dead language
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Dead language ( extinct language /dead language) refers to words that were used in the past but are not used at all today.
The word 'dead language' is ambiguous, because its meaning can be divided into several different meanings depending on the standard for 'death of language'.
These types of words are not treated as dead words simply because they are less frequently used or not used very often, because dead words literally mean that they are already dead languages.
If a word is used less frequently but is still frequently used, it is appropriate to classify it as an archaic word .
The word 'dead language' is ambiguous, because its meaning can be divided into several different meanings depending on the standard for 'death of language'.
These types of words are not treated as dead words simply because they are less frequently used or not used very often, because dead words literally mean that they are already dead languages.
If a word is used less frequently but is still frequently used, it is appropriate to classify it as an archaic word .
2. Language death
A language can only be maintained when there are people who use it. Therefore, it can be said that a language 'dies' as soon as the person who uses it disappears.
The most common way for a language to ‘die’ is to be ‘pushed out by competition.’ As an extreme example, an entire group speaking a specific language may disappear completely due to a sudden disaster, but there are also cases where the language gradually disappears due to competition from other mainstream languages. In modern times, most languages that are classified as endangered languages are those that originated from members of a specific community gradually forgetting their original language and focusing only on the language of mainstream society.
There are many cases where a language dies not because of competition with other languages, but because it undergoes natural linguistic changes . If descendants 500 years later can no longer understand the language of their ancestors 500 years ago, then the language of their ancestors 500 years ago is already 'dead' at that point. For example, Medieval Korean is a direct ancestor of modern Korean, but is itself classified as a dead language. For example, modern Korean speakers cannot understand the Hunminjeongeum language without additional training .
Latin , the only surviving language among the Italian languages, gradually changed over time and eventually became differentiated into today's Romance languages, namely French , Italian , Spanish , Portuguese , and Romanian (see also " False Partner ").
As the Germanic language was also differentiated into various ethnic groups, the language was also differentiated into West Germanic languages such as English , German , and Dutch of the Anglo -Saxons , and North Germanic languages such as Swedish and Norwegian , which are used in Northern Europe. The East Germanic language used by the Germanic tribes is now extinct and is not used.[1]
The most common way for a language to ‘die’ is to be ‘pushed out by competition.’ As an extreme example, an entire group speaking a specific language may disappear completely due to a sudden disaster, but there are also cases where the language gradually disappears due to competition from other mainstream languages. In modern times, most languages that are classified as endangered languages are those that originated from members of a specific community gradually forgetting their original language and focusing only on the language of mainstream society.
There are many cases where a language dies not because of competition with other languages, but because it undergoes natural linguistic changes . If descendants 500 years later can no longer understand the language of their ancestors 500 years ago, then the language of their ancestors 500 years ago is already 'dead' at that point. For example, Medieval Korean is a direct ancestor of modern Korean, but is itself classified as a dead language. For example, modern Korean speakers cannot understand the Hunminjeongeum language without additional training .
Latin , the only surviving language among the Italian languages, gradually changed over time and eventually became differentiated into today's Romance languages, namely French , Italian , Spanish , Portuguese , and Romanian (see also " False Partner ").
As the Germanic language was also differentiated into various ethnic groups, the language was also differentiated into West Germanic languages such as English , German , and Dutch of the Anglo -Saxons , and North Germanic languages such as Swedish and Norwegian , which are used in Northern Europe. The East Germanic language used by the Germanic tribes is now extinct and is not used.[1]
3. Language without a moore speaker
It is called a dead language after seeing a language without a More speaker, a language with only a multi -language speaker. The only people who speak the language at this time are the only ones who have learned them separately at school .
Representative examples include Latin , Sanskrit , Pali , and Chinese characters. For example, Latin not only has direct descendants called Romance languages , but it itself has been continuously studied as an academic term and the official language of the Catholic Church from the Roman Empire to the present, but there are no native speakers anymore.
Even then, there are many things that are virtually extinct in the oral language and are handed down only through the written word . A representative example is that the ancient Chinese language was passed down in the form of Chinese characters . Even after the oral language was differentiated into several dialects , the Old Chinese language continued to exist as a written language , and was replaced by the use of standard Chinese based on Beijing's Baekhwamun as the written language. Latin also has a long history of being pronounced in different ways in each region as folk Latin was differentiated into various languages of the Romance language family.[2]
A ‘dead language’ in this sense is also called a “language that has stopped evolving.” This is because all living languages undergo endless language changes , but these dead languages remain fixed in their original form. The use of Latin , Sanskrit , and Chinese characters as academic or liturgical languages is also in line with this characteristic.
Representative examples include Latin , Sanskrit , Pali , and Chinese characters. For example, Latin not only has direct descendants called Romance languages , but it itself has been continuously studied as an academic term and the official language of the Catholic Church from the Roman Empire to the present, but there are no native speakers anymore.
Even then, there are many things that are virtually extinct in the oral language and are handed down only through the written word . A representative example is that the ancient Chinese language was passed down in the form of Chinese characters . Even after the oral language was differentiated into several dialects , the Old Chinese language continued to exist as a written language , and was replaced by the use of standard Chinese based on Beijing's Baekhwamun as the written language. Latin also has a long history of being pronounced in different ways in each region as folk Latin was differentiated into various languages of the Romance language family.[2]
A ‘dead language’ in this sense is also called a “language that has stopped evolving.” This is because all living languages undergo endless language changes , but these dead languages remain fixed in their original form. The use of Latin , Sanskrit , and Chinese characters as academic or liturgical languages is also in line with this characteristic.
4. A language whose speakers have completely died out
In modern times, a language that has no speakers is called an extinct language . Many of the records written in these languages are difficult to decipher in modern times. Etruscan is a representative example of an extinct language, and Manchurian, which has a single digit number of native speakers, is also a language in danger of extinction .
5. Resurrection
In theory, even if a language has become a dead language due to the disappearance of its speakers, if there is sufficient data to restore the language, it can be revived by many people learning the language and starting to use it as an everyday language. However, it is very difficult for a language to be revived in this way, and in fact, the revival of Hebrew is almost the only example.
Hebrew refers to a very special situation in which Jews who lived scattered across many countries, speaking different languages, came together to build their own nation-state.[3] , nationalist sentiment strong enough to adopt the hassle of reviving an ancient dead language instead of adopting another widely used language , and the presence of linguist Eliezer ben Yehuda, who had already restored Hebrew to the point where it could be used as an everyday language before the founding of the nation, so that it was successfully revived to the extent that 5 million people use it as an everyday language in modern times.
The possibility of a revival of any dead language other than Hebrew is currently slim. Although Manchu is not a native speaker, the number of people who have learned and mastered the language exceeds four figures. It has its closest relative, Sibe, and although it is of a different language family from Manchu, many Manchu loanwords remain in Modern Standard Chinese and the three northeastern dialects of Chinese, and there are abundant records in Joseon, and there are even Manchu language study books. In addition, other Tungusic languages survive to this day, which is better than the case where isolated languages became dead languages. However, the biggest problem is that the Manchurian people, who have not established their own independent country but live as citizens of an authoritarian state called China, and where the vast majority of their members speak Chinese, the second most widely spoken language in the world, as their native language, are unlikely to revive Manchurian and make it the official language. Even if China collapses and the Manchu people establish an independent nation, it is highly likely that they will continue to use Chinese, and even if the Manchu language is completely revived linguistically, it will remain the preserve of only a few linguists and historians.
Irish has never been a dead language, and at the time of independence from Britain in 1922, there were tens of thousands of speakers left, mainly in remote rural areas. Ireland, where nationalist sentiment was strong, immediately designated Irish as the first official language and taught it in the curriculum, but 100 years later, the percentage of Irish speakers in Ireland remains in the 10% range. Since it is not a completely dead language and it is difficult to spread a living language widely, the revival of Hebrew can be said to be a very rare result of various difficult conditions.
Hebrew refers to a very special situation in which Jews who lived scattered across many countries, speaking different languages, came together to build their own nation-state.[3] , nationalist sentiment strong enough to adopt the hassle of reviving an ancient dead language instead of adopting another widely used language , and the presence of linguist Eliezer ben Yehuda, who had already restored Hebrew to the point where it could be used as an everyday language before the founding of the nation, so that it was successfully revived to the extent that 5 million people use it as an everyday language in modern times.
The possibility of a revival of any dead language other than Hebrew is currently slim. Although Manchu is not a native speaker, the number of people who have learned and mastered the language exceeds four figures. It has its closest relative, Sibe, and although it is of a different language family from Manchu, many Manchu loanwords remain in Modern Standard Chinese and the three northeastern dialects of Chinese, and there are abundant records in Joseon, and there are even Manchu language study books. In addition, other Tungusic languages survive to this day, which is better than the case where isolated languages became dead languages. However, the biggest problem is that the Manchurian people, who have not established their own independent country but live as citizens of an authoritarian state called China, and where the vast majority of their members speak Chinese, the second most widely spoken language in the world, as their native language, are unlikely to revive Manchurian and make it the official language. Even if China collapses and the Manchu people establish an independent nation, it is highly likely that they will continue to use Chinese, and even if the Manchu language is completely revived linguistically, it will remain the preserve of only a few linguists and historians.
Irish has never been a dead language, and at the time of independence from Britain in 1922, there were tens of thousands of speakers left, mainly in remote rural areas. Ireland, where nationalist sentiment was strong, immediately designated Irish as the first official language and taught it in the curriculum, but 100 years later, the percentage of Irish speakers in Ireland remains in the 10% range. Since it is not a completely dead language and it is difficult to spread a living language widely, the revival of Hebrew can be said to be a very rare result of various difficult conditions.
6. list of dead words
Examples of the Lord are the language with the '†' marks in language information .
6.1. Asia
6.1.1. East Asia
6.1.1.1. korea
6.1.1.2. China and around
- Gao Yue : The southern coastal region of China was collectively called Yue. In that region, languages from the Austronesian , Austroasiatic , Kradai , and Mong Mian families were used together, but it generally refers to the language used in the Yue Dynasty , and is presumed to have belonged to the Kradai language family. Although the Old Yue language itself became extinct, it had a great influence on pronunciation as it moved into the Upper and Middle Chinese stages, and this was inherited by the Min and Wu dialects.
- Old language : A language spoken in Wu , a country in southern China during the Spring and Autumn Period , and is generally assumed to belong to the Austro-Asiatic family .
- Gochu language : A language used in Chu , one of the major powers during the Warring States Period, and is presumed to belong to the Mong Mian language family .[4] The languages of the Mong-Mian family, such as Hmong and Mian, are presumed to be descendants of the early language.
- whitefish
- Xiongnu
- sunbeer
- soft language
- Turkic language : Also called Common Turkic language, it is a common ancestral language of existing Turkic languages .[5]
- Gal language : The language used by the Gal people . Currently, there is only one record of their language: “秀支替戾岡僕谷劬禿當”. There is a theory that it is an ancestral language of the Pumpokol language below , but there are also many counter-arguments, such as a theory that it is an Indo-European or Turkic language .
- male
- Languages of the Pingpo people during control of Taiwan
- Pajekh language: It was the only language of the Pingpo people to survive into the 21st century, but became extinct in 2010 with the death of the last native speaker, Pan Jinyu (潘金玉, 1914-2010).
6.1.1.3. japan
- Ainu : As of 2021, there are no native speakers.
- middle japanese
- Emisser: It is estimated that it would have been the language of the ancestors of the cumor of the children who lived in the northeastern part of Japan, and it would have been a language close to Ainuer in the language of Gye -mi -shi . It was killed in the 18th century. However , there are traces of Emissy's traces in the grammar, pronunciation, words and the name of the Tohoku region .
- Hayatore: It is estimated that the Hayato people in the Kagoshima area of Kyushu , Japan, are believed to have written a language belonging to the Austronians, and some traces of Hayato remain in the dialects of the Kagoshima area where Hayato was.
- Gumaso
- Zuchigu language: The language of a branch of the Ainu tribe that became extinct during the Yayoi period when the Yayoi people migrated. Because they are a very primitive Ainu tribe, there is almost no information about them.
- Hikibitor
6.1.2. Central Asia
- scythian
- Shaka
- Bactrian
- Fergana Kipchak
- Khwarazim
6.1.3. North Asia
- Kerek
- Yugo: Latest in 1975 .
- coat
- Assan
- Arin language
- pumpocol language
- Cyrenique : In January 1997, the last speaker Valentina WYE died and became a living.
- Kamasin: A language belonging to the Samoyed language branch of the Uralic language family, it became a dead language in 1989 when its last speaker, Klavdiya Plotnikova, died. Currently, Kamasin's descendants have become Turkicized and speak Koibal and Russian .
- Yurat: Samoyed Affiliated language died in the early 19th century .
- Martor: A completely killed Samosid Awaro since the 1840s , mainly used in North Mongolia and north of the Saanan Mountains.
- Chuban language
- Orochi language : It became a dead language when the last speaker died in 2008, and only a few people remain with a brief memory of Orochi language.[6]
6.1.4. West Asia
- Parthian
- Hatti : This is the language of the indigenous people of Anatolia before the founding of the Hittites. It belongs to an agglutinative language in linguistic typology, but it is not exactly known which language family it belongs to.
6.1.5. south asia
- Cochin Indo-Portuguese Creole: India A Creole language spoken in the Malabar coastal region, it served as the language of the local Syro-Malabar Catholic community from the 15th to the 19th centuries , but began to decline after the 19th century, eventually becoming a language in 2010. The language also died out with the death of William Rosario, the last native speaker, on August 20 , but it is said that there are still residents who understand the language to some extent because the language itself contains a significant amount of Malayalam vocabulary.
- Chakma
- peony
- Greater Mandarin: It was once a widely used language in the Andaman Islands of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, but it almost withered away as many Andamanese people died due to an epidemic that came with the advance of the British Empire . Currently, Aka-Jeru is the only remaining language, and as of 2020, there are only three speakers left, so unless special efforts are made, it will soon become a dead language.
- Akabean
- Akabore
- Akakora
- Chariard
- Akakeda
- Akakor
- Akarbalaire
- Okojuwoir
- Apuchikwar
- Jang Gil -ah: The language used in the Nicobar Islands, and the tribes of Jang Gil, who were speakers between 1900 and 1920, were destroyed by the infectious diseases.
6.2. europe
- Gallic : A language that was used in Gaul, that is, France, before the Roman Empire conquered it. However, as a long time passed, Latin began to be used throughout France, and Latin was used throughout France, and the Latin language used in France was passed on to French and Occitan , and died out. However, traces of Gallic remain in many French words and counting methods.
- Proto-Norse
- British
- Chromati dialect: Scott 's dialect in the Chromati region of Northern Scotland, and in 2012, Bobby Hogg, the last native speaker, died at the age of 92. The dialect had had a great influence on Scotland English and Gale .
- Pictish
- part of the Sami language
- Akala Sami
- Kemi Sami
- Aquitanian : in a language that is presumed to be a review of the Basque Language[7] , Died before and after the destruction of each other .
- Illyrian
- Prussian : Usually referred to as Old Prussian to distinguish it from the Prussian dialect of German used in the Prussian region during the modern era.
- Khazar
- Hun language
6.3. Africa
- Numidian
- Coptic : It is still religiously used in the Copt Orthodox Church.
- Ancient Nubian: As the Nubians are Arab, the number of users is gradually decreasing. In the northern part of Sudan, some of the Nubia are still using Hyundai Nubiah.
- Messian: African Asian language used in Ethiopia , the last native speaker was an old man in his 80s and is said to have not spent 30 years .
6.4. America
6.4.1. North America
- Nuu-chah-nulth/nuučaan̓uɫ. Canada It is a South Wakashan (Nootka) language belonging to the Wakashan language family, spoken on Vancouver Island, western British Columbia . 2016 It became a dead language with the death of Alban Michael in February . Also known as Nootka.
- Klallam: Klallam/Nəxʷsƛ̓ay̓əmúcən. USA It is a language used by the Native American Clalam people of Washington State , belongs to the Salish language family, and is divided into four dialects. 2014 On February 4, the last remaining native speaker, Hazel M. Sampson, died, making it a dead language. However, it is said that some young people speak it as a second language .
- Eyak : Eyak/I·ya·q. America now It is the language of the Iyak people who lived in the Copper River region of Alaska and is a very close relative of Athabascan, so there is speculation that it belongs to the Deneye Nisei language family . It became a dead language in 2008 after the death of a woman named Marie Smith Jones (Iaqqi name is "udAch' k'uqAXA'a'ch", meaning "the sound of calling people from afar").
6.4.2. South America
- Touel: AONIKENK or AONEKKO 'A'ien. It is a language written in Patagonia in Chile and Argentina and is said to be a language in the same family as the Selknames. 2019 On January 4, Doramando died and became a living.
- Selknam: Ona. In the language of the Selk -san, one of the indigenous people of Tieradeluo Island, on May 18, 1974, the last speaker, ángela Loij, died.
- Night : háusi kúta or yágankuta. In 2022 , in the language of the nightlife who lived in the Tieradel Poeo area in Argentina and Chile On February 16, the last speaker, Cristina Calderón, died of death.
6.5. Oceania
- Nyawaygi. australia The Australian Native Native Nakeda, who lived in the Halifax Bay, located north of Queensland, belonged to the Pharmasanians , which were written by the Naki, and the number of consonants was 12, and it was the smallest number of Australian native languages. The language became a living in 2009 when Willicon, the last speaker, died.
[1] Chinese is not a single language, but the entire Chinese language group is grouped into one language, so like European languages, it can be divided into several languages. Standard Chinese and Cantonese cannot communicate with each other. In fact, according to the general standard for distinguishing between languages and dialects in linguistics, it is correct to consider languages that cannot be communicated with each other among the languages called dialects of Chinese as separate languages. Just as we distinguish between Latin and Romance languages, Standard Chinese , Cantonese , etc. are other individual languages with similarities like French or Italian. On the other hand, if you classify the Romance languages as if they were Chinese, French would have to be called a French dialect of modern Latin, Italian would have to be called an Italian dialect of modern Latin, and Spanish would have to be called a Spanish dialect of modern Latin.[2] The 'restoration of classical Latin' was initiated by scholars, including Erasmus , around the time of the Renaissance . It was also in the 20th century that the Catholic Church officially recognized 'Church Latin' based on the Latin pronunciation of the late Roman period. However, there are only guidelines designated by the Holy See, and the actual pronunciation is slightly different in each country even within the Catholic Church. Korean Catholics are influenced a lot by the arguments of Italian scholars, but they do not do so.[3] In the early days of the founding of Israel , the population consisted of Ashkenazim from Europe and Sephardim and Mizrahim from the Middle East who spoke Arabic or Persian in a ratio of approximately 6:4. Many of the Ashkenazim spoke Yiddish, but the Sephardim and Mizrahim did not know Yiddish at all, and since it was mixed with German, it could not be adopted in a situation where anti-German sentiment was severe due to the Holocaust. In addition, speakers of Polish , Romanian , German , and Hungarian were mixed, so speakers of a specific language were not able to speak English. It was a situation where they could not secure a majority.[4] It is presumed to be the same language as the common ancestor of the Mongol-Mian language family , or its descendant language.[5] However, it is a different language from Proto-Turkic language. This language is one of the descendants of Proto-Turkic language and the only one that survived among them. Indo-European language family It is a similar case to Latin , which was the only language in the Italic language family to survive, but then split into several successor languages and died out.[6] As of 2021, 119 people were recorded as speaking this language, but the number is believed to be exaggerated due to the circumstances. Considering that even at a meeting of Orochi elderly people in Khabarovsk in 2010, all the elderly people only knew about 20 Orochi words and could not count from 1 to 10 in Orochi, it appears that the group has virtually become extinct.[7] It was once thought to be a sister language of the extinct Basque language , but a recent study published in 2024 revealed that it is not a sister language, but rather an ancestral language.
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