has relatively few tourists. While there are not many foreign tourists, there are many Italian tourists.[10]

It is known as the area where Saint John Bosco was active and where the Shroud of Turin is located. Mole Antonelliana, a symbol of Turin famous for its pointed spire, is used as the National Film Museum of Italy, and the Egyptian Museum (Museo Egizio di Torino), which started from the collection of King Carlo Felice , is the most visited place in Turin by tourists. As it is the home of Exor, Italy's largest company, the Automobile Museum (Museo Nazionale dell'Automobile) is also a must-see attraction. University of Turin (Università degli Studi di Torino) and Turin Cathedral (Duomo di Torino)[11] These are also places worth seeing.

As it was the home of the House of Savoy , the royal family of the Kingdom of Italy, many relics of the House of Savoy remain. Starting with the Royal Palace of Turin (Palazzo Reale di Torino), the Palazzo Madama, a mixture of a medieval castle and a Baroque palace next to the Royal Palace of Turin, and currently the Polytechnic University of Turin (Politecnico di Torino)[17] The Castello del Valentino, which is used as the Italian Unification Museum, and the Palazzo Carignano, which is used as the Italian Unification Museum.[18] There are many places associated with the House of Savoia, such as the Villa della Regina, which was the residence of the dukes and queens of Savoy. The Cathedral of Superga, better known as the Tragedy of Superga, was built by Vittorio Amadeus II to commemorate his victory in the Siege of Turin, and was used as a royal mausoleum after he was proclaimed King of Sardinia. The Palazzo Venaria (Reggia di Venaria Reale), near Juventus' Allianz Stadium , is a Baroque palace influenced by the Palace of Versailles and is famous for the Galleria Grande, which was inspired by the Hall of Mirrors.

In addition, Castello Reale di Moncalieri, the Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi, and Castello di Rivoli, located near Turin, are all protected as UNESCO World Heritage Sites related to the Savoy family.

Major railway stations include Torino Porta Nuova and Torino Porta Susa. The Porta Nuoba Station is a terminal , and since the track is literally U -shaped in the direction of Milan , the track placement will be replaced and the Forta investigation will be changed in the long run.

There is Turin Airport (Aeroporto di Torino), and air routes to Italy and European countries are available. There is an urban rail line connecting to the city, so accessibility is good.

The subway was built in conjunction with the opening of the 2006 Turin Winter Olympics, and many responded that it was comfortable. Currently, only Line 1 is in operation, but Line 2 is scheduled to open in 2028 and will be expanded to Line 3 in the long term.

Tram, bus and subway tickets can be purchased from vending machines at subway stations or from kiosks called 'Tabacchi'.