Nejd

Arabic : نَجْدٌ
English : Najd

The name of the Saudi Arabian Inland area comprehensively. Standard Arabic pronunciation is Nadid. Together with the western Higaz, it is one of Saudi Arabia. The current administrative districts consist of Riyadh , Alkasim and Hail . It can be seen as a wasteland on the map, but it has a long history like the Middle East. In Arabic, the Nede is a highland, consisting of a highland of 700 ~ 1500m above sea level. Major cities are located in the oasis zones such as Riyada -Liya -Karge , including the metropolitan area , including Burai -Uniza , Hail and Wadi Aida Washir.

The civilization of the Nejd region came from Yemen following the spread of the Arabs. The Wadi ad Dawasir area, 200 km northeast of present-day Najran, in the south, was the center. During the Archaic period, the Neolithic agricultural culture developed around al-Magar, and in ancient times, there was a Kinda kingdom centered around nearby Kariyat al-Fau, which the Greeks called Kinedakolpitai. In the 5th century, Al Harit bin Amr, the Kinda monarch who set out to unify the Arabian Peninsula, occupied Al Hira, the capital of the Rahum Kingdom, but was defeated, captured, and executed by Al Mundir III around 529. Around the same time, when the Kingdom of Himyar in Yemen, which was the suzerain of the Kingdom of Kinda, collapsed, the Kingdom of Kinda, which had a weak royal authority, was divided into the Asad, Taglib, Qays, and Kinana tribes, and even they were scattered in retaliatory expeditions by the Kingdom of Rahum around 540.

During this Jahiliyya era, Nejd was involved in cross-desert trade, and Muhammad , who was one of those subjects , founded Islam . During the Islamic era that began with the Hijrah , Nejd resisted in the War of Rīdda by Tulaiha and Musayllama, but after being suppressed by Khalid ibn al-Walid, it became a solid Islamic region. Among the Nejd tribes, Banu Tamim was one of the main forces of the subsequent Islamic conquest and was active throughout Iraq and Iran. The center of Nejd in the 7th-9th centuries was Hazr, on the southeastern outskirts of present-day Riyadh, but in 866, Banu Ukaidir, a descendant of Hasan bin Ali , moved it further south to the Kharj oasis. In the 10th century, when Qarmat , a fundamentalist Ismaili faction, rose in Al-Hasa in the east, Banu Ukaidir allied with him, but in 928, relations soured, Emir Ismail bin Yusuf was murdered, and he was eventually subordinated to Qarmat. With the decline of Qarmat in the late 11th century, Banu Khilab assumed leadership in Nejd.

Hyundai Riyadd City

After the leadership of the Islamic Empire shifted to the Egypt-Syria-Iraq region in the mid-7th century, the existing Arabian Peninsula became politically and economically marginalized. This was particularly severe in Nejd, where most of the desert was located, and tribes from the Seljuk Empire to the Ottoman Empire maintained their autonomy by leading a nomadic lifestyle without much interference. Occasionally, forts built along the Hajj route connecting Iraq and Hijaz were only repaired. Then, in the 18th century, as desertification of Nejd intensified, several tribes migrated to the Gulf coast. Among them, Bani Utub became the origin of the royal families of Kuwait (Al-Sabah) / Bahrain (Al-Khalifa) / Qatar (Al Thani), and Bani Yas became the origin of the royal families of Abu Dhabi (Al-Nahyan) / Dubai (Al-Maktoum). The remaining Nejd tribes were united under the first Saudi state ( Emirate of Diriyah ) of Muhammad bin Saud and Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahab, established in Diriyah in 1744, and waged a war of conquest that temporarily took control of most of the Arabian Peninsula.

Although the Emirate of Diriyah was suppressed by Muhammad Ali Pasha, governor of Egypt under the Ottoman Empire in 1818, six years later, the Emirate of Nejd was established centered on Riyadh near Diriyah, reuniting the Nejd-Gulf coast. Although Jabal Shammar of the pro-Ottoman Rashid family destroyed the Nejd Kingdom and temporarily conquered Nejd in 1891, the House of Saud returned 10 years later and established the third Saudi state, the Emirate of Riyadh. Its monarch, Abdulaziz ibn Saud , led the Ikhwan army to conquer Al-Hasa in the east from the Ottoman Empire in 1913, and while rejecting Britain's offer to participate in the Great Arab Uprising during World War I , he increased his power and defeated his archenemy, Jabal Shammar, in 1921. Abdul Aziz, who thus unified Nejd, was named Sultan, and in 1925, he conquered the western Kingdom of Hejaz and secured the territory of present-day Saudi Arabia. Abdulaziz, who was named King of Hijaz in 1926 and King of Nejd in 1927, finally united the two thrones in 1932 to establish the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.