smallpox

• Silent spread due to incubation period
  Smallpox has an incubation period of approximately 10 to 14 days before symptoms appear after infection. During this period, infected people traveled long distances or came in contact with family members and neighbors without knowing that they were sick, and in a time when there was no epidemiological investigation like in modern times, the disease spread throughout the village without knowing who transmitted it to whom.

• Widespread indirect infection due to strong survivability
  Normally, a virus dies quickly once it leaves the host's body, but the smallpox virus is persistent enough to survive for several months in a scab that falls from a patient's body. Therefore, the room the patient stayed in, the clothes they touched, and the blanket they covered showed tremendous indirect infectious power, turning into biological weapons in themselves.

• Infects only humans
  Smallpox only infects humans and is a disease specialized for attacking humans. Unlike zoonotic infectious diseases, it has evolved only against humans, so it has the optimal balance of 'spreading best between people and maximizing spread by keeping them alive'.[8][9] As humans live more and more densely together, their destructive power has become stronger. If there is an animal that acts as an intermediary, the transmission would be reduced without that animal, but since the transmission route for smallpox is humans themselves, the virus spread through the 'human network' itself, in such a way that if one person caught it, the entire family was wiped out, and if a family caught it, the entire village was wiped out. Paradoxically, since smallpox only infected humans, immunizing all humans through a vaccine gave the virus nowhere to go, allowing humanity to completely eradicate the disease.

• Spread to the Americas where there was no herd immunity
  Smallpox killed an unprecedented 90% of Native Americans. Unlike Europeans who had been fighting smallpox for thousands of years and had some degree of resistance, when Native Americans, who had no resistance at all, came into contact with the smallpox virus, the infection rate reached 100% and the mortality rate reached 80-90%. Among the diseases brought in by Europeans, there were many to which the natives had no resistance, but smallpox swept through the native society with its unique ability to spread, as it could be transmitted just by breathing and could cause illness even by touching an object that the carrier had touched. Not only did people die from the virus itself, but indirect deaths were also serious. With common diseases, when someone is sick, a healthy person can give them water and light a fire to maintain their body temperature, but in an indigenous village, more than 90% of the entire population was infected at the same time, and while they were unable to move their bodies due to high fever, dehydration caused by not being able to drink water, vertigo due to failure to regulate body temperature, and starvation caused by not being able to hunt and farm caused a disaster that killed more people than the actual virus.

Korean Empire in 1909 Internal hygiene and sanitary workroom. A calf used to produce a smallpox vaccine is shown. Source: Seoul History Archive, 「Resident General of Chosen, The Second Annual Report on Reforms and Progress in Korea (1908-1909)」
In 1915, head to head[12] Calves being slaughtered for production . The location is Beonsachang in Samcheong -dong , which was used as a bacteriological examination room under the Inspector-General of Police under the Japanese Government-General of Korea . Source: 『ANNUAL REPORT』 (GOVERNMENT-GENERAL OF CHOSEN, 1915) owned by Seoul History Archive	Calves are being selected for smallpox vaccine production in front of the farm in 1915 . Source: 『ANNUAL REPORT』 (GOVERNMENT-GENERAL OF CHOSEN, 1915) owned by Seoul History Archive

• ACAM2000 is a live vaccinia virus that reproduces in the person receiving it. Vaccination with the vaccinia virus causes a mild infection and protects against smallpox.

• JYNNEOS is a live but weakened (attenuated) vaccinia virus that does not reproduce in people who receive it. It is approved for the prevention of smallpox and amphox.

• It already existed in Korea during the Three Kingdoms period and was called 'Mama' in the old days. There is also a theory that the 'Yeokshin' in Silla's Cheoyongga is related to smallpox. Its power was so great that, as described in the document above, the people called smallpox with honorifics such as 'Sonnim' and held 'Baesong Gut ' to pray for the smallpox ghost 'nim' to quickly go away.

• Princess Jeongso , the first child of King Sejong of the Joseon Dynasty , contracted smallpox on February 25, 1424 (6th year of King Sejong's reign) and died young at the young age of 13. There is even a legend that King Sejong, who was heartbroken over the death of Princess Jeongso, who had received special affection from all the adults in the royal family at the time, held on to Princess Jeongso's body and would not let her go, delaying the princess' funeral. It is said that King Sejong was very sad even afterward, looking at the swing that Princess Jeongso used to play on when she was alive.

• Queen Ingyeong, the wife of King Sukjong of the Joseon Dynasty , also passed away at the age of 19. And Sukjong also suffered from smallpox, and his mother, Queen Myeongseong, who was looking for a way to treat Sukjong's smallpox, believed that if she sprinkled cold water on Queen Myeongseong's body in the middle of winter and prayed, Sukjong's illness would be cured and she did so. In the end, Sukjong's smallpox was cured, but Queen Myeongseong contracted influenza as an aftereffect and passed away.

• It is said that Queen Hyoeui , the wife of King Jeongjo of the Joseon Dynasty , also suffered from smallpox when she was young and had scars. She contracted smallpox when she entered the palace for a state wedding after completing the three selections . There is also a theory that she became an ugly woman and thus had a bad relationship with King Jeongjo, but both Queen Hyoeui and King Jeongjo suffered from smallpox to a mild degree and their relationship got better as time went on. They just had no children.

• 1790s Taxidermy and Jeong Yak-yong[15] It appears that the existence of the cowpox method itself was known in the late Joseon Dynasty, as it appears that the Jenner-style cowpox method was included in the 'Jongdu Bangseo' written in collaboration with others, but unfortunately, this knowledge was not properly mobilized to save lives due to the bizarre rumor that "if you are hit by cowpox, you will turn into a cow."

• An epidemic occurred in 1946, killing 4,234 people, and in 1951, during the Korean War, it became so violent that 40,000 people were infected and 11,530 people died. I think it was because I was exposed to UN troops in an area where smallpox was prevalent during the Korean War .
  • However, since 1954, the number has decreased significantly to about 10, and since 3 smallpox patients occurred in 1960, smallpox has completely disappeared from Korea. According to statistics from the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency in 2022, a total of 152,314 smallpox patients occurred in Korea from 1910 to the end of 1960 (about 3,000 on average per year), but there have been no cases since 1961.

• Meanwhile, because the Manchu people originally had no resistance to smallpox, there were many deaths in the early Qing period. Even after Emperor Sungdeok won the Manchu War , he did not annex Joseon or set up a puppet government, but only arrested people because he was afraid that smallpox would spread to the army.[16] , Emperor Shunzhi , Emperor Shunzhi's uncle King Yetong Qin Tao, and several cousins ​​of Emperor Shunzhi also died of smallpox while attacking the Ming Dynasty . Among Emperor Shunzhi's several sons, Fujeon and Hyeonyeop were considered successors, and the Jesuits who were staying in China at the time After asking missionary Father Adam Schall for his opinion on whether he was resistant to smallpox, he decided on Hyeon-yeop, who had already been recorded as being favored and was resistant to smallpox after saving his life, as his successor. This person was Emperor Kangxi , the Gombo emperor .
  
  Emperor Kangxi, who became emperor because he survived smallpox, established a specialized institution to prevent smallpox and had it conduct various studies. At this time, he developed the 'poisoning method' in the style of the Qing Dynasty. The pharynx method, first created in India and introduced to China, literally involves mildly infecting humans with smallpox bacteria to develop immunity. It mainly involves wearing the clothes of a person who had smallpox or collecting the pus, drying it, grinding it, and applying it to parts of the body. In other words, the basic principle is the same as the attenuated vaccine, which induces immunity by damaging and weakening the virus. However, under the pre-modern medical standards of the time, the procedures were difficult, and if you were not careful, you could not only infect an otherwise healthy person with smallpox, but in severe cases, there was a serious side effect of spreading the disease further.
  
  The pharyngeal method and smallpox test method were introduced to England through Russia and Turkiye, and became the main preventive methods until doctor Edward Jenner invented the smallpox method 120 years later. If this procedure was performed, the survival rate was 90% and the fatality rate was about 10%. The fatality rate for smallpox was previously 30%, so although pharyngeal treatment is a better option, it is not completely safe. Allen's record also contains a description of the pharyngeal method being used in Joseon at the time, so it is assumed that the pharyngeal method was widespread among the civilian population at the time. According to Allen's records, in the 1880s, 60 to 70 out of 100 people underwent pharyngeal treatment.

• Queen Elizabeth I of England also contracted smallpox early in her reign and suffered death. Fortunately, he recovered completely, but he was left with some marks on his face and hair loss that he had to cover up with heavy makeup and a wig. There is a story that a maid who assisted Queen Elizabeth I suffered from smallpox around the same time, but her face was so badly scarred that she had to leave the palace. King Willem II in 1650 , Princess Royal Mary in 1660 , and Mary II in 1694 also died young from this disease. In this way, William III lost both his parents and wife at a young age.

• King Louis XV of France also died of smallpox. There is a theory that he contracted the disease after passing by the funeral of a woman who died of smallpox, became curious, and opened the coffin lid. This is a very gentle theory, and an even worse theory is that he contracted the disease after seeing a pretty young woman while passing by on a country road and having sexual intercourse with her openly. It was May 10, 1774. This issue was also addressed in the cartoon The Rose of Versailles .
  
  For reference, Maria Josepha, the older sister of Marie Antoinette , the grandson and daughter-in-law of Louis Because of this, Marie Antoinette's older sister, Maria Carolina , married the King of Naples instead, and Marie Antoinette married Louis XVI instead of Maria Carolina, who was originally scheduled to marry Louis XVI . In addition, Marie Antoinette's other older sister, Maria Elisabeth, who was said to be the most beautiful of her sisters, contracted smallpox when she was single. Although she survived after fighting the disease, she was left with marks all over her face. It's like losing your beauty in an instant.
  
  Maria Theresa , who took advantage of her children's arranged marriages for political reasons, was criticized as a heartless mother as she mercilessly put Maria Elisabeth in a convent because her face became like that and she could not be marketed for arranged marriages. Afterwards, Maria Elisabeth could not have an arranged marriage due to health reasons, so she became the head of a convent like her older sister, Maria Anna, who had entered a convent first , and she remained close to Maria Anna throughout her life.

• In addition, Ramses V of Egypt in 1157 B.C., and Inca emperor Uana Capac in 1526 also lost their lives to this disease. Queen Ingyeong , the first queen of King Sukjong of the Joseon Dynasty , also died of smallpox in 1680.

• If you look at the portrait of Oh Myeong- hang, a figure of King Yeongjo of Joseon Dynasty , a central figure of the Soron faction , and a meritorious subject who suppressed the rebellion of Yi In-jwa, you can see the scars from smallpox clearly on his face. In addition, Oh Myeong-hang's liver health deteriorated later, and the portrait he left behind shows his condition getting worse. This is often cited as an example when praising the realism of Joseon Dynasty portraits.

• Shoun Takahashi , a daimyo of the Warring States Period , tried to marry the daughter of Shigezane Saito, a vassal of the Otomo clan, as a wife when she was young. .

• Ashikaga Yoshiteru, the shogun of the Muromachi shogunate , is also believed to have suffered from a natural disease. A portrait of Yoshiteru made in 1577 shows a bear mark on his cheek. It is said that he was sick and prayed.

• It is said that Yamamoto Haruyuki, a general of daimyo Takeda Shingen during the Warring States period , lost one eye from smallpox as a child and became ugly, and that Date Masamune, a daimyo during the Warring States period, lost one eye from smallpox when he was five years old. Ashina Kamewakamaru, the son of daimyo Ashina Moritaka during the Warring States period, became the head of the clan at a young age, but died at the age of three from smallpox.

• Kasugano Tsubone of the Edo Shogunate suffered from smallpox and was immune to smallpox, so in 1604 Tokugawa Ieyasu recruited a nanny for Tokugawa Iemitsu and was hired as a nanny .

• Japan's Komei Tenno also died young from this disease, and his son Meiji Tenno also suffered from smallpox as a child and survived, but had to live with pockmarks for the rest of his life, and it is said that he developed a complex about it and was reluctant to take pictures. So the subjects sent Eo Jin-yeong to the German Empire. He was portrayed as agile and charismatic like the Kaiser .

• Baekbeom Kim Gu also suffered from severe smallpox as a child and barely survived, but the scars from the aftereffects remained here and there on his face even into his old age.

• Joseph Stalin, the first general secretary of the former Soviet Union , also suffered from smallpox, so many pockmarks remain in the unedited photo. When I was young, even if I had pockmarks, they weren't noticeable, but as I got older and had wrinkles and age spots on my face, the pockmarks were also noticeable and made me look disfigured. Of course, most of the photos were edited because the Soviet authorities would never have allowed such photos to be released to the public.

• The fear of smallpox is also evident during the Old World's exploration of the New World. An incomparable number of New World natives were annihilated by Old World epidemics, which was incomparable to wars of aggression or massacres using weapons, civilization collapsed, and more than half of the population disappeared. Of course, it was infected by Europeans who visited the New World, so a native who met a Dutchman said that before you white people came, our tribe's population was ten times larger.

• Internationally, there have been no more smallpox victims since the laboratory accident in Birmingham , England in August 1978. The last person to be naturally infected was a cook at a hospital in Mercasi, Somalia, where smallpox was prevalent in October 1977. He is said to have recovered and lived until 2013 .

• 1 week reporting system
  A strategy that has made the World Health Organization the best defender of humanity from pandemic situations. A system established to control the global medical system so that the World Health Organization can be notified within a week of any infectious disease that occurs in a specific region. Even now, this system is the core operating mechanism of the World Health Organization. When a suspected infectious disease occurs in a local clinic around the world, it is reported to WHO within one week through the higher-level medical system. WHO prepares a report every week to monitor the situation of the infectious disease. And if there are concerns about the spread of infection, a preemptive response strategy will be established. The world's population has reached 7 billion since the 2010s, and the fact that several people in a small African village are infected with Ebola can be reported across the globe through news agencies. This is due to the medical support from local medical centers to higher-level hospitals and each country. It is thanks to this system that has been created to systematically report to WHO within one week via the administrative department.

• Mass Vaccination
  This is an early inoculation method attempted by the Soviet Union immediately after smallpox eradication was adopted as the official goal of WHO. To put it simply, it can be seen as a volume offensive. This method aims to vaccinate more than 80% of the world's population, and although it has been effective in developed countries and areas under administrative power, it has the limitation that complete eradication and complete vaccination are impossible in civil war countries, underdeveloped countries, and remote areas where administrative power is not properly reached, as it is impossible to properly identify vaccinators. So in reality, smallpox still persisted until the mid-1960s.

• Ring Vaccination
  This is a vaccination method proposed by American Dr. Donald Henderson (1928 ~ 2016) in the mid-1960s. If there is an area where smallpox is especially prevalent, smallpox is first eradicated from the areas surrounding that area where smallpox is relatively less prevalent. Then, since the surrounding area surrounding the area can be considered to be free of smallpox patients, it becomes easier to focus on exterminating the last remaining and most dangerous smallpox epidemic area, and it becomes easier to identify infected people. To put it simply, it can be said to be a military strategy of encirclement and annihilation.

• containment strategy
  It is a strategy to vaccinate all residents of the area when a smallpox patient occurs in a specific area, regardless of the reason and whether or not they have been previously vaccinated. It does not matter if you have already received the smallpox vaccine. If there is a smallpox patient in a village, all members of the village are obliged to be vaccinated regardless of whether they have been vaccinated or immunized, regardless of their individual will. Still, smallpox patients occur again? Then everyone should get the vaccine again. This is because someone has not yet developed immunity with just a few doses of vaccination, so it is possible that others have not developed immunity as well.

Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by variola virus (often called smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus.
Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by the variola virus (commonly called smallpox virus), a member of the orthopoxvirus family .

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The back of English Wikipedia and smallpox items. You can see what you wrote as a brother.[21]

• At the beginning of the video 《 Children of old 》 , it was mentioned as three major threats such as compatibility and war.

• Smallpox is also mentioned in the Warhammer universe, and Nurgle , the god of plague , hates anything related to smallpox, to the point of disgust. The extent to which he hates it is that he usually laughs it off even when the demons under his command make mistakes, even when Kugas ruins his greatest masterpiece, but when his subordinates bring up the topic of smallpox, he immediately gets angry to the core. It is said that even the most courageous of the Great Unclean Ones, the Greater Daemons of Nurgle, cannot bring up the topic of smallpox in front of Nurgle.[30]

• As it is a disease that terrified the entire world and is the first to successfully eradicate humankind, it is a subject that occasionally appears in light novels set in the Middle Ages. However, compared to the Black Death, it appears less frequently. Smallpox leaves behind unsightly scars even if one survives, so it would be difficult to deal with in a light novel where the appearance of the characters is important.

• disease/list
• Epidemic
• list of virus organisms
• Rinderpest - A plague of cattle and the second to be eradicated by humans.