multi-saccharide system
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1. outline
- A political system in which three or more political parties coexist as major political parties. The two- party system, which revolves around two large political parties, is also included in the multi-party system, but the phenomenon that results in a two-party system shows different aspects from the ordinary multi-party system, so it is classified separately.
Institutionally, it guarantees the democratic formation of several political parties, but in reality, if the political parties other than the two large parties are in a situation where they have little power, it is a two-party system that applies to the multi-party system/plural party system of number 2 but not the multi-party system of number 1. Without going far, Korea is a representative example of such a country. The Republic of Korea is a multi-party society where freedom of association is guaranteed through the constitution , so all kinds of political parties exist democratically, but in reality, there are only two political parties that exert power in the political world, the People Power Party and the Democratic Party of Korea.
The United States , in the United States , is democratically formed and democratic , but only two Democrats and Republicans are powered in politics. Germany , on the other hand , is not only a democratic guarantee of the formation of political parties, but it is a multi -party state that is both one or two because more than three political parties are stable.
2. A system that allows the coexistence of several political parties. In textbooks, a multi -party system in this sense is called multiple political sugars. See multiple political party documentation for details .
It is common to presuppose that multi -party/multiple political party system in this sense is a way that political parties can be democratically formed and that certain political parties do not control other political parties. If the dictatorship recognizes only the existence of an assortment party that is controlled by the ruling party and the regime to pretend to be democratic , or even if the opposition parties are not the opposition parties, the suppression of the politics, it is not generally called multi -party/multiple political party. Nevertheless, these dictatorships deny that their country is not a multi -party/multiple political party, and that the country has adopted multi -party/multiple political sugars . China , which legally recognizes only eight scarecrow political parties called Democratic Party in the Chinese Communist Party, sells drugs that their own 'multi -party joint venture' .
This document explains 1.
For reference, textbooks and academia refer to number 1 as a multi-party system and number 2 as a multi-party system, clearly distinguishing between the meanings of the two.
2. Characteristics of polysaccharides
Italian political scientist Giovanni Sartori classifies the existence structure of the multi-party system into a polarized and segmented multi-party system.
2.1. polarized polysaccharide
The polarized polysaccharide system is a multi -sugar system that is classified into the left , middle, and right by more essential, and more essential . This is the most appropriate example of the 20th National Assembly's election, which was held after the 87th parliamentary election.
- For the majority of the people, a solid identity and ideology exists in a single form.
This country is not a group of identity politics , but a single nation, and the party's propensity is the difference to follow the single ideology. The United States, Korea, and Japan are groups that move single ideology as mainstream.
- There is an anti-establishment political party that is suitable.
In the existence of the state system, there is a party in the opposite of the mainstream party. In the case of overseas Left Party , UK There are Scotland National Party . - There is an ideologically opposed opposition party.
There is an opposition party that runs counter to the ideology of the ruling party or conservative party. This is the case with the Democratic Party of Korea . - There is one political party or party group that dominates the centrist ideology.
This means a middle-of-the-road orientation in the sense of not standing on the left or the right to some extent. It was a position that had not appeared in Korean politics for a long time, but the People's Party in the past pursued it.
- There are multipolar interactions.
Since the left, the center, and the right move on one political rail, even if one moves, the other two are pushed and pulled on the same rail, and the political structure is likely to fluctuate in how they work together . On the other hand, it is not uncommon for rightists to left-click or leftists to right-click in order to get votes because all of them cannot survive unless they get a lot of votes. This is called the median voter theorem .
The 20th National Assembly , which began with a multi -party system , showed the typical polarized multi -party system . It is happening.
In particular, the example of this is the situation after the large -scale political reorganization after the right party failure . Friendship / Right Party Learn -Right Party The opposition belt consisting of the Liberal Democratic Party -Democratic Peace Party / Barun Future Party Friendship -Right Future Party Learn / Liberal Korean Party Friendship -Liberal Korean Party It was reorganized into a friendly system.
2.2. segmental polysaccharide
Also called a moderate multi-party system, it refers to a multi-party system in which the political base of the party, such as ideology, political philosophy, and support base, have independent political terrain.
- There is no viable dissident party.
Because these countries do not have a unified ideology, they do not call any radical political slogan anti-establishment or define it as an anti-establishment party unless it is to the extent of outright denial of the nation. Therefore, the ideological spectrum of political parties is much wider than that of a polarized multi-party system. This is the case in France, where parties that strongly oppose the Macron regime, such as the National Coalition and Indomitable France, are all able to enter the National Assembly. - The number of viable political parties is large and the possibility of mutual alliance is open.
There are multiple political groups that are not bound by ideology and depend on identity politics thoroughly, and since the political terrain is independent, the party support base is completely differentiated. The existence of Christian parties and workers' parties , which are essential elements of the European multi-party system, are representative examples.[1] Each of them has a clear political foundation and clear suitability, making it difficult to secure stable seats and govern without the formation of a coalition government through mutual alliance. Since the 2010s, the direction has become more complex as environmentalist and anti-immigrant parties have grown. - It has a centripetal competitive landscape.
As mentioned above, each party has a strong centripetal force because it is a structure in which each party emerges in a state with a firm political terrain, and the competitive landscape changes according to the national trend.
3. Relevance to the electoral system
Many countries that carry out proportional representatives are very difficult to occupy a majority of a certain party, and it is almost impossible to elect all seats under the national proportional representation . In addition to the majority of single political parties, the oligopoly of both political parties is almost impossible. In this case, the political system itself avoids both party and recommends a multi -party system. In addition, if there is no blockade clause , many parties (usually two -digit) will be woofed in the park, and a complex coalition is essential to maintain the regime. For example,
- Netherlands/Politics - One party ( Democratic Party 66 ) has a 24.66% seat share (House of Representatives), 14 political parties in the National Assembly (as of February 2026)
- Brazil/Politics -17.93%(House) of the seat of the 1 party ( Liberal Party ), 20 parties in the park (as of May 2025)
It is roughly like this, and many countries in Europe and South America operate this type of political system.
On the other hand , in a country that implemented a minority relief , only one electorate is produced in one district, so voters are likely to lead to both parties because they do not vote well to political parties other than both political parties to prevent resignation . See Duberze's Law documentation.
4. multi-party system in South Korea
Constitution of the Republic of Korea Article 8 ( 1) The establishment of political parties is free, and the multiple party system is guaranteed.[2]
In South Korean politics, after the democratization phase arrived with the June 1987 uprising and constitutional amendment for direct presidential election, a four-party system of ruling and opposition parties entered for a while . Except for some exceptional cases such as Uidang , this structure is maintained.
Historically, it would be right to see that the opposition party in Korea is the coalition of the anti -system group that is trying to fight overwhelming dictatorship ( Liberal Party , Democratic Republican Party , Democratic Justice Party ), and it is directly in the 5.18 Democratic Movement , and the Jeolla -do Nae -na -won students and workers organized in the regionalism of the conservative camp after the three -party party. It can be said that the back has become a Democratic party party today.
In order to take the ideology with a polarized polyactower, the Republic of Korea has a very weak foundation for the existence of the left party, and it is difficult to have an independent political type to go to a segmental polysaccharide system.[3] Due to the overcrowding of the metropolitan area and the deterioration of the provinces, the birth of a local party is also difficult, but if you look short, there was no existence of the third party, but there are never cases where the third party has completely established its own political type and secured a support base in the long term. The third party, which achieved the negotiations alone through elections since the Liberal Arts in 1996, is the only party in 2016, 20 years later.[4]
As of 2017, the Saenuri Party and Park Geun -hye and Choi Soon-sil Gate were divided into the ruling party, including the Democratic Party , the Liberal Korean Party , and the National Assembly , and the right party , the Justice Party , the People's Party , and the Korean Patriotic Party, and the right party, the right party , and the National Assembly . Split In the meantime , the far right party , the right -wing party , the central part of the party , the Democratic Party , the PD party , and the NL -party party form a multi -party system.[5] There is no party that occupied 151 seats at the time of 2017.[6] In other words, unlike before, the situation was very complicated, and there was a situation where the government had to operate the state and persuade each other. With the relocation of the three party (1987-1990), Korean politics was the closest time to multi -party.
It was the same as in the 18th National Assembly . In particular, there were only eight parties in the park, including the GNP , the Democratic Party , the Liberal Party , the Democratic Labor Party , the Future Hope Solidarity , the Creative Korean Party , the National Federation , and the Progressive Party . But at the time, the GNP was a majority, so there was little need for compromise and persuasion.[7] Moreover, at the time, there were only three bargaining groups, including two political parties, advanced and creation gatherings, and the group of advanced and creation was an integrated bargaining group of the Liberal Democratic Party and the Creative Korean Party. In 2018, three political parties and one party alliance formed a bargaining group . It is the first time since the three -party party that has formed four bargaining groups . Prior to this, the opposition parties in the National Assembly were found to be the Democratic Peace Party in the process of the National Assembly -Barun Party Party, and became the eight-party system in the 18th National Assembly.
In the 21st general election , the company failed to introduce the major election relief, but it changed to introduce a linked proportional representation system to the minority relief, but eventually became a two -party system. The results of the general election had a great influence on the 20s presidential elections, and the opposition parties were made and 1: 1. As can be seen in the article before the 21st general election , research has shown that there is a homogeneity between the Democratic Party and the Justice Party's support , along with the right party -National Party support. In fact, the Barun Party and the National Assembly finally merged with the Liberal Korean Party and became the power of the people, winning the regime change against the Democratic Party and the Justice Party.
During the Moon Jae-in administration , the Democratic Party and the Justice Party cooperated quite well on progressive issues, and at the Moon Jae-in government cabinet confirmation hearing, figures actively opposed by the Justice Party showed signs of giving up the Moon Jae-in government as well.[8] The right supporters of the two parties vote for the Justice Party candidate or give proportional votes to the Justice Party when there is a competitive Justice Party candidate like Shim Sang-jung and a non-competitive Democratic Party candidate, but core supporters are hostile to each other for various reasons. On the other hand, the Bareun Party and the People's Party are in question whether Honam will tolerate the Bareun Party, a conservative party, and whether the Bareun Party will accept the Sunshine Policy of Honam politicians. It merged with the Bareun Party in South Korea to become the Bareun Mirae Party , and the Honam faction went through the Party for Democracy and Peace and eventually founded the Minsaeng Party .
However , due to the weakness of the right future party and the Democratic Peace Party, the survival of the polysaccharide has become opaque. As a result of the 21st general election , the Democratic Party and the Future Integration Party, which had a fixed supporter, returned to the two -party system, and the electoral system reform as a linked proportional representation system that prevents resignation and the voice of the minority party grows.[9] Since it was applied in the 21st general election, it seemed to be more cracked in the two party system or the two party system could be collapsed at all, but it was 50% interlocked, not 100% interlocked, and the reform of the parliamentarians or decrease in the district was not achieved.[10] In fact, it is likely to return to the two party, and in reality it was in the 21st general election .
Through the 20th presidential election, the party name was changed from the United Future Party to the Yoon Seok-yeol government , which achieved a regime change through the power of the people. In effect, the multi-party system collapsed and the two-party system returned.
In the 22nd general election, the Justice Party was pushed out as an outside party, and the Democratic Party of Korea and the pro-Democratic Party were formed.[11] / People Power Party / New Reform Party is divided and maintains a two-party system.
Historically, it would be right to see that the opposition party in Korea is the coalition of the anti -system group that is trying to fight overwhelming dictatorship ( Liberal Party , Democratic Republican Party , Democratic Justice Party ), and it is directly in the 5.18 Democratic Movement , and the Jeolla -do Nae -na -won students and workers organized in the regionalism of the conservative camp after the three -party party. It can be said that the back has become a Democratic party party today.
In order to take the ideology with a polarized polyactower, the Republic of Korea has a very weak foundation for the existence of the left party, and it is difficult to have an independent political type to go to a segmental polysaccharide system.[3] Due to the overcrowding of the metropolitan area and the deterioration of the provinces, the birth of a local party is also difficult, but if you look short, there was no existence of the third party, but there are never cases where the third party has completely established its own political type and secured a support base in the long term. The third party, which achieved the negotiations alone through elections since the Liberal Arts in 1996, is the only party in 2016, 20 years later.[4]
As of 2017, the Saenuri Party and Park Geun -hye and Choi Soon-sil Gate were divided into the ruling party, including the Democratic Party , the Liberal Korean Party , and the National Assembly , and the right party , the Justice Party , the People's Party , and the Korean Patriotic Party, and the right party, the right party , and the National Assembly . Split In the meantime , the far right party , the right -wing party , the central part of the party , the Democratic Party , the PD party , and the NL -party party form a multi -party system.[5] There is no party that occupied 151 seats at the time of 2017.[6] In other words, unlike before, the situation was very complicated, and there was a situation where the government had to operate the state and persuade each other. With the relocation of the three party (1987-1990), Korean politics was the closest time to multi -party.
It was the same as in the 18th National Assembly . In particular, there were only eight parties in the park, including the GNP , the Democratic Party , the Liberal Party , the Democratic Labor Party , the Future Hope Solidarity , the Creative Korean Party , the National Federation , and the Progressive Party . But at the time, the GNP was a majority, so there was little need for compromise and persuasion.[7] Moreover, at the time, there were only three bargaining groups, including two political parties, advanced and creation gatherings, and the group of advanced and creation was an integrated bargaining group of the Liberal Democratic Party and the Creative Korean Party. In 2018, three political parties and one party alliance formed a bargaining group . It is the first time since the three -party party that has formed four bargaining groups . Prior to this, the opposition parties in the National Assembly were found to be the Democratic Peace Party in the process of the National Assembly -Barun Party Party, and became the eight-party system in the 18th National Assembly.
In the 21st general election , the company failed to introduce the major election relief, but it changed to introduce a linked proportional representation system to the minority relief, but eventually became a two -party system. The results of the general election had a great influence on the 20s presidential elections, and the opposition parties were made and 1: 1. As can be seen in the article before the 21st general election , research has shown that there is a homogeneity between the Democratic Party and the Justice Party's support , along with the right party -National Party support. In fact, the Barun Party and the National Assembly finally merged with the Liberal Korean Party and became the power of the people, winning the regime change against the Democratic Party and the Justice Party.
During the Moon Jae-in administration , the Democratic Party and the Justice Party cooperated quite well on progressive issues, and at the Moon Jae-in government cabinet confirmation hearing, figures actively opposed by the Justice Party showed signs of giving up the Moon Jae-in government as well.[8] The right supporters of the two parties vote for the Justice Party candidate or give proportional votes to the Justice Party when there is a competitive Justice Party candidate like Shim Sang-jung and a non-competitive Democratic Party candidate, but core supporters are hostile to each other for various reasons. On the other hand, the Bareun Party and the People's Party are in question whether Honam will tolerate the Bareun Party, a conservative party, and whether the Bareun Party will accept the Sunshine Policy of Honam politicians. It merged with the Bareun Party in South Korea to become the Bareun Mirae Party , and the Honam faction went through the Party for Democracy and Peace and eventually founded the Minsaeng Party .
However , due to the weakness of the right future party and the Democratic Peace Party, the survival of the polysaccharide has become opaque. As a result of the 21st general election , the Democratic Party and the Future Integration Party, which had a fixed supporter, returned to the two -party system, and the electoral system reform as a linked proportional representation system that prevents resignation and the voice of the minority party grows.[9] Since it was applied in the 21st general election, it seemed to be more cracked in the two party system or the two party system could be collapsed at all, but it was 50% interlocked, not 100% interlocked, and the reform of the parliamentarians or decrease in the district was not achieved.[10] In fact, it is likely to return to the two party, and in reality it was in the 21st general election .
Through the 20th presidential election, the party name was changed from the United Future Party to the Yoon Seok-yeol government , which achieved a regime change through the power of the people. In effect, the multi-party system collapsed and the two-party system returned.
In the 22nd general election, the Justice Party was pushed out as an outside party, and the Democratic Party of Korea and the pro-Democratic Party were formed.[11] / People Power Party / New Reform Party is divided and maintains a two-party system.
[1] This is the historical background of Europe. Through the separation of church and state after the Middle Ages and the Industrial Revolution after the modern era, the religious and labor worlds naturally chose the path of power groups in the democratic political system, naturally becoming a Christian party and a labor party.[2] This provision was newly established during the 5th Amendment of the Constitution (3rd Republic) and has been maintained until now.[3] Although there were attempts by Christian parties (or religious parties) and labor parties, most of them did not last long and disappeared.[4] In 2008, the Liberal Democratic Party had only two seats in 20 seats, so they formed a bargaining group with three creative Korean Partys, but they did not form a bargaining group through elections alone.[5] Another feature was the conservative party , the Democratic Party , and the progressive party , even if the 19th National Assembly was . Once Divided The actual successor party of the far right party and its progressive party entered the park.[6] When each political party is divided into pan-passport and pan-opposition seats, there are 153 seats in the pan-passport (democracy + justice + people + minpyeong + National Assembly speaker). Conversely, there are 146 seats in the pan-opposition (Korea + Right Future + Patriotism).[7] At that time, the GNP was once more seated, with more than 170 seats , and 176 seats before the replacement of the party in January 2012 . Since the majority of the seats are 151 seats, there was no law that the GNP could not handle, except for the amendment, the expulsion of the lawmakers, and the impeachment. Nevertheless, the party could have been a lot because the Democratic Party , which was the second party in the park, had less than 90 seats, and there was a severe conflict in the level of the party. However, even though the GNP had so many seats, the 170 seats did not work well, but the details are the GNP documentation.[8] The Justice Party and the Democratic Party in the Democratic Party actively played Vito, but except for Tak Hyun -min administrators who were used as they did not have to go through the hearing.[9] Exactly, it was passed by a semi -yeon type that prevents only half resignation. It is not necessary for the Liberal Korean Party , which opposes the reform of the election system , and in favor of the Democratic Party, the Democratic Party thought that if all resignation was prevented, the number of seats would be greatly reduced.[10] Korea is a country with many problems due to the small number of members of the National Assembly, but the absolute majority of the people hate increasing the number of members of the National Assembly because of the political aversion caused by those problems. In the end, since the people of , in the end, in the existing election system, the Democratic Party also joined the Proportional Coalition Party (actually a satellite party) to cope with it, and it seemed that it would not be able to crack the two- party system. In fact, the results of the 21st general election came out to further strengthen the[11] Fatherland Innovation Party, Progressive Party, Social Democratic Party, Basic Income Party
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