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One of the 26 enemies appointed by the French military general and Napoleon during the French Revolutionary War and Napoleon War . The first Duke El Hinggen and the first Moscow .[2]

He was promoted from a lowly commoner to a general, and is considered a representative general of Napoleon's army, along with Joachim Murat and Jean Lan . However, apart from his personal bravery and leadership, unlike Zhang Lan, his tactical judgment was not very good.

The overall content is written with reference to the English wiki and several links 1 and 2 .

In 1769, he was born in Saarlouis as the second son of Pierre. His father, Pierre Ney[3] He served in the seven -year war , and after the discharge, he was a craftsman and blacksmith who made oak barrels . Mother is Margarethe Grewelinger[4] It is a German .

Saarlouis, where you were born , was originally part of the Holy Roman Empire along with Metz and Verdun, one of the three archdioceses until the 16th century, but became French territory as a result of the Thirty Years' War in the 17th century .[5] Due to his mother's influence, he grew up bilingual, speaking both French and German .[6]

He studied at Collège des Augustins and returned to his hometown of Saar-Louis to become a notary and later a mine and ironworks manager. However, perhaps this did not suit his personality, and despite his father's opposition, he enlisted as a soldier in the Hussar Regiment in 1787.

He was famous for his outstanding riding and swordsmanship , and once he was a fencing instructor in his work, he had applied for a duel for him. Although the regimen restrained you and banned duel, an anecdote that secretly confronted the opponent's instructor.

In 1789, the French Revolution took place, and in 1792 the royal family of Burbong fell. At this time, you became a non-commissioned officer and quickly promoted. As the whole kingdom of Europe attacked France as a reactionary revolution, he was a member of the Northern Armée Du Nord and participated in the Battle of Balmi (1792) and worked as a performer of General La Marchi. He was also active in the battle of Jemapes .

Afterwards, he participated in the Battle of Nierwinden (1793), established military exploits and quickly promoted, but was injured during the fall of Mainz in 1794 and temporarily left the front. He rose from his wounds and went through the bombardment of Valmi and the Battle of Near Winden, and became a brigadier general in 1796.

At the Battle of Neuwied in 1797, when Austrian lancers charged to occupy a French battery, he led his cavalry and engaged the enemy directly. It was good that the lancers were defeated, but this time the heavy cavalry attacked due to a delayed attack . At this time, he fell off his horse and became a prisoner of the Austrian army, and returned in exchange for an Austrian general who was captured by the French army .

After being promoted to general of division in 1799, he was given command of the cavalry in the Swiss and Danube armies. He was wounded in the thigh and wrist at the Battle of Winterthur that year, and after his wounds healed, he fought under General Moreau at the Battle of Hohenlinden (1800). In the year of the Battle of Hohenlinden, he married Napoleon's wife , Josephine Devoirnais, as a matchmaker, and became Napoleon's aide.

And in the Napoleonic Wars , he received the marshal's staff in 1804 , and in the following year, 1805, he was in charge of the 6th Corps of the Grand Army. The next month he stormed into Tyrol, took Innsbruck from Archduke Johann, and at Austerlitz thoroughly razed the Austrians. He exhilaratingly robbed the Prussians at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt in 1806 , saved Napoleon from being lynched by the Prussian and Russian Imperial forces at the Battle of Eylau in 1807, and successfully robbed the combined Prussian- Russian forces at the Battle of Friesland. was

In August 1808, Ney took charge of the 6th Corps in Spain and achieved many victories in small-scale operations throughout the Iberian Peninsula . In 1809, the British - Portuguese army under Sir Robert Wilson was defeated. And at the Battle of Puente San Payo, he was slightly defeated by the Spanish army under Pablo Morillo . In 1810, he joined Marshal Massena 's invasion of Portugal, taking Ciudad Rodrigo from the Spanish and Almeida from the Anglo-Portuguese forces, and then driving out 5,000 Anglo-Portuguese troops led by General Robert Crawford in the Battle of the Coa River.[7]

After that, I started to get pushed when the Wellington ball came directly. In the battle at Bussacco, she fought with Massena, but she got along well with Wellington. However, as proof of his nickname of the warrior among warriors , Pombal including Torres Vedras[8] , Redinha, Casal Novo, and Foz d'Aronce struggled to act as the rearguard of the retreating army, and continued to thwart Wellington's pursuit.

And in 1812, he was in charge of the 3rd Corps of the Grand Army of France, which invaded the Russian Empire, and fought at Smolensk and Borodino. At Smolensk, Ney was wounded in the neck, but nonetheless healed somewhat, and immediately went on a rampage in the midst of the Battle of Borodino .[9]



Although he won the Barodino battle, the Russian army swept the food in advance, so the French troops retreated without any progress. It was the person who was in charge of the backwards at that time. In the first gathering site, Bill News , the nursery troops flocked to Coveo to cross the Neman River, which was the border between Russia and Prussia . At the time, the only bridge across the Neman River was located on the west side of Coveo. You now have a delay in Covo with only thousands of legionaries, and worked hard to save the last one more. Over time, most of his troops ran away, and only 400 people followed him. When the situation came to this point, he picked up a musket rifle, fired the Russian troops, encouraged the soldiers, and even the soldiers who saw him came back to fight.[10] On December 14, when the Russian army flocked to the bridge, he ordered the soldiers to cross the bridge and retreat. After 8 o'clock at night, he confirmed that he had escaped to the last subordinate, and then he threw a musket in the river and crossed the bridge to the French military camp. Many soldiers who covered him across the river saw this, and this anecdote was widespread, and he was called the last French who left the land of Russia .[11]

It is said that Napoleon, who saw you returning after stopping the main Russian army, said, "You are truly a great man. You deserve to be called a true warrior among warriors ." More than anything, he must have been relatively happy because he was shocked that Murat, his brother-in-law and his most trusted friend, had left Vilnius without doing anything.

But after the Russian expedition, the situation began to return urgently, and Prussia and Austria, who had been robbed by Napoleon and sleeping so far, began to wake up. In addition, Bernadot , who had been believed so far, shocked Napoleon when he hit the back of the Sweden alliance .

Prussia was the first to revolt, followed by Austria. Napoleon hastily conscripted new troops and headed to Leipzig with the intention of defeating the allies individually. Ney's corps was ambushed by the Russian army commanded by Prince Pyotr Buttgenstein in Lützen, but Napoleon recognized this and responded, simultaneously attacking Ney and driving them out. ( Battle of Lützen ) On May 20, 1813, in the Battle of Bautzen , commanded by Napoleon. Napoleon attempted to achieve a complete victory by pounding the Allied forces with artillery and pursuing the retreating Allied forces, but Napoleon, who was in charge of that role, made a wrong decision and made a strange arrangement of the positions, allowing the Allied forces to retreat safely.

On September 6, 1813, Ney suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Dennewitz . He marched hastily to Berlin without reconnaissance and thought he would jump into the middle of the battlefield and lead the battle to victory, but his bravery became the factor of defeat. Due to the heavy rain pouring down on the battlefield, it was difficult for Ney to properly understand the situation of the battle, and perhaps mistaken that the situation was unfavorable, he ordered Udino , who was on standby, to form a reserve force and retreat. As a result, the French army's line suddenly collapsed and they were defeated. Udino was extremely averse to receiving your orders, so he did not provide proper support until you ordered him to retreat. Due to this defeat, the Kingdom of Bavaria broke off its alliance with France, and other countries, including the Kingdom of Saxony , began preparing for betrayal and contributed to the defeat in the Battle of Leipzig .

And on October 16, 1813, after Napoleon was outnumbered and overwhelmed in the Battle of Leipzig , the Rhine Confederation was disbanded and he returned to Paris . He joined the line of other marshals who were convinced that the defeat had deepened, and then began to force Napoleon to abdicate.[12] At the time, no one knew what kind of situation Paris would face from the Allies, but it was somewhat obvious that Napoleon would ultimately lose.

After Napoleon abdicated at Fontainebleau on April 16, 1814, and after being exiled to the island of Elba, he remained loyal to the restored Bourbon dynasty. He went under Napoleon's curtain again.[13]



However, at the Battle of Waterloo , while commanding as Napoleon's substitute, the French army's cavalry failed to control the charge of the cavalry, and the French army lost a lot, and was defeated in this battle for various reasons. At the end of the battle, thinking that everything was over, you mounted your horse and said with the rest of your men, 'I will show you how the Marshal of France dies! ’ and charged at the British camp. However, five of his subordinate cavalrymen, who were running in front of him, fell dead after being hit by cannonballs. Ney's horse stumbled over the corpses and fell off his horse, and he, who tried to die like a soldier, was taken prisoner.

Ney was captured and brought to Paris, imprisoned, tried for treason, and eventually executed by firing squad in December 1815. He died at the age of 45. Marmont and Victor , former comrades in arms , voted in favor of killing him.[14]

The circumstances of the trial at that time are as follows.

Afterwards, Ney appeared very calm and unwavering until the execution. The sentence was carried out suddenly at 00:00 the next morning, and the jailer woke you up at 03:00. As he walked to the execution site in the middle of the night, he confessed to the priest accompanying him that he was leaving before everyone else. The procession stopped at a wall near the Paris Observatory, where the execution took place. Before his death, Ney left the following will:

Ney's execution caused great uproar throughout France. No matter how much he committed a crime, he killed the enemy who fought for the country as if he were a petty criminal, which earned the Bourbon family the public's resentment. Afterwards, the royalists became very cautious about questioning those who had sided with Napoleon, and many of them were acquitted, and those who were found guilty only received formal punishment. His body was later buried in the Cimetiere du Pere-Lachaise. Napoleon, who heard the news of Ney's execution in St. Helena, said, 'You were a very brave man. His death was as special as his life. 'I think the people who criticized him were dishonest.'

In 1853, Napoleon III , who came to power, erected a statue to commemorate him at the site of Ney's execution.

As a field marshal in charge and command of an army, Ney is considered to be insufficient to join the ranks of great generals such as Lan or Davout of the French Grand Army . In private, Napoleon said of Ney, "He is excellent at commanding 10,000 soldiers, but not more than that." He also expressed the opinion that although he is great as a division commander, he is not good enough as a military commander.

There were too many cases of failure due to a combination of his recklessness and bravery. He struggled in the Battle of Jena (1806) when he ordered an unreasonable attack, and after Wellington came, he participated in several battles in the Iberian Peninsula War and was defeated by Wellington. And above all, the most painful failures would be the various tactical mistakes made throughout Germany during the above-mentioned War of the Sixth Alliance against France. There are times when people criticize Udino for failing to provide proper support and neglecting the crushing defeat at Dennewitz and support Ne, but the greatest responsibility lies with Ne, who, despite being the general commander, commanded on the spot without any measures and made it impossible for him to recognize information on his own. If you wanted to command on the spot, you should have at least prepared liaison troops to judge the situation of the war and scouted the geography of the area in advance to ensure smooth communication, but you had no plans in this regard. Otherwise, as the supreme commander, he should have at least appeased Udino and negotiated in advance, but he did not do that. Even in the end, the decision to retreat made in such a melee was a decisive factor in the defeat, and this failure directly contributed to the collapse of the French Empire . Therefore, it is difficult to say that he is an overall competent tactical commander. However, it can be said that he made up for his shortcomings with his own courage and leadership.

Other famous failures include the Battle of Waterloo , when Napoleon took command of the army on his behalf, and the cavalry charged without the support of infantry and artillery and was almost destroyed by the enemy infantry. However, looking at recent writings, there is evidence and opinion that although he was clearly responsible as acting commander during the Battle of Waterloo, the cavalry charge at this time was an accident caused by insufficient communication and command system without an order from the commander. This is also reflected in 《Waterloo》 published by Osprey Publishing in 2014-15, where you directly ordered the cavalry to attack. It is stated that it was relatively small, about one brigade.[17]

However, on the contrary, there were times when appropriate judgment was used. For example, in the Battle of Ulm , where the French army fought against the Austrian army , Napoleon judged that the main body of Mark, the enemy's general commander, would continue to move south and only the rear guard and the main company would remain in the north, so he ordered Murat and others to sweep up the enemy's remnants and annihilate the chase. While arguing with Murat to ask for support from the division commanded by Dupont, one of his subordinates, who was chasing the enemy, he belatedly met the enemy's main force and personally led the main force to push back against the main Austrian army in order to save Dupont, who was fighting hard at El Hingen.

In the Iberian Peninsula War, he served as a commander of the region and drove British troops in a crisis until Wellington came, and failed the Russian expedition to the French troops, who had succeeded in blocking the Russian troops' pursuit and preventing the destruction of the French military.

And in the Battle of Quatre Bra (1815), which took place in the west of the Linea Battle (1815) between the French Allied forces and the French army before the battle of Waterloo, the failure to destroy the allied army led by the Wellington, and the crucial moment was defeated. There are often netizens who are evaluated by the failure to miss the enemy. But this should be overloaded, not just a fought or a mistake. Unexpectedly, the French troops raided the Allied forces, but this was not an accidental attack that had been planned in advance, but because of that, your troops were originally 39,000, but about 20,000 of them were supported by Napoleon, which is in a linea. Only 20,000 people. In comparison, Wellington, the Allied forces led by the main unit, with three more divisions, which are increasing in the Allied forces within five miles, with 36,000 members. Link Here, you couldn't afford to drive any more offensive from the troops, and even in this battle, the casualties were about 1,000 less than the Allied forces. In fact, the battle of Catrra is largely considered a strategic victory of the French troops. With fewer troops, Wellington prevented Wellington from joining Bluhher.

Therefore, if you look at the overall military achievements, it is clear that there are mistakes and mistakes due to the situation, conditions, or personal errors in judgment, but it is difficult to say that the insight or ability to command regional or corps-level troops and understand the situation is poor at all, and there are many battles that were fought well, such as winning or fighting hard by commanding a similar number of troops. This is in contrast to the fact that Murat, who was called the best general of the French Grand Army, did not show much activity or showed much ability in mixed cavalry units or corps-level commands other than cavalry commands.