coalition government

A coalition government is when two or more political parties join together to form a government. In short, it is called Yeonjeong.

Under a multi-party system , it is difficult for one particular party to obtain a single majority, so it is highly likely that a coalition government will be formed to stably hold power.[1] In addition, in countries with a parliamentary system of government, the need for a coalition government is higher than that of a presidential system, as securing a majority in the legislative branch is absolutely critical to launching and maintaining a cabinet.[2] Thus, coalition governments are common in parliamentary-multi-party countries.

Coalition governments mostly appear in the form of coalitions between parties with similar inclinations (Left Alliance, Right Alliance, Progressive Alliance, Conservative Alliance, etc.). In Germany, for example, the Social Democratic Party - Green Party and the Christian Democratic Union - Liberal Democrats pair are traditional coalition partners. This form is called a small coalition in contrast to the grand coalition, which will be described below. Generally speaking, a coalition refers to a small coalition.

A grand coalition literally means a large-scale coalition . In other words, it means a case where the first and second parties in the parliament form a coalition together, or a comprehensive coalition equivalent to it is established. For this reason, unlike a small coalition, there is generally a large difference in ideological orientation between the participating parties.

A grand coalition is usually formed when the formation of a small coalition fails or when a small coalition is impossible due to the composition of the seats, and is formed when the extreme right or extreme left It is usefully used to jointly block political parties from taking power .

The Northern Ireland Home Rule Council has the characteristic of effectively forcing a grand coalition between the two ethnic parties in order to prevent ethnic conflict between the English and Irish. About this in the Northern Ireland document.

As a type of grand coalition government, when national crises such as war or large-scale natural disasters occur, a cabinet is formed regardless of political parties, factions, and opposition parties . More details in that document.

Taking Britain as an example, there is Lloyd George's cabinet during World War I and Winston Churchill's cabinet during World War II . During World War II, Sweden also formed a national government led by the Social Democratic Workers Party and with the participation of the Conservative Party and others. In Japan, Prime Minister Naoto at the time, who suffered the Great East Japan Earthquake and the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, proposed forming a national government, but this did not materialize. In Korea, as the Park Geun -hye government lost its leadership due to the Park Geun-hye-Choi Soon-sil scandal , the formation of a national cabinet was suggested as an alternative along with Park Geun-hye's second term retreat, but it was not realized. Even if it had been pursued, it is highly likely that there would have been problems with its effectiveness because, in a presidential-centered country, there could be no legal guarantee that the president would retreat to a second term and not interfere with the national cabinet.

The presidential system is a system that requires relatively little coalition government. In the presidential system, since the formation and continuance of the government are not subordinated to the confidence of the National Assembly, it is not necessary to secure a majority of seats in the National Assembly to obtain power. because it becomes

Of course, in the presidential center, you can do it if you want to do a coalition. In the cabinet system, if the prime minister does not comply with the coalition agreement, the coalition partner may be able to go out of the coalition. And if you actually go out, the regime can be replaced because the class of seats collapses. Therefore, the prime minister cannot lightly regard the coalition agreement, and the binding of the coalition agreement is very high. On the other hand, even in the president's center, there is no way for the coalition partner party to take even if the president does not comply with the coalition agreement. Even if you go out of the coalition, it does not have any impact on the position of President's position and the term of the regime.

Therefore, the coalition government is not a system compatible with the presidential system. However, despite the presidential system and the two-party system, the hostile confrontation between the parties is intensifying, and discussions on the coalition government are becoming more active due to the delay in government policy legislation and budget passage in the ruling and opposition party structure.

The actual example of the coalition in Korea was a coalition government between the New Political National Assembly and the New Millennium Democratic Party and the Liberal Democratic Union , which was made up of the so -called DJP Union from 1998 to 2001. As you can see from the documentation, it is possible because it was possible because it was not only the regime creation but also the amendment of the cabinet system. In fact, in the 1998 local elections, in the early days of the coalition, he won the united nomination. However, in 2001, when the dismissal of the dismissal of Lim Dong -won was broken, the Millennium Democratic Party faced Yeosu Ya -ji Jungkook, and the Liberal Democratic Union became a comparative group.[3]

And as time passed, in 2005 when the participatory government came to power, Roh Moo-hyun The former president proposed a so-called grand coalition to the Grand National Party , which was the main opposition party at the time, but the Grand National Party at the time, with Park Geun-hye as its representative, rejected it with a single stroke, citing the principle that the president in power should form a cabinet under the presidential system. Even within the party, many were indifferent or opposed to the president's plan. For other details, see the Grand Coalition Wave document. I thought it was quiet after that.

In the 2010s, the coalition has become a hot topic again. In particular, there are cases of coalitions in local governments, and former Governor Nam Kyung -pil , who was elected to Gyeonggi -do in 2014, came up with a coalition in consideration of the small vote and the New Political Democratic Union's advantage .[4] The Governor of Political Affairs was changed to the Social Integration Governor, providing a place to the New Political Democratic Union, and the Sevi Management also delegated the provisions of the Governor to the other side . After David Cameron took office, it was similar to the deputy prime minister to the Liberal Democratic Party, Nick Cleg, a coalition partner.[5] It is a Korean local autonomous system similar to the presidential system, and it is an attempt to establish a local minister's office.

However, it is pointed out that former Gyeonggi-do Governor Nam Kyung -pil tends to use the name 'coalition' in other fields, including cooperation with other cities and provinces, whether he is trying to self-identify the brand of 'coalition' based on this, but this is contrary to the definition of coalition . there is. In addition , some point out that the meaning of the coalition was partially faded as the welfare project promoted by former Seongnam Mayor Lee Jae -myung in 2016 was partially put on the brakes.

Since the 19th presidential election , no political party has been able to obtain a majority of the National Assembly, so it has gained strength since the presidential election . In particular, in solidarity with Nam Kyung -pil, the government also announced pledges such as relocation of administrative capital.

Nam Kyung -pil continued to make the coalition as his main commitment, but in the 19th presidential election, Ahn Hee -jung attracted attention to the Grand Province, and he fell out of the right party race and the word 'coalition was a pity. I also have a coalition copyright in Yang Se -hyung's short turmoil.

However, after former South Chungcheong Province Governor Ahn Hee-jung was eliminated in the primary and former leader Moon Jae-in was elected as the official presidential candidate, the negative conflict between the Democratic Party of Korea and other parties became so intense that the term “Moon Morning ” was coined, and talk of a coalition government has completely disappeared. Even after President Moon Jae-in was elected and officially took office, this conflict has only worsened, and talk of a coalition government with the ruling Democratic Party of Korea has simply not come up. Instead, during the first half of his term, when the opposition party was in power, he received cooperation from the People’s Party and the Justice Party on a case-by-case basis. The People’s Party had the common denominator of support from the Honam region, and the Justice Party had the common denominator of overlapping supporters between the Democratic and progressive factions, making it possible. In particular, the Justice Party had deep ties to the personnel process of the Moon Jae-in administration, to the point that the term “ Justice Party Death Note ” even came into existence. The relationship between the Democratic Party of Korea and the Justice Party in the early and middle stages of the Moon Jae-in administration was similar to the 'new supply' agreement described later in that the Justice Party did not officially participate in the government but only cooperated with the Democratic Party on individual issues. In the latter half of the term, the party achieved a landslide victory in the general election, winning 180 seats, and established a one-man system.

In the 2022 2022 presidential election , in the unification of Yoon Seok-yeol and Ahn Cheol- soo, attention was paid to whether the coalition government system would be revived after 20 years as both candidates decided to operate a 'joint government', but after the 20th presidential election, as the People's Power -People's Party merger was established The possibility of a revival of the coalition government has disappeared.

 more detailsCoalition Government/Germany documentcastPlease note.

Even in Japan , a country with a parliamentary system, coalition governments are actively forming.

During the post-war chaos, the Katayama Cabinet , Japan 's first Socialist Party cabinet, was formed through a grand coalition between the Japan Socialist Party and the Democratic Party of Japan, and in addition, various political parties were in full swing, and coalition governments were actively formed in a situation where no single party could secure a stable majority.

This situation changed in 1955 when Shigeru Yoshida 's Liberal Party and Ichiro Hatoyama's Democratic Party merged to create the Liberal Democratic Party . Through the merger of the two parties, the so- called 55-year system, there was no need for a coalition government as the Liberal Democratic Party alone maintained a stable majority based on its overwhelming advantage over the opposition party, to the point where it was called the 1.5-party system. Afterwards, the Liberal Democratic Party formed a coalition government with the New Freedom Club when it fell short of a single majority for the first time in the 37th House of Representatives election in 1983 .

1988 Due to the Recruit incident , a large number of lawmakers criticized the Liberal Democratic Party and founded new parties, and the Liberal Democratic Party did not receive a majority in the 40th House of Representatives election . Afterwards, the 55-year system collapsed with the establishment of the anti-liberal/non-communist Hosokawa cabinet, a coalition cabinet of seven opposition parties . However, because political parties of basically different tendencies formed a coalition with only a change of government in mind, discord arose, and eventually the Liberal Democratic Party formed a coalition with the Japan Socialist Party and the Murayama Cabinet was established.

Afterwards, the Liberal Democratic Party lost significant party strength and fell short of a single majority in the election or barely maintained a majority, so it formed a so-called cross coalition with Komeito , which was originally an opposition party , and continued until 2025, but was canceled due to the dissolution of the Liberal Democratic Party-Komeito coalition .

In 2009, the Democratic Party succeeded in changing the government in the 45th House of Representatives election and formed a coalition government with the Social Democratic Party and the New People's Party .

In general, the coalition consists of one party in the park. However, if the seats of one party in the parliament are less than a majority, the rest of the political parties, such as the two parties except the one party in the park, are sometimes composed of the coalition. This is often called the Coalition of Losers.

The etymology of the term loser's coalition refers to the Canadian Conservative Party, which became the largest party in the 2008 Canadian general election , and protested in public when its leader and prime minister, Stephen Harper , received a vote of no confidence through a coalition of other opposition parties. Due to opposition from Prime Minister Harper over his attempt to take power, he had been in conflict for over a year and had to go to court. In opinion polls asking the public about Harper's administration and the coalition government's administration, most of them were tied. Related English Wikipedia article As a result, the Canadian opposition party's bid to take power as a losing coalition failed as the National Assembly was suspended.

In Japan, a loser coalition was formed 15 years earlier in 1993 . Unable to overcome a series of corruption scandals[6] When the Liberal Democratic Party failed to win a single majority, seven political parties, including the Socialist Party , the leading opposition party, formed a coalition and succeeded in changing the government. However , it did not last long due to disagreements between the coalition parties over the electoral system and the corruption scandal of Hosokawa Morihiro, who was nominated as prime minister .

The cabinet that took office as "loser coalition" in the incumbent cabinet is Wolf Cristorson Cabinet in Sweden.[7] , Spain 's 3rd Pedro Sanchez Cabinet[8] There is a 3rd Donald Tusk cabinet in Poland .

信任 供給 / confidence and supply

In the press and various media, expressions such as “trust and supply,” “trust and supplementation,” and “trust and supply” are used interchangeably.

It is a form of solidarity at a lower level than the coalition government, conditionally forming policy solidarity with the ruling party and helping the ruling party maintain its power, but not participating in the cabinet.

In the case of a coalition government, cabinet seats are distributed among the parties forming the coalition government. However, in the case of new supply, the political party that has signed a new supply agreement with the ruling party does not participate in forming the cabinet and votes autonomously in general agenda votes. Instead , we promise to support the government's proposals in terms of the no -confidence motion in the cabinet and the budget proposal .[9] It makes possible the launch and continuation of government.

Representatively, in the UK , during the second Theresa May cabinet, the Conservative Party signed this agreement with the Northern Ireland political party DUP .

In Japan , the term external cooperation is used. It literally means cooperating with the cabinet outside of the cabinet. The most recent example of formal external cooperation in Japanese politics is the Japan Restoration Association under the current Takaichi cabinet . The ruling Liberal Democratic Party had conditioned participation in the cabinet as a coalition, but changed to cooperation outside the cabinet due to concerns about differences in opinion.[10]

In the case of the Republic of Korea, there was no separate agreement, but some believe that pan-government parties such as the Fatherland Innovation Party , the Progressive Party , the Basic Income Party , and the Social Democratic Party are in fact in a trust supply relationship with the Lee Jae-myung government . Basically, it is in competition with the ruling Democratic Party of Korea , but it agrees with most government policies, supports the enactment of controversial bills, and cooperates in lifting the filibuster, which the Democratic Party cannot do alone.[11] For reference, the main members of the relevant ruling party parties were once members of the Democratic Party of Korea or the Democratic Party of Korea's proportional satellite parties ( Citizens' Party of Korea , Democratic Alliance of Korea ).